肘管综合征患者的临床与神经电生理研究

目的:观察神经电生理检测对肘管综合征(CuTS)的诊断价值.方法:对CuTS患者的临床特征及病因进行分析,并作神经传导和肌电图(EMG)检测.结果:25例患者尺神经感觉传导波形消失9例,感觉传导速度(SCV)减慢及波幅降低16例,异常率为100％;尺神经运动神经传导检测肘下-肘上波幅降低25例,速度减慢18例,异常率为100％;尺神经支配肌共检测75块肌肉,可见失神经电位59块,异常率为78％.结论:神经电生理检测在CuTS的定位、诊断及鉴别诊断中有重要意义.     

肘管综合征神经电生理诊断及微移测试技术的应用价值

目的:探讨神经电生理检测方法在肘管综合征(CuTS)诊断中的作用及微移技术的应用价值.方法:参照汤晓芙推荐的CuTS电生理诊断标准.总结29例CuTS患者的临床与神经电生理资料,与标准对照组电生理数据进行分析对比.结果:在29例CuTS患者中,尺神经运动神导速度(MCV),感觉传导速度(SCV)较对照组标准均减慢;末端潜伏期(DML)延长;跨肘段MCV明显减慢;跨肘段MCV与肘-腕段减慢差值为(20.6±12.90)m/s,明显大于对照组标准(>10 m/s);微移技术潜伏期(Lat)差值为O.72 ms,大于对照组相应值的O.6 ms标准;跨肘段每隔1 cm两点间(尺神经发生嵌压处)的动作电位波幅差为64.3%,远大于对照组相应值的20%标准;尺神经嵌压于肘下段者16例,占55%;嵌压于肘上段者11例,占38%;尺神经跨肘段内嵌压发生2处以上者18例,占总病例的62%.肌电图检测患肢第1骨间肌、小指外展肌静息时出现自发电位较多,此两处同时出现自发电位者19例.8例合并腕管综合征.结论:神经电生理检查是CuTS诊断的重要手段,它不仅可以起到早期诊断作用,而且其中的微移技术可以为手术治疗提供准确定位,有着重要的实用价值.     

肘管综合征的临床和电生理分析

目的：探讨肘管综合征（CUTS）患者的临床和电生理特点,并分析可能的病因。方法：回顾性分析69例CuTS患者（共73侧肢体）的临床和电生理资料。神经传导检测时,采用表面电极刺激和记录。分别于腕部、肘下5cm、肘上5cm刺激尺神经,记录小指展肌复合肌肉动作电位（CMAP）。腕部刺激尺神经,于小指逆向记录感觉神经动作电位（SNAP）。测量不同节段尺神经的运动传导速度（MCV）和感觉传导速度（SCV）。针电极肌电图观察尺神经所支配肌肉静息状态下的异常自发电活动。结果：①前臂尺侧、小指及无名指尺侧半麻木48例（70％）,上肢麻木及力弱19例（28％）,肘部疼痛或活动受限5例（7％）;第一骨间背侧肌萎缩28例（41％）,小鱼际肌萎缩15例（22％）,爪形手6例（9％）;②CuTS原因不明者53例（77％）;长期、频繁操作电脑所致者8例（12％）;③尺神经肘上-肘下节段MCV减慢[（29．91±5．09）m／s],肘下一腕段正常[（50．88±4．63）m／s]。小指展肌CMAP波幅降低,4只上肢未引出CMAP波形;尺神经腕一小指节段SCV正常[（47．43±7．27）m／s],SNAP波幅降低,36只上肢未引出SNAP波形;肌电图显示异常自发活动者,小指展肌和第一骨间背侧肌73肢,尺侧腕屈肌29肢。结论：CuTS临床表现以前臂尺侧、小指及无名指尺侧半麻木为主,伴力弱、疼痛及尺神经支配肌肉萎缩;电生理表现以尺神经肘上、下段MCV减慢为主,伴感觉纤维受损;病因以特发性占多数,长期、频繁操作电脑为另一重要因素;神经电生理检测为诊断CuTS的可靠手段,能明确神经受损受压的部位和程度。     

神经电生理检测对肘管综合征诊断的价值

目的:研究探讨神经电生理检测对肘管综合征(CuTS)早期尺神经损伤患者的定位、定性诊断价值。方法:对40例Cu TS患者的双侧正中神经、尺神经常规MCV、SCV检测,如尺神经发现异常随即加做尺神经节段检查和尺神经肘部节段检查。所得结果进行统计学分析。结果:1.40例CuTS患者患侧手与健侧手对照比较发现均存在尺神经损伤,为进一步对尺神经损伤定位,加做尺神经MCV节段及尺神经MCV肘部节段寸进法检测,发现肘段潜伏期差延长,尤以肘下3cm至肘上2cm节段潜伏期差延长较多见,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2.20例CuTS患者肌电图呈神经源性损伤。3.进行Logistic回归分析显示病程是影响CuTS患者肌电图异常的独立危险因素。结论:1.采用跨肘上、肘下分段刺激尺神经可获得更高的尺神经损伤阳性率,能早期发现尺神经沟局部的异常传导,使CuTS患者得到早期诊断和治疗。2.神经电生理检查对肘管综合征患者的定性、定位诊断具有重要价值。     

肘管传导速度测定对早期肘管综合征的价值

目的：探讨肘管神经传导速度（NCV）测定对早期肘管综合征（cubitaltunnelsyndrome，CUTS）的诊断价值。方法：①对42例早期CuTS患者的肘部上、下各5cm（共10cm）运动诱发动作电位传导时间、波幅进行测定，计算出运动神经传导速度（MCV），并与30例正常对照者的检测结果比较，确认肘管内嵌压部位；②对尺神经进行顺向感觉传导速度（SCV）测定；③对前臂肌与手内肌进行针电极肌电图检测，帮助判定尺神经损害。结果：CuTS患者肘管运动诱发动作电位传导时间、波幅及NCV检测结果与对照组比较差异均有非常显著意义（P〈0．001），采用微移法逐点测定，均能找到具体嵌压部位；尺神经SCV明显减慢，与对照组比较差异有非常显著意义（P〈0．001）；针电极肌电图检测前臂肌与手内肌，提示尺神经受损而不累及其他神经。结论：肘管NCV测定对早期CuTS患者的诊断快捷、简便，可提供客观依据，为CuTS早期治疗提供依据。     

腕管综合征患者的临床与神经电生理研究

目的：观察神经电生理检测对腕管综合征(CTS)的诊断价值。方法：对腕管综合征的临床特征及病因进行了分析，并作神经传导速度(NCV)和肌电图检测和分析。结果：40条患病神经中8条正中神经诱发波形消失，32条正中神经感觉潜伏期延长、波幅降低或(和)感觉神经传导速度减慢。25例患者伴有30条正中神经运动末梢潜伏期延长或(和)动作电位波幅降低。22块正中神经支配肌有去神经电位。结论：神经电生理检查在腕管综合征的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要意义。     

肘管综合征患者神经电生理特点

目的:探讨肘管综合征(CuTS)患者的神经电生理特点.方法:收集2019年3月至2020年1月就诊于潍坊市中医院的CuTS患者98例,其中单侧肘管综合征92例,双侧肘管综合征6例,受检尺神经104条.分析其临床资料及神经电生理数据.结果:104条受检尺神经中,46条尺神经复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)末端潜伏期≥3.2 ...     

腕管综合征的神经电生理应用与分析

目的：探讨神经电生理检测对腕管综合征（carpaltunnelsyndrome,CTS）的诊断价值。方法：对临床症状、体征符合CTS的60例患者进行了正中神经运动和感觉传导测定及针极肌电图（EMG）检测。结果：60例患者中,双侧病变39例,单侧病变21例。60例CTS患者99条患侧的正中神经中,15条感觉传导测定诱发波形消失,84条正中神经感觉传导潜伏期延长、波幅降低和（或）感觉传导速度减慢;伴有正中神经运动末端潜伏期延长或动作电位波幅下降93条,6条正中神经运动远端潜伏期和诱发波幅正常。99条患侧的正中神经支配的拇短展肌EMG检测,77块呈神经原性损害。结论：神经电生理检测在CTS的定位诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要意义。     

30例腕管综合征患者的神经电生理检测与临床分析

目的:探讨腕管综合征CTS)患者的神经电生理特征.方法:对临床症状、体征符合CTs的30例患者行正中神经、尺神经的运动和感觉传导速度测定,以及拇短展肌、小指展肌的肌电图检测.结果:在30例患者中,双侧病变者为9例,单侧病变者2l例,共有39病变.30例CTS患者中39条正中神经感觉潜伏期均延长和感觉传导速度均减慢,30条正中神经感觉诱发波幅降低,37条正巾神经运动远端潜伏期延长,2条正中神经运动远端潜伏期和诱发波幅正常;29块正中神经支配的拇短展肌呈神经原性损害.结论:神经电生理检查在CTS的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要的意义.     

肯尼迪病患者的神经电生理分析

目的:研究肯尼迪病患者的神经电生理特点,提高对此病电生理的认识。方法:对经基因确诊的3例肯尼迪患者的神经电生理进行总结分析。3例患者均行神经传导和肌电图(EMG)检测。神经传导检查包括:正中神经、尺神经、腓总神经、胫神经和腓肠神经。检测项目包括运动神经潜伏期(Lat)、复合肌肉动作电位波幅(CMAP)、运动神经传导速度(MCV);感觉神经潜伏期(lat)、感觉神经动作电位波幅(SNAP)、感觉神经传导速度(SCV)。EMG:检查双侧舌肌、胸锁乳突肌、三角肌、第一骨间肌、胸椎旁肌、股四头肌、胫前肌。检测项目包括静止时的自发电位,轻收缩时运动单位动作电位(MUP)的时限、波幅,重收缩时的募集相。结果:第1例患者运动神经传导正常,感觉神经SNAP波幅低和SCV正常。第2例患者双正中神经运动Lat延长、CMAP下降,NCV减慢,双正中神经感觉未测及SNAP波幅,合并腕管综合征;其余运动神经传导正常,感觉神经SNAP波幅和SCV均低。第3例运动神经传导正常,感觉SNAP波幅低和SCV下降。本组3例患者EMG多块肌肉静息时出现2处以上的纤颤波、正尖波,轻收缩时MUP时限增宽,波幅增高,部分呈巨大电位,重收缩时呈单纯相或单纯混合相。结论:KD患者EMG呈广泛神经源性改变,可累及感觉。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.