沙培林预防和治疗胃癌细胞腹腔内种植及其机理

目的：探讨腹腔内注射沙培林增强人腹腔抗癌免疫功能的机制。方法：72例早中期胃肠道肿瘤患者术前48和24小时腹腔内分别注射生理盐水和5KE的沙培林，术中采集腹腔内巨噬细胞，计数并测定乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和酸性磷酸酶（ACP）的活性、巨噬细胞吞噬活力、一氧化氮（NO）的分泌以及对人胃癌MKN1细胞的细胞毒性进行分析。同时采集大网膜，对大网膜乳斑的数量和面积进行观察分析。结果：沙培林显著增加腹腔巨噬细胞（PMφ）的数量和NO的分泌，增强LDH和ACP的活性、吞噬活力以及抗癌细胞毒性，也显著增加了大网膜乳斑的数量和面积。结论：腹腔内注射沙培林可显著增加人大网膜乳斑的数量和面积，并因此增加PMφ的数量，增强PMφ的活性。因而增强了腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫功能。     

激活素A对RAW264.7巨噬细胞活性的调节作用

目的探讨激活素A对参与炎症反应的小鼠巨噬细胞活性调节作用。方法以LPS刺激活化的小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264．7细胞作为阳性参照，ELISA法检测激活素A及LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞系RAW264．7细胞IL-1β分泌水平，还原酶法分析NO分泌水平，RT-PCR检测IL-1β和iNOS mRNA的表达，瑞氏染色检测RAW264．7细胞吞噬活性。结果在激活素A刺激下RAW264．7细胞IL-1β和NO分泌水平均明显升高，IL-1β和iNOS mRNA表达亦增加，巨噬细胞吞噬活性增强；激活素A和LPS共刺激RAW264．7细胞时，激活素A明显抑制LPS刺激的RAW264．7细胞IL-1β和NO产生水平，以及IL-1β和iNOS mRNA表达，巨噬细胞吞噬活性也明显低于LPS单独刺激组。结论激活素对巨噬细胞的活性调节具有双重作用，这种作用与巨噬细胞的激活状态有关。     

蝉拟青霉总多糖对老龄大鼠巨噬细胞的激活作用

目的：观察蝉拟青霉总多糖对老龄大鼠巨噬细胞的激活作用，探讨其对老龄大鼠的免疫调节作用。 方法： 以中性红吞噬试验测定巨噬细胞的吞噬功能，MTT比色法测定细胞转化率；分别以双试剂终点法、速率法在全自动生化分析仪上测定酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力；以鸟氨酸的生成判断精氨酸酶(arginase)的活力；电镜观察大鼠脾脏细胞形态结构的变化。 结果： 蝉拟青霉总多糖使老龄大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)、腹腔巨噬细胞(PM)胞内和细胞培养上清液内ACP、LDH、arginase活力显著高于对照组（P<0.05或P<0.01）；使PM的吞噬功能及其刺激指数（SI）显著高于对照组（均P<0.01）；使老龄大鼠脾脏细胞胞质粗面内质网和溶酶体数量多于对照组。 结论： 蝉拟青霉总多糖对老龄大鼠的免疫功能具有增强作用。     

硒肽Se-ZnCu-65P增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能并抑制一氧化氮和过氧化氢的分泌

目的研究硒肽Se-Zn Cu-65P对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力与NO和H2O2分泌水平的影响。方法以不同剂量的具有超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)双抗氧化酶活性的硒肽Se-Zn Cu-65P作用于脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,培养24 h,采用MTT法检测巨噬细胞的相对活力,中性红摄入法检测巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,硝酸还原酶法测定NO分泌水平,钼酸铵比色法测定H2O2分泌水平。结果 Se-Zn Cu-65P单独作用于巨噬细胞时,可增强细胞的相对活力,却不影响细胞的吞噬能力;能降低巨噬细胞分泌H2O2的水平,而不能抑制NO的分泌。而LPS诱导的巨噬细胞吞噬能力增强,同时NO和H2O2的水平也显著上升。当Se-Zn Cu-65P作用于LPS诱导的巨噬细胞时,细胞的吞噬能力进一步增强,细胞NO和H2O2的水平却显著降低。结论 Se-Zn Cu-65P能有效提高LPS诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的相对活力,增强细胞的吞噬能力,降低NO和H2O2的分泌水平。     

双黄连粉针剂体外对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO分泌与吞噬功能的影响

目的探讨双黄连粉针剂(以下简称SHL)体外对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO分泌与吞噬功能的影响。方法无菌条件下制备小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞悬液;MTT法检测药物对细胞悬液的毒性情况;Griess反应系统检测SHL对脂多糖(LPS)刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO分泌的影响;1μm与2μm直径的荧光微球结合流式细胞术分析SHL对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬作用的影响。结果终质量浓度为40、80 mg/L的SHL对细胞的毒性小;SHL抑制了腹腔巨噬细胞的NO分泌与吞噬作用,与非SHL组比较P<0.01。结论 SHL对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的NO分泌和吞噬作用的影响可能是SHL调节小鼠免疫系统的途径。     

红车轴草提取物对小鼠淋巴细胞[Ca2+]i及腹腔巨噬细胞NO分泌和吞噬的影响

目的探讨红车轴草提取物(Trifoliumpratense Leguminosae extract,TLE)体外对小鼠淋巴细胞[Ca2+]i及腹腔巨噬细胞NO分泌和吞噬微球的影响。方法无菌条件下制备小鼠淋巴细胞悬液及小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞悬液;MTT法检测药物对细胞悬液的毒性情况;Fluo-4/AM染色结合流式细胞术分析TLE对小鼠淋巴细胞[Ca2+]i的影响;Griess反应系统检测TLE对脂多糖(LPS)刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO分泌的影响;1μm与2μm直径的荧光微球结合流式细胞术分析TLE对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬作用的影响。结果终质量浓度为20、40mg/L的TLE对细胞的毒性小;TLE促进了淋巴细胞的Ca2+内流;TLE抑制了巨噬细胞的NO分泌与吞噬作用,与非TLE组比较P<0.01。结论对淋巴细胞[Ca2+]i及巨噬细胞的NO分泌和吞噬的作用可能是TLE调节小鼠免疫系统的途径。     

大鼠大网膜Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型乳斑的确定及对比

目的:对乳斑的分型进行确定,并探讨Ⅰ型乳斑和Ⅱ型乳斑数量、面积及细胞构成的异同.方法:微粒子活性炭及H-E染色双重标记大鼠大网膜乳斑,Image-Pro Plus软件测定Ⅰ型乳斑和Ⅱ型乳斑的数量和面积,电镜观察Ⅰ型乳斑和Ⅱ型乳斑的超微结构.结果:生理状态下,Ⅱ型乳斑数量(9.153/cm2±0.818/cm2)多于Ⅰ型...     

牛膝多糖对老龄大鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响

目的: 探讨牛膝多糖(ABPS)对老龄大鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响。 方法: 牛膝多糖(ABPS) 在老龄大鼠背部皮下注射21 d，镜检计外周血白细胞数（WBC），HiCN法测定血红蛋白（Hb）含量，用全自动生化分析仪测定主要生化指标，用含10 ％小牛血清的RPMI-1640细胞培养液贴壁培养肺泡巨噬细胞（AMΦ）和腹腔巨噬细胞（PMΦ）2 h，并用全自动生化分析仪测定其乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性，摄取中性红试验检测巨噬细胞(MΦ)的吞噬功能，比色法检测脾脏、肝脏、大脑、肾脏和血清中的脂质过氧化物(LPO)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。结果: 牛膝多糖(ABPS)试验组老龄大鼠AMΦ和PMΦ内ACP、LDH的活性均高于对照组 （均P＜0.01），AMΦ和PMΦ摄取中性红的能力也高于对照组（均P＜0.01）； 且大脑、肝脏、脾脏中的LPO含量低于对照组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01），GSH含量高于对照组（P＜0.05）。 结论: 牛膝多糖(ABPS)具有激活老龄大鼠AMΦ和PMΦ作用，能增强机体非特异性免疫功能。     

实验性糖尿病大鼠巨噬细胞内酶活性及吞噬功能的研究

目的 研究实验性糖尿病大鼠巨噬细胞内酶活性及其吞噬功能。方法 用四氧嘧啶腹腔注射复制ＳＤ大鼠糖尿病动物模型,测定大鼠肺泡及腹腔巨噬细胞内酸性磷酸酶,精氨酸酶,乳酸脱氢酶及异柠檬酸脱氢酶的活性并测定腹腔及肺泡巨噬细胞对中性红的吞噬能力。结果糖尿病大鼠肺泡及腹腔巨噬细胞内４种酶性均高于对照组,其对中性红的吞噬能力也大于对照组。结论 糖尿病时巨噬细胞处于激活状态,此激活的巨噬细胞可能参与糖尿病并发症之     

秦皮乙素增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的趋化和吞噬及一氧化氮生成

目的观察秦皮乙素(esculetin)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞趋化、吞噬及一氧化氮(NO)释放功能的影响。方法用淀粉肉汤液加秦皮乙素注射小鼠腹腔,以台盼蓝鉴别巨噬细胞并计数判定秦皮乙素对巨噬细胞趋化作用的影响;用流式细胞仪检测秦皮乙素对LPS诱导的巨噬细胞吞噬肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)∶O157能力的调节作用;用Griess试剂检测秦皮乙素和LPS作用于巨噬细胞后对其NO生成量的影响。结果秦皮乙素能显著增强淀粉肉汤液诱导的巨噬细胞趋化能力,对LPS诱导的巨噬细胞吞噬EHEC∶O157发挥明显的正向调节作用,也能使LPS诱导的巨噬细胞NO生成量显著提高,并呈显著的剂量依赖性。结论秦皮乙素增强LPS诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞趋化、吞噬和NO生成量。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.