声门上水平喉部分切除术中舌骨去留对误咽的影响

目的 探讨声门上水平喉部分切除术中保留与切除舌骨对误咽的影响。方法 回顾分析1998年1月至2011年10月菏泽市立医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的39例声门上型喉癌行声门上水平喉部分切除术的临床资料, 将其中年龄在56~67岁且无脑血管病、神经系统疾病及呼吸系统疾病的声门上型喉癌(T₁~T₃)行声门上水平喉部分切除术的39例患者作为观察对象, 其中19例未切除舌骨, 20例切除舌骨。结果 病例切缘均为阴性, 发声接近正常, 拔管率为100%;保留舌骨的19例中, 2例(10.5%)有轻度误咽, 10例(52.6%)中度误咽, 7例(36.8%)重度误咽, 误咽恢复时间为(31±3)d;2例并发吸入性肺炎。切除舌骨的20例中, 轻度误咽11例(55.0%), 中度误咽9例(45.0%), 无重度误咽, 误咽恢复时间为(15±2)d;无吸入性肺炎发生。结论 声门上水平喉部分切除术中切除舌骨、充分利用舌根对声门的遮盖作用, 可有效减轻术后误咽程度, 缩短误咽恢复时间, 防止或减少吸入性肺炎的发生。     

Supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy: a partial laryngeal procedure for selected supraglottic and transglottic carcinomas

The partial horizontal supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy consists of resection of the whole thyroid cartilage and paraglottic space, as well as the epiglottis and the whole pre-epiglottic space. The cricoid cartilage, the hyoid bone, and at least one arytenoid cartilage are spared. Sixty-eight patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottis who underwent this procedure during the period from 1974 through 1986 are presented. Conventional horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy was contraindicated in all cases. All but three patients (95.4%) recovered physiologic deglutition, and none required a permanent tracheostomy. The 3-year actuarial survival rate was 71.4%. No local recurrences were encountered. The indications for the procedure are carcinomas of the supraglottis that 1. involve the glottis and anterior commissure, 2. invade the ventricle, 3. present with a marked limitation of true vocal cord mobility (transglottic lesions), and 4. invade the thyroid cartilage. The procedure is presented as a useful alternative to radiation therapy, horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy, and total laryngectomy in select cases of supraglottic carcinoma.     

Video-roentgen cinematographic evaluation of pharyngeal phase disorders during swallowing in patients after partial laryngectomy due to localized supraglottic cancer

Videorentgenocinematographic examinations of swallowing were conducted on 81 patients after partial laryngectomy and on 35 subjects being a control group. Resection of piriform recess, a part of base of the tongue, the hyoid bone or its part is the factor that causes intensified difficulty during swallowing and increase in the frequency of the occurrence of aspiration. The results of videorentgenocinematographic examinations indicate that the shape and mobility of the tongue and the mobility of remaining after the surgery parts of the larynx have the greatest influence on the efficient swallowing in patients who have undergone partial laryngectomy due to cancer initially located in the supraglottic area. The larynx mobility is closely related to the remaining of the hyoid bone. The importance of remaining the possibly non-deformed structure and mobility of the tongue during partial laryngectomy involves the issue of reconstruction of defects occurred during the surgery. Videorentgenocinematographic examinations confirm the effectiveness of the method involving reconstruction of defects in a part of the base of the tongue with a vascular pedicle flap of the submandibular gland.     

不同咽喉入路方式在声门上型喉癌手术中的应用

目的分析声门上型喉癌保留喉功能手术中进入咽喉腔的合理入路。方法对21例行声门上喉部分切除术的患者分别采用会厌谷入路、声带前连合上方入路及咽侧入路进入咽喉腔,完整切除肿瘤并行相应修复方式,保留喉功能。结果所有患者手术顺利,术中进入咽喉腔及肿瘤切除的过程中符合肿瘤切除的"无瘤"原则,术后病理未出现手术切缘阳性,无咽瘘。全部患者均于术后10～30 d拔除鼻饲管经口进食,20例患者于术后14～60 d拔除气管套管,所有患者均发音成功。结论声门上型喉癌行保留喉功能手术时,根据肿瘤原发部位及局部浸润情况,采取不同入路进入咽喉腔既获得了满意的手术视野及疗效,同时遵循了肿瘤切除的"无瘤"原则。     

Entering the pharynx in total laryngectomy

In performing total laryngectomy for carcinoma of the larynx, the pharynx should be entered at sites away from the tumour. When the tumour is supraglottic in location, the entry should be through the lateral pharyngeal wall; and when the tumour is located in the postcricoid area, entry above the hyoid bone is preferred.     

喉声门上水平部分切除术的术式改良

目的探讨喉声门上水平部分切除术的手术方法改良及远期疗效。方法回顾并分析了我科1983～2001年喉声门上型癌172例,男149例,女23例。进行喉声门上水平部分切除后不将喉上提,不做残喉与舌骨或舌根的吻合。结果气管套管拔除率为92．4％,吞咽功能142例在2～4周内恢复,发音功能良好。3年存活率为82．6％;5年存活率为75．7％。结论喉肿瘤切除后,改变缝合方法,不仅操作简单,又能保留良好的生理功能。     

Supraglottic larynx and its pathology as studied by whole laryngeal sections

The need for additional data regarding the behavior of carcinomas of the supraglottic larynx was recognized during attempts to identify candidates for supraglottic laryngectomy. The crux of the matter was whether supraglottic carcinomas remain confined at the supraglottic larynx. If some do not, can these exceptions be detected preoperatively? Information gained from whole-organ study of 40 larynges with such tumors showed that most tumors do remain confined to the supraglottic larynx; however, there are exceptions, and these are usually high-grade tumors. Preoperative biopsy demonstrating undifferentiation in a tumor suggests a potential for atypical behavior. Patients with these high-grade lesions are not candidates for supraglottic laryngectomy. Fortunately, most supraglottic carcinomas are well-differentiated, behave in a typical manner, and fulfill the expectations gained from the preoperative mucosal appearance. Supraglottic laryngectomy is, therefore, feasible and successful in carefully selected candidates. The conclusions of this study are the following:

• 1. Most supraglottic cancers behave as expected, being typically well-differentiated tumors that remain confined to the supraglottic larynx.
• 2. Exceptions to such behavior are exemplified by tumors manifesting submucosal extension some distance away from the main tumor mass, tumors invading the thyroid cartilage, second primaries, and tumors disseminating emboli away from the main tumor
• 3. Present preoperative diagnostic measures still fail to detect tumors with atypical behavior. Subsequent supraglottic laryngectomy in patients with such tumors would, therefore, leave residual tumor.
• 4. Carcinomas exhibiting atypical behavior are characteristically undifferentiated and aggressive.
• 5. The epiglottis and pre-epiglottic space are easily invaded by supraglottic cancer. The pre-epiglottic space is removed during either supraglottic or total laryngectomy.
• 6. The thyroid cartilage is an excellent barrier to the spread of supraglottic cancers. Tumors that invade it penetrate the anterior commissure first.
• 7. The pitfalls in the selection of candidates for supraglottic laryngectomy are assessment problems in which the tumor mass makes it difficult to see its full mucosal extent. Inadequate biopsy may also fail to detect a tumor.
• 8. In the preoperative assessment of a patient with supraglottic carcinoma, supraglottic laryngectomy is contraindicated if the biopsy does show high-grade differentiation and if the tumor is situated near the petiole.
• 9. Undetected extension submucosally to the level of the glottis will result in some failures with conservation surgery of the larynx.

     

Manometric evaluation of disorders in oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing in patients after partial laryngectomy for localized supraglottic cancer

Manometric examinations of swallowing were conducted on 81 patients after partial laryngectomy and on 35 subjects being a control group. Resection of piriform recess, a part of the base of the tongue, the hyoid bone or its part is the factor that causes intensified difficulty during swallowing and increase in the frequency of the occurrence of aspiration. The results of manometric examinations indicate that the shape and mobility of the tongue and the mobility of remaining after the surgery parts of the larynx have the greatest influence on the efficient swallowing in patients who have undergone partial laryngectomy due to cancer initially located in the supraglottic area. The larynx mobility is closely related to the remaining of the hyoid bone. The importance of remaining the possibly non-deformed structure and mobility of the tongue during partial laryngectomy involves the issue of reconstruction of defects occurred during the surgery. Manometric examinations confirm the effectiveness of the method involving reconstruction of defects in a part of the base of the tongue with a vascular pedicle flap of the submandibular gland.     

声门上水平喉部分切除术应用55例

目的 评价声门上水平部分喉切除术的手术方法及远期疗效。方法 我科１９８６～１９９５年采用声门上水平部分喉切除治疗喉癌声门上型５５型,男３２例,女２３例,平均年龄５６岁,Ｉ期１１例,ＩＩ期２６例,Ⅲ期１１例,Ⅳ期７例。对声门上水平部分喉切除加以改进。用两侧梨状窝内侧壁粘膜缝合,封闭甲状软骨断面的后１／３,用甲状软骨外骨膜同喉室底壁粘膜缝合,封闭甲状软骨断面的前２／３,切除舌骨,将保留的甲状软骨同舌根     

声门上水平部分喉切除术

目的 为提高喉癌患者的生存率和生存质量。方法 对倾诉 声门上水平部分喉切除术式进行了一定的改进和探索：将双侧甲状软骨外膜内翻覆盖同侧喉内创面,将其切缘与声带、喉室面粘膜缝合,咽粘膜原位间断缝合,折叠缝合双侧带状肌充做咽喉腔前壁而关闭咽喉腔。回顾分析了我科１９８３￣１９９３年９２例声门上水平部分喉切除术,其中男８０全我科女１２例,男女之比为６．７：１。５０￣５９见居多,占７２％（６６／９２）。Ⅲ、Ⅳ     

梨状窝粘膜修复喉部分切除术后的粘膜缺损

目的 :探讨应用梨状窝粘膜修复喉部分切除术后粘膜缺损及恢复喉功能的效果。方法 :对 198例患者施行此术式 ,其中喉水平部分切除术 87例、喉垂直部分或扩大喉垂直部分切除术 6 5例、喉水平加垂直部分切除术 4 6例。同时进行随访观察。结果 :喉水平部分切除术者拔管率为 10 0 % ;术后发音、呼吸、吞咽功能恢复好 ;5年生存率为 84 .7%。喉垂直部分或扩大喉垂直部分切除术拔管率为 87.7% ;5年生存率 86 .2 % ;术后吞咽、呼吸功能恢复好 ,但有声音嘶哑。喉水平加垂直部分切除术后初期进食呛咳较重 ,训练适应时间较长 ,拔管率为82 .6 % ;5年生存率为 78.3% ;术后声音嘶哑 ,部分患者喉狭窄导致拔管困难。结论 :本方法操作简单 ,取材方便 ,手术时间较短 ,成活率高 ,术后喉功能保留好 ,患者的 5年生存率高。     

支撑喉镜下C02激光喉部分切除最大范围的实验研究

目的 通过实验动物激光手术，探索激光手术治疗声门型和声门型喉癌的安全性和手术切除范围。方法选实验狗10只，模拟支撑喉镜下CO2激光手术，按标准的喉垂直部分或声门上水平部分切除术的切除范围，完成喉垂直部分切除7只，声门上水平部分切除3只。分别于术后立即(5只)和术后饲养40d(5只)后麻醉状态下空气栓塞法处死。切除实验狗全喉，连续切片观察切除范围和手术后创面修复情况。结果 10只实验狗手术完成顺利，显微镜下观察满意，达到手术预期的切除范围，大体标本和连续切片观察1-5号狗喉标本，切除范围与手术一致，创面有激光烧灼后的黑色和黄褐色结痂。6～10号狗饲养40d时处死，创面已修复。结论 动物支撑喉镜下CO2激光手术可完成经典的喉垂直部分切除术和声门上水平部分切除术的软组织切除范围，动物可存活，创面自行修每．提示扩大喉癌激光手术切除范围的可能性。     

环状软骨上喉次全切除术及其疗效

目的 探讨环状软骨上喉次全切除术的可行性及其适应证。方法 选择自１９８８～１９９６年不宜行常规水平或垂直半喉部分切除术的Ｔ２和Ｔ３喉鳞癌患者２１例行环状软骨上喉次全切除术。声门上型９例,声门型１０例,跨声门型２例。临床分级：Ｔ２期１６例,Ｔ３期５例。手术切除范围;舌骨、甲状软骨板、会厌前间隙和声门旁间隙,保留环状软骨和至少一侧杓状骨或部分正常会厌软骨。吹功能重建主要采用环状软骨舌根（会厌舌根）吻合     

Malignant fibrous histiocytomas of larynx]

OBJECTIVE: To explore the histopathology, diagnosis and treatment of malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH) of larynx. METHODS: The clinical and pathologic features of 9 cases with MFH of larynx were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: All the 9 cases with MFH of larynx were adults (the age ranged from 43 to 87 years; average 56 years); 8 were men and 1 woman. The tumor of eight cases originated in glottic area and 1 case occurred in supraglottic area. The histological diagnosis was difficult, so the immunohistochemical studies in 5 cases were examined. Because surgical resection was a mainly treatment, seven patients underwent total laryngectomy and 2 cases underwent frontal partial laryngectomy. Six patients were followed up for more than 3 years and no patient died of MFH after surgical resection. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of MFH of larynx was sometimes difficult and immunohistochemistry could be helpful. The mainly treatment of MFH of larynx was surgical resection by total laryngectomy or partial laryngectomy.     

Analysis of multicentricity in supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma treated with partial laryngeal surgery

A clinicopathological analysis of multicentricity in patients treated with either supraglottic horizontal laryngectomy or supracricoid partial laryngectomy for supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx was conducted. This study included 63 patients who underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy or supraglottic horizontal laryngectomy for T2 or T3 supraglottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 included patients with one focus of the tumor (monocentric), and Group 2 included patients who had more than one focus of the tumor (multicentric) diagnosed after pathology examination. Forty-eight (76.2 %) of the patients had one focus of the tumor (Group 1) and 15 (23.8 %) of the patients had more than one focus of the tumor (Group 2). The rates of lymph node metastasis in Group 1 and Group 2 were 12.5 and 60 %, respectively. The second focus was invasive in seven (46.6 %) of the patients, carcinoma in situ in six (40 %) of the patients, and both invasive and carcinoma in situ in two (13.3 %) patients. The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates of Groups 1 and 2 were 77.1–66.7 % and 56.2–46.7 %, respectively. With regard to survival rates, no statistically significant difference was observed between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0.576). The lack of statistical significance might have been associated with the low sample size. Although multicentric tumors of the supraglottic larynx have high incidence of nodal metastasis, no significant increase in the rate of recurrence was determined.     

全喉切除会厌成形术后吞咽功能X线观察

为了解全喉切除会厌成形术后患者吞咽功能状态，寻求发生误咽原因，对正常人，术后无误咽者及有误咽者，用电影摄片Ｘ线机和遥控摇篮Ｘ线机、吞服１８０％（Ｗ／Ｖ）硫酸钡，对比观察上述三组的吞咽全过程。术后无误咽者钡剂从较小梨状窝呈片状进入狭窄食管，有钡剂残留，多次吞咽后可清除干净。有误咽者钡剂呈柱状缓慢进入变细的食管入口多次吞咽仍有残留，少量呛入气道。     

Zur Technik der Cricohyoidopexie

Summary This operation comprises a subtotal laryngectomy from the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage and the reconstruction of the larynx. It is indicated in supraglottic cancer with some glottic and a very little extension in the anterior part of the subglottic region. The film shows the technique of this operation as well as some schemes. Functional as well as radical neck dissections and radiation therapy may be combined with the cricohyoidopexie. Since the first publication of this technique [Labayle, J.: Arch. Ital. Otol. 81, 6, 365–376 (1970)] experience in 66 cases could be gained with this method. A three years follow-up shows successful treatment in 55% of the cases.     

A study of moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx and an examination of non-neoplastic larynx tissue for neuroendocrine cells

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To determine the most appropriate terminology for neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) of the larynx, successive clinicopathologic studies are encouraged. The typical location and immunophenotype of laryngeal NEC raise a question of whether any precursor cells exist. STUDY DESIGN: Six patients with laryngeal NEC were analyzed. Another 20 laryngectomy specimens were examined for the presence of non-neoplastic neuroendocrine cells. METHODS: Tumor morphology and patient outcome were determined, and tumor tissue underwent immunohistochemical examination to identify cytokeratin, neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin, synaptophysin, CD56, calcitonin), S-100 protein, and p53 protein. A neuroendocrine marker study was also performed on non-neoplastic regions of another 20 laryngectomy specimens to identify any neuroendocrine cells. RESULTS: Laryngeal NEC, all submucosal, exhibited various morphology with or without histologic evidences of neuroendocrine differentiation. The tumors showed frequent (67%) calcitonin expression, calcitonin secretion in one case, and common (50%) p53 over-expression. Three patients died within 3 years. In the non-neoplastic larynx specimens, Kulchitsky cell-like bipolar neuroendocrine cells were identified in the basal and middle layer of the respiratory epithelium of the ventricle and subglottis but none in the submucosal layer of the supraglottic region. The neuroendocrine cells did not express calcitonin. CONCLUSIONS: Moderately differentiated or large-cell NEC is a more favored term than atypical carcinoid until more refined classifications for upper respiratory tract NEC are agreed on. Despite the confirmed presence of neuroendocrine cells in the respiratory epithelium of the larynx, the origin of laryngeal NEC remains unknown. p53 mutation might be one of the major molecular steps in the pathogenesis of laryngeal NEC.     

支撑喉镜下CO2激光喉部分切除最大范围的实验研究

目的 通过实验动物激光手术,探索激光手术治疗声门型和声门型喉癌的安全性和手术切除范围。方法 选实验狗10只,模拟支撑喉镜下CO2激光手术,按标准的喉垂直部分或声门上水平部分切除术的切除范围,完成喉垂直部分切除7只,声门上水平部分切除3只。分别于术后立即(5只)和术后饲养40 d(5只)后麻醉状态下空气栓塞法处死。切除实验狗全喉,连续切片观察切除范围和手术后创面修复情况。结果 10只实验狗手术完成顺利,显微镜下观察满意,达到手术预期的切除范围,大体标本和连续切片观察1-5号狗喉标本,切除范围与手术一致,创面有激光烧灼后的黑色和黄褐色结痂。6-10号狗饲养40 d时处死,创面已修复。结论 动物支撑喉镜下CO2激光手术可完成经典的喉垂直部分切除术和声门上水平部分切除术的软组织切除范围,动物可存活,创面自行修复,提示扩大喉癌激光手术切除范围的可能性。     

The role of laser microsurgery in the treatment of laryngeal cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Transoral laser microsurgery has developed in recent years into a surgical method that combines a minimally invasive approach with the surgical precision of laser and microscope. The outcomes of laser microsurgical treatment of laryngeal carcinomas are reviewed and compared with the results of competitive standard procedures. RECENT FINDINGS: Laser microsurgery is widely acknowledged to have advantages in the treatment of early glottic carcinoma. In the treatment of glottic carcinoma causing impaired mobility or fixation of the vocal cord the role of laser surgery has not yet been definitively assessed. Based on published results, primary laser therapy can achieve local tumor control with a functional residual larynx in approximately 70-80% of cases. In patients with early or moderately advanced supraglottic carcinoma, laser microsurgery is comparable to open supraglottic laryngectomy in terms of local control and survival. With regard to organ preservation, laser microsurgery is comparable to open supraglottic laryngectomy but superior to radiotherapy. Microsurgery can preserve functionally important structures, allowing for early swallowing rehabilitation while avoiding tracheotomy. SUMMARY: This review elucidates the role of laser microsurgical partial resections of the larynx in comparison with other treatment modalities.