肝肺综合征大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞肌样分化时转化生长因子β1表达的变化

目的 评价肝肺综合征(HPS)大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞(PMVECs)肌样分化时转化生长因子β1 (TGF-β1)表达的变化.方法 健康SD大鼠40只,雌雄不拘,3～4月龄.采用随机数字表法,随机取20只大鼠,采用慢性胆总管结扎法制备HPS模型,剩余大鼠行假手术,取腹主动脉血样4ml,离心后取血清.另取健康成年SD大鼠10只,原代培养、纯化及鉴定PMVECs.PMVECs接种于低糖DMEM培养基(106个/cm2),采用随机数字表法,将细胞随机分为2组:对照组(C组)和HPS组,每组24皿.C组给予正常大鼠血清,HPS组加入HPS大鼠血清,血清终浓度为10％.于细胞孵育24h(T1)、48 h(T2)和72 h(T3)时分别采用RT-PCR法和Western blot法测定PMVECs内平滑肌肌球蛋白重链(SM-MHC)、平滑肌肌动蛋白α(SM-α-actin)、肌钙蛋白、TG F-β1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达.结果 C组PMVECs内SM-α-actin、肌钙蛋白表达阴性,可见少量SM-MHC表达,HPS组PMVECs内SM-MHC、SM-α-actin、肌钙蛋白表达阳性.与C组比较,HPS组SM-MHC、TGF-β1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达上调(P＜0.05);与T1时比较,T2.3时HPS组SM-MHC、SM-α-actin、肌钙蛋白、TGF-β1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达上调(P＜0.05);与T2时比较,T3时HPS组SM-MHC、SM-α-actin、肌钙蛋白、TG F-β1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达上调(P＜0.05).结论 TGF-β1在HPS大鼠PMVECs肌样分化时可能起到重要的调控作用.     

肝肺综合征大鼠血清对肺微血管内皮细胞Akt表达的影响

目的 探讨肝肺综合征(HPS)大鼠血清对肺微血管内皮细胞(PMVECs)丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Akt)表达的影响.方法 健康3～4月龄SD大鼠30只,雌雄不拘,采用慢性胆管结扎法制备HPS模型.另取正常大鼠,原代培养、纯化及鉴定PMVECs.PMVECs接种于低糖DMEM培养基(10~6/,cm~2)或96孔培养板(200μl/孔),随机分为2组:对照组(C组)和HPS组,每组24皿或90孔,C组不予处理,HPS组加入HPS大鼠血清,血清终浓度为10%.于HPS大鼠血清中孵育24、48和72 h(T_(1～3))时分别采用RT-PCR法和Western blot法检测Akt_1 mRNA、Akt_2 mRNA和Akt_3 mRNA及其蛋白的表达,采用MTr法和~3H-TdR掺人法检测PMVECs增殖情况.结果 与C组比较,HPS组PMVECs增殖增强,Akt 蛋白及其mRNA表达水平上调(P<0.05);与T_1时比较,T_(2,3)时HPS组PMVECs增殖增强,Akt蛋白及其mRNA表达水平上调(P<0.05);与T_2时比较,T_3时HPS组PMVECs增殖增强,Akt蛋白及其mRNA表达水平上调(P<0.05).结论 Akt可能参与了HPS大鼠PMVECs增殖的调节.     

大鼠肠缺血再灌注时肺组织β-防御素-2 mRNA表达的变化

目的 观察大鼠肠缺血再灌注时肺组织β-防御素-2(BD-2)mRNA表达的变化.方法 72只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组(n=36):假手术组(S组)和肠缺血再灌注组(II/R组).采用夹闭肠系膜上动脉(SMA)的方法制备肠缺血再灌注模型.II/R组阻断SMA 1 h后再灌注,S组仅分离SMA.分别于再灌注即刻(T0),再灌注15(T1)、30(T2)、60 min(T3)、3 h(T4)和6 h(T5)时处死6只大鼠,取肺组织,光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果,计算肺通透性指数(PPI),检测肺组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量和BD-2 mRNA表达水平.结果 S组肺组织结构未见异常,II/R组出现肺水肿和中性粒细胞浸润.与S组比较,II/R组再灌注各时点PPI升高,BD-2 mRNA表达上调,T0-3时TNF-a含量升高(P＜0.05或0.01).II/R组BD-2 mRNA表达水平与TNF-a含量及PPI的相关系数分别为0.823和-0.615(P＜0.01).结论 大鼠肠缺血再灌注时肺组织BD-2基因表达上调.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤时肺组织β-arrestin-2表达的影响

目的 探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤时肺组织p抑制蛋白-2(β-arrestin-2)表达的影响.方法 健康雌性昆明小鼠30只,6周龄,体重18～20 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=10):假手术组(S组)、脓毒症组(CLP组)和盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药组(PHC组).CLP组和PHC组采用盲肠结扎并穿孔法制备脓毒症模型.PHC组于模型制备前1h时腹腔注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.45 mg/kg,S组和CLP组于模型制备前1h时腹腔注射等容量生理盐水.模型制备后12h时,采血和收集肺泡灌洗液测定肺通透性指数,采用化学比色法测定肺组织MPO活性,采用ELISA法测定肺组织IL-6含量,采用Western blot法测定肺组织β-arrestin-2蛋白表达,采用RT-PCR法测定肺组织β-arrestin-2 mRNA表达.结果 与S组比较,CLP组肺通透性指数、肺组织MPO活性和IL-6含量均升高,肺组织β-arrestin-2蛋白表达下调,β-arrestin-2 mRNA表达上调(p＜0.05),PHC组肺通透性指数、肺组织MPO活性和IL-6含量均升高,肺组织β-arrestin-2蛋白表达上调,β-arrestin-2 mRNA表达下调(p＜0.05).与CLP组比较,PHC组肺通透性指数、肺组织MPO活件和IL-6含量均降低,肺组织β-arrestin-2蛋白表达上调,β-arrestin-2 mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05).结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药减轻脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤的机制可能与上调肺组织β-arrestin-2的蛋白表达有关.     

金纳多对大鼠离体肺缺血再灌注时肺组织中水通道蛋白1表达的影响

目的 观察金纳多预处理后,水通道蛋白-1( AQP-1)在大鼠离体肺缺血再灌注损伤过程中的表达及其功能.方法 将40只大鼠随机分为供体组和受体组(n=20).供体组再随机分为2组(n=10),低钾右旋糖苷液(LPD)灌注组与LPD+金纳多组;受体组也随机分为2组(n=10).LPD灌注组大鼠左肺设为A组,右肺设为B组,为对照组.LPD+金纳多灌注组左肺设为C组,右肺设为D组,为对照组.建立大鼠离体肺缺血再灌注模型,分组造模后,取肺组织,免疫组织化学法检测肺组织AQP-1的表达;RT-PCR检测肺组织AQP-1 mRNA的表达;免疫印迹法检测肺AQP-1蛋白的表达.结果 A组及C组肺组织中AQP-1蛋白表达的相对灰度值分别为0.65±0.06、0.88±0.11,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).AQP-1在A组及C组肺组织中的mRNA表达平均相对A值分别为0.30±0.08、0.49 ±0.11,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 肺移植术前给予金纳多治疗,可减轻供肺的损伤.     

IL-6/STAT3信号通路在脓毒症大鼠肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1表达上调中的作用

目的 探讨白细胞介素6/信号转导及转录激活因子3(IL-6/STAT3),信号通路在脓毒症大鼠肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1 (HMGB1)表达上调中的作用.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠90只,10～14周龄;体重250～300 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=30):假手术组(S组)、脓毒症组(CLP组)和抗IL-6单克隆抗体组(IL-6组).采用盲肠结扎穿孔法制备大鼠脓毒症模型.IL-6组于术前1h时腹腔注射抗IL-6单克隆抗体0.5 mg/kg,S组和CLP组给予等容量生理盐水.于术后6、12、24、48、72 h时分别处死大鼠6只,取肺组织,分别采用酶联免疫吸附法和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测肺组织HMGB1含量和HMGB1 mRNA表达;采用凝胶阻滞电泳分析技术检测肺组织STAT3 DNA结合活性.结果 与S组比较,CLP组和IL-6组肺组织HMGB1含量和HMGB1 mRNA表达、STAT3DNA结合活性升高(P＜0.05);与CLP组比较,IL-6组肺组织HMGB1含量和HMGB1 mRNA表达、STAT3 DNA结合活性降低(P＜0.05).结论 IL-6/STAT3信号通路参与了脓毒症大鼠肺组织HMGB1表达上调.     

利多卡因对脓毒症大鼠肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨利多卡因对脓毒症大鼠肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1( HMGB1) mRNA表达的影响.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠50只,体重200 ～ 250 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为5组(n＝10):假手术组(S组)、脓毒症组(L组)、低、中和高剂量利多卡因组(LL1组、LL2组和LL3组).除S组外,其他4组采用盲肠结扎穿孔术制备大鼠脓毒症诱发急性肺损伤模型.LL1组、LL2组和LL3组分别于术毕、术后1、2h时腹腔注射利多卡因5、10、20 mg/kg,S组和L组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于术后24、48 h时处死5只大鼠,取肺组织,测定HMGB1 mRNA表达、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性和NF-κB活性,光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,其他4组肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达上调,MPO活性升高(P<0.05);与L组比较,LL1组、LL2组和LL3组肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达下调,MPO活性降低(P<0.01);LL1组、LL2组和LL3组肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达依次下调,MPO活性依次降低(P<0.05).LL1组、屿LL2和LL3组肺组织NF-κB活性逐渐降低,肺组织损伤程度逐渐减轻.结论 利多卡因减轻脓毒症大鼠急性肺损伤的机制与下调肺组织HMGB1基因表达有关,其下调HMGB1基因表达的机制与抑制NF-κB活化有关.     

依达拉奉对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注诱发肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨依达拉奉对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注诱发肺损伤的影响.方法 健康清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠24只,体重250～300 g,随机分为4组(n=6):假手术组(S组)、心肌缺血再灌注组(IR组)和不同剂量依达拉奉组(E1组和E2组).IR组、E1组和E2组采用结扎冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)45 min,再灌注3 h的方法制备心肌缺血再灌注模型.S组仅LAD下穿线不结扎;IR组阻断LAD45 min后再灌注3 h;E1组和E2组分别于再灌注前1 min经右股静脉注射依达拉奉3或10 mg/kg.于再灌注3 h时放血处死大鼠,取肺组织、支气管肺泡灌洗液和动脉血样,测定血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)活性,计算肺通透性指数(PPI),采用Western blot法检测肺组织β-防御素-2(BD-2)和TNF-α蛋白的表达,PCR法测定肺组织BD-2 mRNA表达.结果 与S组比较,IR组、E1组和E2组血清CK-MB活性和PPI升高,肺组织BD-2 mRNA、BD-2和TNF-α蛋白表达上调(P＜0.01).与IR组比较,E1组和E2组血清CK-MB活性和PPI降低,肺组织BD-2 mRNA、BD-2和TNF-α蛋白表达下调(P＜0.01).与E1组比较,E2组血清CK-MB活性和PPI降低,肺组织BD-2 mRNA、BD-2和TNF-α蛋白表达下调(P＜0.01).结论 依达拉奉可减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注诱发的肺损伤,其机制不仅与清除氧自由基有关,还与抑制肺组织炎性反应有关.     

地塞米松对内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织MKP-1表达的影响

目的 评价地塞米松对内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织丝裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶-1(MKP-1)表达的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠54只,体重180～ 230 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组:对照组(C组,n=6)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组,n=24)和地塞米松组(D组,n=24).ALI组和D组尾静脉注射LPS 5 mg/kg制备大鼠急性肺损伤模型,C组给予等容量生理盐水,D组于注射LPS前30 min时腹腔注射地塞米松6 mg/kg.C组于注射生理盐水后1 h(T1)时,ALl组和D组分别于注射LPS后1、3和6 h(T1-3)时,随机处死8只大鼠,取肺组织,检测MKP-1和磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶MAKP(p-p38MAPK)的表达.T3时回收支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),测定蛋白和TNF-α的浓度;观察肺组织病理学结果.另取32只SD大鼠,体重180～ 230 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=16):急性肺损伤组(ALI1组)和地塞米松组(D1组),处理方法同上.观察48 h内大鼠生存情况.结果 与C组比较,ALI组BALF中蛋白和TNF-α的浓度升高,T1-3时p-p38MAKP表达上调,T2.3时MKP-1表达下调,D组BALF中TNF-α浓度升高,T1-3时p-p38MAKP和MKP-1表达上调(P＜0.05);与ALI组比较,D组BALF中蛋白和TNF-α的浓度下降,T1-3时p-p38MAKP表达下调,MKP-1表达上调(P＜0.05),病理学损伤减轻.D1组大鼠生存率高于ALI1组(P＜0.05).结论 地塞米松减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的机制与上调肺组织MKP-1的表达,抑制p38MAPK的磷酸化,降低炎性反应有关.     

异丙酚对急性肺栓塞大鼠肺细胞凋亡的影响

目的 评价异丙酚对急性肺栓塞大鼠肺细胞凋亡的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠40只,体重280～300 g,随机分为5组(n=8):假手术组(S组)、急性肺栓塞组(APTE组)、异丙酚4 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 组(P1组)、异丙酚8 mg·kg-1 ·h- 1组(P2组)和异丙酚16 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 组(P3组).取尾静脉血样0.2 ml,37℃水浴箱内过夜,分割成直径1 mm ,长5 mm的栓子,颈静脉注射混有15个栓子的2 ml生理盐水制备大鼠肺栓塞模型.S组静脉输注生理盐水2 ml/h 4 h;APTE组、P1组、P2组和P3组制备肺栓塞模型,然后APTE组静脉输注5%葡萄糖2 ml/h4 h,P1 组、P2组和P3组分别静脉输注异丙酚4、8、16 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 (用5%葡萄糖稀释至2 m1)4 h.给药结束后,处死大鼠,取肺组织,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况,计算细胞凋亡率,采用RT-PCR法检测caspase-3、Bcl-2、Box、Fas和FasL的mRNA表达水平,采用Western blot法检测caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax、Fas和FasL的蛋白表达水平,计算Bcl-2/Bax的mRNA和蛋白表达比值.结果 与S组比较,AVIE组、P1组、P2组和P3 组肺组织细胞凋亡率升高,caspase-3、Bax、Fas、FasL的mRNA和蛋白表达上调,Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达下调,Bcl-2/Bax的mRNA和蛋白表达比值降低(P＜0.05或0.01);与APTE组比较,P1组、P2组和P3 组肺组织细胞凋亡率降低,caspase-3、Bax、Fas、FasL的mRNA和蛋白表达下调,Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达上调,Bcl-2/Bax的mRNA和蛋白表达比值升高(P＜0.05或0.01);P.组、P2组和P3组间肺组织细胞凋亡率、caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax、Fas、 FasL的mRNA和蛋白表达、Bcl-2/Bax的mRNA和蛋白表达比值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 异丙酚可抑制急性肺栓塞大鼠肺细胞凋亡,其机制与下调肺组织caspase-3、Fas和FasL的表达,调节Bcl-2/Bax的平衡有关.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.