早期康复干预对脊髓损伤后康复时间的影响

目的:观察脊髓损伤后康复治疗的起始时间对不同节段脊髓损伤(SCI)病例达到康复目标所需的时间、残损分级变化和并发症发生率的影响。方法:采用多家医疗机构协作进行前瞻性病例观察方法,事先预定康复方案,同时开始纳入SCI病例。病例入组后,参照国际标准为其制定康复目标和方案。在开始康复训练后进行跟踪观察,包括记录康复时间(受伤至达到康复目标所需时间),评估康复前后的ASIA残损分级及并发症的发生率。2009年1月~2012年12月4年里先后共入组观察521例患者,男419例,女102例,年龄38.5±12.1岁(18~74岁),随访20±8个月(10~38个月)。按受伤至入组的时间长短,将病例分为围手术期组、术后组和延迟组。各组按SCI节段不同再细分为高位颈髓损伤、低位颈髓损伤、胸髓损伤、腰骶段损伤四群。最终将观察结果进行组内组间对比分析。结果:在围手术期组的高位颈髓损伤、低位颈髓损伤、胸髓损伤和腰骶损伤病例中,运动完全损伤者(A、B级)所需康复时间中位数分别为238d、160d、97d和62d,运动不完全损伤者(C、D级)所需康复时间分别为153d、128d、72d和46d。术后组各群SCI的康复时间比围手术期组相同群SCI增加16~30d(P0.05)。在延迟组,各群SCI的康复时间较前两组均明显增加(P0.05),特别是低位颈髓损伤、胸髓损伤和腰骶损伤A、B级病例较围手术期组成倍增加(P0.05)。同一组患者中,相同ASIA残损分级,损伤平面越低,康复时间越短(P0.05);同一损伤平面,损伤越重,康复时间越长(P0.05)。在达到康复目标时,A~D级病例中有一个级别改善的比率分别为A级3.8%、B级13.6%、C级34.0%和D级7.7%,有两个级改善的比率为A级2.35%、B级2.1%、C级0.09%和D级0%。围手术期康复组压疮、下肢深静脉血栓、下尿路感染和肺部感染的发生率分别为6.2%、5.5%、15.4%和11.1%,均明显低于另外两组(P0.05)。结论:早期康复干预能降低SCI并发症的发生率,从而缩短康复时间,但对残损分级变化无明确影响。SCI康复所需时间大约为3~9个月,损伤平面越高、程度越重,所需康复时间越长。运动完全损伤者康复前后ASIA残损分级无明显变化。     

米诺环素治疗脊髓损伤的研究进展

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是一种常见的中枢神经系统损伤,可以导致脊髓神经传导功能障碍,造成损伤节段以下运动、感觉功能等丧失.     

康复治疗对改善脊髓损伤患者ADL的临床研究

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)所导致的瘫痪是一种严重的残疾,给家庭及社会造成很大的负担.我科自2002年10月至2004年1月将康复技术应用到12例脊髓损伤患者并取得一定疗效,现报道如下.     

老年康复期脊髓损伤患者生活质量影响因素分析

目的探讨影响老年康复期脊髓损伤脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)患者生活质量的影响因素。方法选取2016年5月～2019年1月收治的老年康复期SCI患者187例为研究对象(观察组),另选取本院行健康体检的100例健康老年人作为对照组。采用世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)评价生活质量。建立多元Logistic回归模型分析影响SCI患者生存质量的风险因素。结果观察组WHOQOL-BREF生理领域、心理领域、社会关系领域评分和总分均显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组环境领域评分的比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。单因素分析结果表明,年龄(F=44.238)、婚姻状况(t=2.101)、神经损伤平面(F=8.648)、损伤性质(t=18.607)、并发症(t=7.399)、家庭功能障碍(t=6.593)和抑郁程度(F=5 8.236)与SCI患者的生活质量有关(P0.05)。多元Logistic回归分析表明,年龄(OR=1.265)、神经损伤平面(OR=0.864)、损伤性质(OR=0.564)、并发症(OR=1.085)、家庭功能障碍(OR=0.621)和抑郁程度(OR=1.021)是影响老年SCI患者生活质量的独立预测因素(P0.0.5)。结论老年康复期SCI患者的生活质量较差,年龄、神经损伤平面、损伤性质、并发症、家庭功能障碍和抑郁程度是影响生活质量的独立预测因素。     

组织工程支架在脊髓损伤治疗的研究进展

<正>创伤性脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是常见创伤,其致残率大、后果严重,常导致终身截瘫,严重危害人类健康[1]。根据国外统计,脊髓损伤患者一生的治疗康复费用高达70万美元。因此,脊髓损伤的治疗和康复已成为当今医学界一大课题[2-3]。多年来,人们对SCI的再生与康复研究投入了大量的人力、物力,但进展甚微,其原因可概括为:(1)神经元细胞再生能力低下[4];(2)神经营养因子生成不     

神经假体在脊髓损伤患者中应用的研究进展

虽然脊髓再生与修复技术有望应用于临床，但目前脊髓损伤患者的神经功能还不可能完全恢复。因此，辅助技术在脊髓损伤(spinal cord iniury，SCI)后的功能康复中仍将起重要作用。SCI因损坏了脊髓传导束(尤其皮质脊髓束)，使大脑和损伤平面以下仍存活的脊髓神经细胞失去联系。因而失去了大脑的意识支配，不能进行意愿性的功能活动。     

急性脊髓损伤并发肺损伤机制的研究进展

急性脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是脊柱外科的常见伤病之一,多由高处坠落、交通事故、工业及建筑业事故及运动损伤造成。急性SCI后呼吸系统并发症是造成患者早期死亡的主要原因[1]。据报道,SCI患者呼吸系统并发症的发生率在67%左右,以呼吸功能障碍、肺炎等最为常见[2]。以往认为急性SCI患者容易发生呼吸系统并发症     

脊髓损伤中自噬的研究进展

正脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是常见的中枢神经系统疾病之一,在直接或间接损伤的作用下,脊髓功能障碍导致了损伤部位以下的感觉、运动及其他功能丧失。美国国家SCI统计中心统计,美国约有28.8万人患有SCI,每年新增SCI病例17000例,其对患者身心及社会经济造成了巨大损害[1]。根据其病理生理机制,SCI可分为两个阶段:原发性和继发性损伤[2]。原发性损伤包括直接的机械损伤及其造成的轴突、细胞膜及血管损伤。     

颈脊髓损伤早期死亡临床研究

目的分析研究颈脊髓损伤(CSCI)早期死亡情况,探讨颈脊髓损伤早期死亡的主要影响因素及发生机理。方法收集整理2004-02-2012-02入院的131例CSCI患者的临床资料(早期死亡15例),分析CSCI早期死亡者的年龄、性别、受伤原因、脊柱损伤节段、脊髓损伤严重程度、是否手术及气管切开、是否存在低钠血症、是否存在低蛋白血症与CSCI早期死亡的关系,总结CSCI早期死亡的原因。结果 CSCI早期死亡率为8.40%(11/131),多死于呼吸功能衰竭。性别、受伤原因及是否手术统计分析,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);颈髓不同损伤程度、颈髓不同损伤节段、不同年龄段、气管是否切开、是否存在低钠血症及是否存在低蛋白血症统计分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.001)。结论呼吸衰竭是CSCI早期死亡的首要原因;颈髓不同损伤程度、颈髓不同损伤节段、不同年龄段、气管是否切开、是否存在低钠血症、是否存在低蛋白血症是CSCI早期死亡的主要影响因素。     

脊柱脊髓损伤患者深静脉血栓预防的研究进展

<正>深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)是脊柱脊髓损伤患者常见的并发症之一。Gould等[1]研究表明,对于未采取预防措施的急性脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)患者,其DVT的发生率在所有科室住院患者中最高,高达80%~100%。Smith等对108419例脊柱术后患者的调查也发现急性SCI患者术后DVT的发生率高达81%~100%[2],     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.