反相高效液相色谱法和二阶导数分光光度法两种测定维生素E乳膏含量方法的比较

目的：对维生素E乳膏两种含量测定方法的比较。方法：按照分析方法验证指导原则相关要求对反相高效液相色谱法和二阶导数分光光度法测定维生素E乳膏含量进行比较。结论：在回收率,重复性,中间精密度上两种方法均较好,差异也不明显。耐用性方面,二阶导数分光光度法相关因素影响较小。     

复方乳酸环丙沙星栓的制备及质量控制

目的：制备复方乳酸环丙沙星栓并建立其质量控制方法.方法：采用热熔法制备栓剂,采用二阶导数紫外分光光度法测定盐酸达克罗宁、乳酸环丙沙星的含量.结果：乳酸环丙沙星、盐酸达克罗宁的平均回收率分别为99.50%和99.29%,RSD分别为0.85%和0.74%.结论：该处方及制备工艺合理、质量控制方法简单、快速、准确.     

荷移分光光度法测定乳酸环丙沙星乳膏的含量

目的：建立乳酸环丙沙星乳膏的含量测定方法。方法：利用乳酸环丙沙星与2.4-二硝基酸产生反应，可形成电荷转移络合物，以分光光度法测定。结果：荷移反应后，乳酸环丙沙星最大吸收波长为398nm，在此波长处基质无干扰，吸收度与浓度间呈良好的线性关系，平均回收率为98.6%,RSD=0.8%(n=4)。结论：用荷移分光光度法可排除基质干扰，准确测定乳酸环丙沙星乳膏的含量。     

导数分光光度法测定注射用头孢哌酮钠和舒巴坦钠的含量

用导数分光光度法不经分离直接测定注射用头孢哌酮钠和舒巴坦钠的含量.用一阶导数分光光度法测定头孢哌酮钠的含量,平均回收率为99.31%,RSD为0.44%(n=6).用二阶导数分光光度法测定舒巴坦钠的含量,平均回收率为100.05%,RSD为0.67%(n=6);方法简便快速,结果满意.     

二阶导数分光光度法测定阿莫西林颗粒剂的含量

导数分光光度法能提高阿莫西林的分辩率和选择性。本文通过在300～260nm波长 范围内,对辅料进行零阶、一阶、二阶导数光谱处理,得知用二阶导数分光光度法可消除干扰。用此法测定阿莫西林颗粒剂含量,回收率为99.77％,与咪唑试剂衍生化法所得结果比较,差异无显著性意义(P<0.05)。可以用二阶导数分光光度法测定阿莫西林颗粒剂的含量。     

二阶导数分光光度法测定阿莫西林颗粒剂的含量

导数分光光度法能提高阿莫西林的分辨率和选择性。本文通过在300～260nm波长范围内,对辅料进行零阶、一阶、二阶导数光谱处理,得知用二阶导数分光光度法可消除干扰。用此法测定阿莫西林颗粒剂含量,回收率为99.77％,与咪唑试剂 衍生化法所得结果比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。可以用二阶导数分光光度法测定阿莫西林颗粒剂的含量。     

导数分光光度法测定注射用头孢哌酮钠和舒巴坦钠的含量

用导数分光光度法不经分离直接测定注射用产砂孢哌酮钠和舒巴坦钠的含量。用一阶导数分光光度法测定头孢哌酮钠的含量,平均回收率为９９．３１％、ＲＳＤ为０．４４％。用二阶分光光度法测定舒巴坦钠的含量,平均回收率为１００．０５％￣ＲＳＤ为０．６７％。结果满意。     

一阶导数分光光度法测定乳酸环丙沙星凝胶剂的含量

目的:建立乳酸环丙沙星凝胶剂中乳酸环丙沙星的含量测定方法.方法:采用一阶导数紫外分光光度法,测定波长为(288±1)nm,△A=2 nm.结果:乳酸环丙沙星在5～35 mg·L-1浓度范围内振幅(D)与浓度(C)有良好的线性关系.平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.52%(n=7).结论:该方法准确、简便、快速,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法.     

扑尔敏片的二阶导数紫外分光光度测定法

扑尔敏片的含量测定,中国药典1985年版采用分光光度法,但在测定前须滤除辅料,操作繁琐,准确度较差。若按此法测定其含量均匀度,每批须测10片,则更不便。本文采用二阶导数紫外分光光度法测定扑尔敏片的含量均匀度,以0.05mol/L H_2SO_4为溶     

二阶导数紫外分光光度法测定麻强滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的建立二阶导数紫外分光度法测定麻强滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量。方法二阶导数紫外分光光度法。波长:260.0nm~263.0nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱在40.20μg.mL-1~160.80μg.mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系:D=1.022C+0.4121,r=0.9998(n=5),平均回收率为100.8%,RSD=1.44%。结论此方法简便快捷,结果准确可靠,可用于该复方制剂的含量测定等相关研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.