肾移植受者霉酚酸治疗药物监测

目的研究霉酚酸酯(MMF)的代谢产物霉酚酸(MPA)的药代动力学特征,并形成简化的MPA血浆浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC )计算公式.方法 64例肾移植受者均接受MMF 2 g/d联合环孢素A(CsA)和强的松的三联免疫抑制治疗.在术后2周采用HPLC法,测定服药前、服药后0.5、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、10、和12 h的血浆MPA浓度.采用药理学专用软件计算MPA AUC 0-12 h,并以多元逐步回归分析的方法得出适合中国人群的MPA AUC 0-12 h简化计算公式.结果 64例肾移植受者的药代动力学参数有显著的个体差异.MPA AUC 0-12 h平均值为(54.62±14.51) mg·h/L(24.0 ～ 102.3 mg·h/L).MPA 谷值浓度(C 0)与MPA AUC 0-12 h的相关性差(r2=0.03).采用3个时间点取样(C 0.5、C 2、C 8),得出MPA AUC的简化计算公式:AUC=10.96+0.56×C 0.5+2.18×C 2+7.86×C 8.该公式MPA AUC的预测值与MPA AUC 0-12 h的相关性好(r2 = 0.87);预测值的绝对误差为(7.41±6.23)%(0.27% ～ 34.7%);在60例(93%)病人,AUC预测误差在MPA AUC 0-12 h的±15%;Bland和Altman分析显示平均预测误差为±5.24 mg·h/L. 结论本组肾移植受者中,MPA的药代动力学参数呈现较大的个体差异,并有异于白种人群;根据本组临床监测数据,得出取样点少(3个时间点)、预测效果好的MPA AUC简化计算公式,并推荐应用于中国肾移植受者MPA 的治疗药物检测.     

肾移植受者免疫抑制维持治疗期霉酚酸酯剂量与霉酚酸暴露的关系

目的 观察服用霉酚酸酯(MMF)的肾移植受者在免疫抑制维持治疗期霉酚酸(MPA)的暴露水平.方法 60例肾移植受者均采用环孢素A(CsA)、MMF和强的松(Pred)三联免疫抑制方案,于服用MMF后0.5、2、4h采集外周静脉血,通过酶增强免疫分析技术测定血浆MPA浓度,以有限采样法的简化公式计算肾移植受者MPA血药浓度—时间曲线下面积(AUC).根据口服MMF剂量,将患者分为3组:MMF低剂量组(MMF＜1.5 g/d,n=18)、MMF推荐剂量组(MMF=1.5 g/d,n =29)、MMF高剂量组(MMF＞1.5 g/d,n=13).根据MPA AUC值,将患者分为MPA低暴露组(MPA AUC＜30 mg·h·L-1).MPA目标暴露组(MPAAUC =30～60 mg·h·L-1)、MPA高暴露组(MPA AUC＞60 mg.h·L-1).结果 60例肾移植受者MPA AUC平均值为(59.83±19.42)mg·h·L-1;其中,MPA低暴露组3例(5.0％),MPA目标暴露组31例(51.7％),MPA高暴露组26例(43.3％);三组CsA平均用量分别为(166.67±14.43) mg/d、( 137.10 ±41.27) mg/d和(128.85±37.88) mg/d,呈递减趋势,但组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在未监测MPA AUC水平而仅根据临床事件调整MMF用量的情况下,肾移植受者平均MPA暴露水平偏高;MPA药代动力学在不同个体间存在较大的差异,进行MMF的治疗药物监测可能是必要的.     

霉酚酸酯不良反应与血药浓度的关系

目的探讨我国肾移植受者霉酚酸酯(MMF)不良反应与血浆总霉酚酸(MPA)浓度之间的关系.方法对2003年6月～ 2004年1月期间21例首次同种异体尸体肾移植受者进行MPA浓度检测,应用HPLC方法测定5个拟定时间点血浆总MPA浓度(C0、C30、C1、C2、C4),共105例次,公式计算MPA-AUC0-12h.根据肾移植术后早期是否出现MMF相关的不良反应进行分组,分析两组间MPA浓度以及MPA-AUC0～12h的差异.结果不良反应组MPA-AUC0～12h高于无不良反应组,分别为(61.67±26.82) mg·     

霉酚酸酯不良反应与血药浓度的关系

目的探讨我国肾移植受者霉酚酸酯(MMF)不良反应与血浆总霉酚酸(MPA)浓度之间的关系。方法对2003年6月~2004年1月期间21例首次同种异体尸体肾移植受者进行MPA浓度检测,应用HPLC方法测定5个拟定时间点血浆总MPA浓度(C0、C30、C1、C2、C4),共105例次,公式计算MPA-AUC0-12h。根据肾移植术后早期是否出现MMF相关的不良反应进行分组,分析两组间MPA浓度以及MPA-AUC0~12h的差异。结果不良反应组MPA-AUC0~12h高于无不良反应组,分别为(61.67±26.82)mg.h.L-1和(48.41±15.54)mg.h.L-1,但无统计学差异(P>0.05);不良反应组C30(17.18±7.37)mg/L远高于无不良反应组(8.72±6.05)mg/L(P<0.05)。结论肾移植术后早期MMF相关的不良反应以胃肠道为主,其发生率与C30密切相关;肾移植术后早期临床监测血浆总MPA浓度有益于MMF的个体化应用。     

有限采样法估算天疱疮患者霉酚酸AUC模型的建立

目的 建立有限采样法估算天疱疮患者口服强的松联合霉酚酸酯（MMF）的霉酚酸（MPA）血药浓度-时间曲线下面积（AUC）模型。方法 采集天疱疮患者口服强的松联合MMF达稳态后服药前和服药后0.5 h、1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h和12 h外周静脉血,用酶放大免疫测定技术（EMIT）检测血浆MPA浓度,用线性梯形法计算服药后0~12 h的MPA-AUC,用DAS软件分析药动学参数,用SPSS软件拟合估算MPA-AUC0-12 h的回归方程,并用Bland-Altman法对其精准性进行评价。结果 取得37次完整采血点数据,其MPA血药浓度-时间曲线形态基本相同;2点和3点拟合的复相关系数较低,4点、5点拟合的复相关系数较高,其中4点（1 h、4 h、8 h、12 h）、5点（0.5 h、1 h、4 h、8 h、12 h）、5点（1 h、4 h、6 h、8 h、12 h）拟合的回归方程与实际AUC0-12 h的相关性好、误差低,结合预测精准性、检测成本和可操作性,推荐4点的回归模型AUC0-12 h=7.277+1.090C1 h+4.670C4 h+3.214C8 h+2.118C12 h。结论 天疱疮患者口服强的松联合多剂MMF,以服药后1 h、4 h、8 h、12 h的MPA浓度估算MPA-AUC0-12 h较好,可作为临床监测MPA浓度的指标,指导个体化给药。     

HPLC法测定肾脏移植患者血浆中霉酚酸浓度及其药代动力学

目的:HPLC法测定肾脏移植患者血浆霉酚酸(MPA)浓度,研究其在体内的药代动力学特征. 方法:Discover C18(250.0 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)为分析柱,磷酸盐缓冲液∶乙腈(45∶55)为流动相,流速0.8 mL/min,检测波长250 nm,柱温30℃,进样量100 μL. 根据9例肾脏移植患者口服骁悉(又霉酚酸酯,MMF),由标准曲线方程计算血浆中MPA的浓度和药代动力学参数. 结果:当测定方法线性范围为0.0995～27.8516 mg/L时,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9997),最低检出浓度为5 μg/L,方法学平均回收率分别为96.30%,97.82%和98.62%,日内精密度和日间精密度分别为3.6%,1.8%,0.5%和5.6%,3.2%,1.3%. 药动学参数表明MPA人体过程符合单室开放模型,Tmax,Cmax和AUC(0-12 h)分别为0.93 h,10.24 mg/L和31.23 mg/(h·L). 结论:该方法简单、快速、准确,可应用于临床脏器移植患者血浆中MPA的常规监测.     

环孢素A血药浓度C0与C2的线性相关性分析对肾移植受者早期临床预后的预示作用

目的 探讨环孢素A(CsA)药代动力学参数的个体内变异度对肾脏移植受者移植后早期临床预后的影响.方法 以移植后早期接受CsA、吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)、皮质激素三联免疫抑制治疗的44例同种异体肾脏移植受者作为研究对象,采用酶增强免疫法(EMIT)法测定CsA和MMF的活性成分霉酚酸(MPA)的血药浓度,包括用药前谷值(C0)和用药后2h峰值(C2),分析CsA C0与CsA C2的线性相关性并依此分组(相关组和非相关组),比较两组移植术后早期各项临床事件(感染、急性排斥、急性排斥和感染合并、移植肾失功和CsA肝、肾毒性反应等)的发生率和MPA血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUCMPA)的达标率.结果 44例患者中,CsA C0与CsA C2呈非线性相关者31例(70.45％),呈线性相关者13例(29.55％).统计学分析结果显示:相关组与非相关组移植后第2～4周临床事件的总体发生率、急性排斥事件的发生率和AUCMPA的达标率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P≤0.05).结论 CsA药代动力学参数C0与C2的线性相关性对肾脏移植受者移植后早期的临床预后有预示作用.     

霉酚酸对肝移植受者外周血单核细胞IMPDH活性的影响

目的 探讨中国肝移植受者术后早期外周血单核细胞次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶(IMPDH)活性变化与血浆霉酚酸(MPA)浓度变化之间的相关性。方法 22例肝移植受者术后应用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯(MMF)和糖皮质激素三联免疫抑制方案。移植后早期采集口服MMF前及服药后0.5，1，1.5，2，4，6，8，10，12 h外周血，检测MPA血药浓度，同时测定口服MMF前及后1，2 h外周血单核细胞IMPDH活性。结果 肝移植受者外周血单核细胞IMPDH活性存在个体间差异，与血浆MPA浓度之间呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。与服药前相比，服药后1 h IMPDH活性显著下降(P<0.05)。结论 肝移植受者口服MMF后外周血单核细胞IMPDH活性显著下降，可以作为MPA药效学监测指标。     

霉酚酸酯药代动力学参数与肾移植临床效应的相关性

目的 通过对64例接受初次同种异体肾脏移植的患者进行霉酚酸酯(MMF)药代动力学的描述性研究,揭示霉酚酸(MPA)体内的代谢特点及其与临床效应的关系.方法 对患者进行MPA服药前浓度(MPA-C0)定期测定并随访观察临床效应.结果 无毒副反应及无急性排斥组的MPA-C0中位数为0.74 mg/L,发生MMF相关毒副反应组MPA-C0中位数为1.32 mg/L,急性排斥组MPA-C0中位数为0.39 mg/L,3组间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).结论 研究提示MPA-C0是较为合适的临床药代动力学监测指标.     

黄连、吴茱萸药对中盐酸小檗碱在急性胃溃疡模型大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的比较黄连-吴茱萸药对提取液中盐酸小檗碱在急性胃溃疡模型大鼠与正常大鼠体内的药代动力学差异,探讨病理状态对盐酸小檗碱体内过程的影响。方法分别灌胃给予正常大鼠和急性胃溃疡模型大鼠黄连-吴茱萸(6:1)药对提取液,采用高效液相色谱方法测定大鼠体内盐酸小檗碱的血浆浓度,色谱柱:Diamonsil C18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-甲醇-0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(23∶12∶65),流速:1.0ml/min;检测波长:345nm;柱温:30℃。结果盐酸小檗碱在正常组的药代动力学参数:Cmax=0.064±0.01μg/ml;Tmax=(0.42±0.13)h;t1/2=(5.96±1.16)h;AUC0-t=(0.42±0.08)μg/(ml.h);AUC0-∞=(0.45±0.09)μg/(ml.h)。盐酸小檗碱在模型组的药代动力学参数:Cmax=(0.069±0.01)μg/ml;Tmax=(0.54±0.11)h;t1/2=(5.11±1.78)h;AUC0-t=(0.60±0.17)μg/(ml.h);AUC0-∞=(0.63±0.18)μg/(ml.h)。结论黄连-吴茱萸药对在乙醇致急性胃溃疡模型大鼠中吸收减慢,但是吸收量多,体内滞留时间稍延长。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Development on Adjustable Calibration Marker for Shock Wave Focus

Shock wave lithotripsy （SWL） is a treatment of choice for upper urinary stones. However, this procedure is inappropriate for obese patients because the focus is often unable to reach the target owing to the limited focal distance in shock wave source. Although treating such patients in a blast path may increase the application length of shock wave source, it＇s difficult to find this path on the lithotripter monitor. For this reason, we invented an adjustable calibration marker in order to set an effective focus in the shock wave hath.     

Study on the TCM Pathogenesis of Angiopathic Complications of Type II Diabetes

Excess production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)of mitochondrion mediated by hyperglycemia is the common pathogenesis of angiopathic complications of diabetes.TCM holds that the damp from the dysfunction of spleen.kidney and liver is the causative factor of complications of diabetes.This is similar to the mechanism of Ros resulting in angiopathic complications of diabetes.When the angiopathic complications of type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)are difierentiated as caused by turbid damp in TCM can be explained as ROS.Since the obstruction of pathogenic damp in channels and collaterals is said to be the main pathogenesis,the treating principle should be dissolving the damp to remove the obstruction.     

Leptin, Ghrelin and TNF-α before and after Hypo-caloric Traditional Chinese Diet and Auricular Acupuncture

INTRODUCTION Obesity is a complex emergent problem, which can be possibly solved not only by the diet but also by the life style and promotion of a constant physical exercise. 1, 2 No doubt careful attentions must be given to the nutritional condition of obese people, the dietary habits, the somatic build (i.e. distribution of fat mass) and the organic functions linked to formation of the fat mass. All the parameters should be constantly monitored before, during and after a diet treatment. 3, 4, 5     

Relationship between Dysglycemia and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Tibetan Population

People with dysglycemia are at high risk for atherosclerotic diseases. This study aims at investigating the atherosclerotic vascular damage in dysglycemia and its metabolic origin in Tibetan population.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.