气管插管后气囊上液与呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关性

目的 探讨气管插管后气囊上液与呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的相关性.方法 对气管插管后确诊为VAP的患者,进行气囊上液、下呼吸道、口腔分泌物、胃液培养,并进行菌群对比,找出其相关性.结果 下呼吸道分泌物与气囊上液的细菌成分为正相关,差异具有统计学意义,P＜0.05.结论 气囊上液是引起气管插管患者的呼吸机相关性肺炎的主要原因之一,气囊上液的细菌大多数来源于胃腔和口腔细菌的定植.     

不同时机气囊上滞留物冲洗预防气管插管病人VAP的效果观察

[目的]探讨不同时机气囊上滞留物冲洗对ICU气管插管病人发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的影响。[方法]选择81例在我院ICU住院治疗并接受气管插管行机械通气的病人,随机分为对照组和干预组,两组均落实预防VAP的相关措施,干预组在每次口腔护理后给予氯己定液强化气囊上滞留物冲洗操作。比较两组病人VAP发生率、病死率及下呼吸道分泌物细菌学菌株分布的结果,比较气囊上滞留物引流量和下呼吸道分泌物细菌学菌株数量。[结果]干预组VAP的发生率低于对照组(P0.05),两组病人的死亡率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);干预组气囊上滞留物每日引流量多于对照组(P0.05);两组病人机械通气后各观察点的下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养结果均以革兰阴性杆菌为主,但是机械通气48h后干预组培养出的细菌菌株数量明显少于对照组(P0.05)。[结论]ICU气管插管病人口腔护理后用氯己定液强化气囊上滞留物冲洗能降低VAP的发生率和下呼吸道细菌菌株数量。     

气管插管后气囊上液致呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床分析

采用前瞻性研究方法，动态监测气管插管后呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）患者气囊上液、下呼吸道分泌物、口腔分泌物及胃液中的细菌成分，分析其相关性，以期引起ICU医护人员对气囊上液引流的重视。     

应用冲洗式气管导管囊上分泌物吸引预防VAP的价值

目的探讨应用冲洗式气管导管预防和控制呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的临床价值.方法将ICU118例行经鼻气管导管并机械通气(MV)的患者分为A组(冲洗式气管导管组),B组(普通气管导管组).A组插管后每小时行吸引声门下分泌物,定时经胃管注入0.5%美兰20mL,观察咽及(或)胃-气囊上-下呼吸道返流和误吸情况.同步收集咽拭子、气囊上分泌物、呼吸道痰液及胃液行细菌学检查.结果 A组误吸率及1周内VAP发生率明显低于B组,P＜0.005,而1周后两组无明显差异P＞0.5.第一周以流感嗜血杆菌及肺炎球菌居多,两组MV时间、ICU住院时间及死亡率无差异.结论采用可冲洗式气管导管行囊上分泌物吸引可有效控制和延缓误吸发生并能有效防控早期非发酵菌所致VAP的发生.     

声门下分泌物吸引对呼吸机相关性肺炎及细菌学的影响

目的:探讨应用可冲洗式气管导管行声门下分泌物吸引时呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)及细菌学的影响.方法:将ICU 82例经口气管插管并行机械通气(MV)的患者随机分为两组:A组(普通气管导管组)38例,B组(冲洗式气管导管组)44例.插管后每天收集咽拭子、声门下分泌物、气管插管内呼吸道分泌物行细菌学检查,并记录机械通气天数及VAP发生情况.结果:4 d两组VAP发生率无明显差异(P>0.05),第4～10天B组VAP发生率明显低于A组(P<0.01);两组VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养以铜绿假单孢菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌对同种药物的耐药率B组明显低于A组(P<0.05).结论:采用可冲洗式气管导管行声门下分泌物吸引可降低VAP的发生率并减少细菌耐药.     

银尔通、呋喃西林、洗必泰用于间歇气囊上滞留物冲洗的效果观察

目的探讨银尔通、呋喃西林和洗必泰用于间歇气囊上滞留物冲洗对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)方面的效果对比。方法选择205例ICU气管切开或气管插管的机械通气患者,随机分为A组(0.2%呋喃西林冲洗)61例、B组(0.02%洗必泰冲洗)75例和C组(银尔通冲洗)69例。记录3组每日气囊上和下呼吸道分泌物吸引量、VAP发生时间和例数、声门下分泌物菌落数,并进行统计学分析。结果 C组分泌物吸引量明显低于A组和B组;C组VAP发生率明显低于A组,C组与B组相比机械通气5d内VAP发生率无明显差异,5d后VAP发生率明显低于B组;C组声门下分泌物菌落数明显低于A组,C组与B组相比机械通气5d内声门下菌落数无明显差异,5d后声门下菌落数明显低于B组。结论银尔通用于间歇气囊上滞留物冲洗能显著降低VAP的发生率,是预防VAP行之有效的方法。     

气囊上滞留物不同冲洗频率对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果评价

呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)是目前ICU内发病率最高的院内感染之一[1].根据患者人群不同,VAP的患病率在6%～52%,病死率达到30%～70%[2].采取切实有效的预防措施是预防VAP发病的关键.目前,已有研究[3]证实气管插管气囊上方的滞留物是VAP的重要发病原因之一.行间歇气囊上滞留物的冲洗引流可降低声门下气囊上区含菌量,从而降低VAP的发生率[4].目前,相关研究[5-7]对行间歇气囊上滞留物冲洗的间隔时间尚无明确规定.2008年3月至2010年3月,我院ICU将178例机械通气(MV)患者随机分为4组,用0.02%洗必泰行间歇气囊上滞留物冲洗,以探讨不同冲洗频率对VAP发生率、呼吸道引流量以及声门下分泌物菌落数的影响,并进行效果对比,现报道如下.     

气囊上滞留物持续引流防治呼吸机相关性肺炎的疗效分析

呼吸机相关性肺炎（ventilator—associated pneumonia,VAP）是呼吸衰竭行机械通气患者不能脱机及致死的主要原因之一．而气管插管患者气囊上带菌的滞留物不断流到下呼吸道是VAP难以控制的常见因素。本次研究对于行气管插管机械通气的呼吸衰竭患者。通过气囊上滞留物进行持续引流防治VAP。现报道如下。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关危险因素研究

目的对呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)患者下呼吸道的致病微生物与其内源性和外源性环境中的微生物进行分析比较,以了解VAP的相关危险因子。方法对已确诊的VAP患者,通过支气管镜经保护性毛刷(PSB)采集患者下呼吸道标本及分别用不同的采集方法采集内源性环境(气囊上滞留物、口咽部分泌物及胃液)及外源性环境(呼吸机管路吸气端、积水瓶、周围空气及护理人员的手)的标本进行细菌培养,培养阳性者作细菌分离鉴定,分析环境诸因素与下呼吸道病原菌的相关性。结果17例VAP患者,下呼吸道标本培养阳性病例13例共培养出16株不同菌株,以革兰氏阴性菌居多,占总数的87.5%,其中铜绿假单胞菌居首位,占总数的43.75%;气囊上滞留物、胃液、咽部分泌物与患者下呼吸道标本的符合率为75%、56.25%、50%,将各部位标本与下呼吸道标本的符合率分别进行卡方检验:气囊上滞留物与下呼吸道的符合率与除胃液以外的其它部位与下呼吸道符合率差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论VAP相关危险因素中以内源性因素(气囊上滞留物、胃液、口咽部)为主,外源性因素处于次要位置。     

有效吸痰预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的研究进展

呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)是机械通气患者最常见的一种严重并发症.它指患者通过气管插管或气管切开行机械通气48h后发生的医院获得性肺炎[1].气管插管抑制咳嗽反射并破坏呼吸道正常的黏液纤毛运动,导致痰液潴留,而痰液又是细菌滋长的媒介,从而增加了患者VAP发生的风险.     

首次口腔护理时间对气管插管患者早发性呼吸机相关肺炎发生率的影响

目的探讨首次口腔护理时间对气管插管患者早发性呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率的影响。方法将入住我院ICU的120例经口气管插管患者随机均分为三组,分别在气管插管后4h内(含4h)、4~8h(含8h)、8~12h(含12h)介入首次口腔护理。比较三组患者早发性呼吸机相关肺炎发生率、机械通气时间、入住ICU时间和病死率等指标。结果三组患者的机械通气时间、入住ICU时间差异有统计学意义,早发性呼吸机相关肺炎发生率、病死率差异无统计学意义。但是,随着首次口腔护理时间的向后推迟,患者的早发性呼肺炎机相关发生率和病死率逐渐升高。结论在插管后4h内介入首次口腔护理,可降低患者的早发性呼吸机相关肺炎发生率与病死率,缩短机械通气时间、入住ICU时间,改善患者预后。     

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as treatment for acute respiratory failure in critically ill patients

Our current state of knowledge on noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) and technical aspects are discussed in the present review. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NPPV can be considered a valid therapeutic option to prevent endotracheal intubation. Evidence suggests that, before eventual endotracheal intubation, NPPV should be considered as first-line intervention in the early phases of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Small randomized and non-randomized studies on the application of NPPV in patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure showed promising results, with reduction in complications such as sinusitis and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and in the duration of intensive care unit stay. The conventional use of NPPV in hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure still remains controversial, however. Large randomized studies are still needed before extensive clinical application in this condition.     

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as treatment for acute respiratory failure in critically ill patients

Our current state of knowledge on noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) and technical aspects are discussed in the present review. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NPPV can be considered a valid therapeutic option to prevent endotracheal intubation. Evidence suggests that, before eventual endotracheal intubation, NPPV should be considered as first-line intervention in the early phases of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Small randomized and non-randomized studies on the application of NPPV in patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure showed promising results, with reduction in complications such as sinusitis and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and in the duration of intensive care unit stay. The conventional use of NPPV in hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure still remains controversial, however. Large randomized studies are still needed before extensive clinical application in this condition.     

密闭式吸痰对新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率的影响研究

目的：探讨密闭式吸痰（CSS）与开放式吸痰（OSS）对新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎（ventilator-associated pneumonia ,VAP）发生率的影响,为临床选择最佳吸痰方式提供依据。方法选择2011年3月～2012年12月在我院新生儿重症监护病房（NICU ）经口行气管插管机械通气治疗患儿100例,随机分为CSS组（实验组）和OSS组（对照组）各50例,比较分析两组患者的呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率、病死率、住院时间、住院费用及菌群情况等。结果实验组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率、病死率均低于对照组,住院时间短于对照组,两组患儿VAP发生率差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）,两组患儿呼吸道内培养出的菌株以革兰阴性菌为主,偶有真菌;OSS组的菌株种类杂、数量多。结论密闭式吸痰方法在降低新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎中的效果优于开放式吸痰法,值得临床推广使用。     

定期声门下分泌物吸引预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的观察与护理

目的：观察定期声门下分泌物吸引对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的效果。方法：将102例行经口／鼻气管导管插管机械通气的患者随机分为两组,采用可冲洗气管导管进行定期声门下分泌物吸引冲洗的为观察组（52例）,采用普通气管导管进行分泌物吸引的为对照组（50例）。观察两组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况。结果：观察组VAP发生率为26．9％,发生时间（14±3）天;对照组发生率为58．0％,发生时间（6±4）天,存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：采用可冲洗气管导管进行定期声门下吸引冲洗,可减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎预防控制对策研究

目的探讨ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌的菌谱与防治。方法 2010年1月至2012年10月桂阳县人民医院ICU气管插管并实施机械通气290例患者中发生VAP患者95例,取气管插管并实施机械通气〉48 h患者的下呼吸道分泌物,进行细菌定量培养及抗菌药物敏感性测定,并据此采取相应的防控对策。结果 95例ICU VAP患者中各类病原菌混合感染者82例（86.32%）,单一感染者13例（13.68%）。95例下呼吸道分泌物培养出病原菌286株,革兰阴性杆菌175株,占61.19%,主要为假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属;革兰阳性球菌64株,占22.38%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肠球菌属,其中金黄色葡萄球菌大部分为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA（90.5%）;真菌感染47株,占16.43%,主要为假丝酵母菌属。主要病原菌药敏试验结果：革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南敏感,其次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、莫西沙星、阿米卡星、替卡西林/克拉维酸、头孢他啶;对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松则有较高的耐药性;金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象严重,对氨苄西林、羧苄西林高度耐药（耐药率为95.7%～99.7%）,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁尚敏感。结论 ICU VAP病原菌是以革兰阴性杆菌为主的混合感染,且存在较严重的耐药现象。     

Effect of gingival and dental plaque antiseptic decontamination on nosocomial infections acquired in the intensive care unit: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter study

OBJECTIVE: To document the effect of gingival and dental plaque antiseptic decontamination on the rate of nosocomial bacteremias and respiratory infections acquired in the intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy study. SETTING: Six ICUs: three in university hospitals and three in general hospitals. PATIENTS: A total of 228 nonedentulous patients requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, with an anticipated length of stay > or =5 days. INTERVENTIONS: Antiseptic decontamination of gingival and dental plaque with a 0.2% chlorhexidine gel or a placebo gel, three times a day, during the entire ICU stay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Demographic and clinical characteristics, organ function data (Logistic Organ Dysfunction score), severity of condition (Simplified Acute Physiologic Score), and dental plaque status were assessed at baseline and until 28 days. Bacteriologic sampling of dental plaque and saliva was done every 5 days, and blood, tracheal aspirate, and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures were performed when appropriate. The primary efficacy end point was the incidence of bacteremia, bronchitis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia, expressed as a percentage and per 1000 ICU days. All baseline characteristics were similar between the treated and the placebo groups. The incidence of nosocomial infections was 17.5% (13.2 per 1000 ICU days) in the placebo group and 18.4% (13.3 per 1000 ICU days) in the plaque antiseptic decontamination group (not significant). No difference was observed in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia per ventilator or intubation days, mortality, length of stay, and care loads (secondary end points). On day 10, the number of positive dental plaque cultures was significantly lower in the treated group (29% vs. 66%; p < .05). Highly resistant Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter species identified in late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia and previously cultured from dental plaque were not eradicated by the antiseptic decontamination. No side effect was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Gingival and dental plaque antiseptic decontamination significantly decreased the oropharyngeal colonization by aerobic pathogens in ventilated patients. However, its efficacy was insufficient to reduce the incidence of respiratory infections due to multiresistant bacteria.     

系统听觉刺激在脑外伤植物状态患者促醒及并发症预防中的作用

目的探讨系统听觉刺激对促进脑外伤持续植物状态患者苏醒及预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的作用。方法便利选择2011年9月至2012年9月颅脑外伤持续植物状态患者76例,采用随机数字表法将其分为观察组(37例)和对照组(39例)。观察组应用系统听觉刺激,即规律式唤醒、招呼式唤醒及局部声音唤醒;对照组采取常规颅脑损伤护理措施,比较两组患者的听觉诱发电位(brainstem auditory evoked potential,BAEP)变化及呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率。结果观察组患者肺炎发生率(56.76%)明显低于对照组(71.97%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组BAEP波形完全正常(1级)17例、波形呈电静止(4级)1例、语言促醒表现反应性22例,明显较对照组BAEP频率变化及反应性高(P<0.05)。结论系统听觉刺激可促进颅脑外伤持续植物状态患者苏醒,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率。     

Is the evidence for the use of subglottic drainage to prevent ventilated-associated pneumonia sufficient to change practice?

This paper critiques the systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of subglottic drainage among patients who received mechanical ventilation. Subglottic secretion drainage can reduce bacterial pathogens from entering the lower respiratory tract and potentially reduce the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A summary of the systematic review and meta-analysis is provided. The critique examines the study's strengths and weaknesses and implications for practice are discussed. It is a well-conducted systematic review and meta-analysis with few suggestions for improvement. Subglottic secretion drainage reduced the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Several studies have shown positive effects of using subglottic drainage but despite the evidence, the practice in ICUs is not widespread.