工艺条件对酶法改性大豆蛋白膜性能的影响（Ⅰ）

研究了酶浓度、成膜溶液的pH值、干燥温度等工艺参数对谷氨酰胺转移酶(TGase)改性大豆分离蛋白(SPI)膜性能的影响.SPI膜制好后裁切成所需要的样品形状,放在相对湿度为50%的环境中平衡48 h,测定抗拉强度(TS)、断裂伸长率(EB)、水分含量(MC)、总可溶性物质量(TSM)、表面疏水性(S0)及透光率等各项指标.研究表明低浓度的酶浓度改性可显著(P≤0.05)增加SPI膜的TS值和S0值,而降低TSM值.TGase改性使EB值下降,酶浓度越高,EB值下降得越多.TGase改性膜的S0值和TSM值随着酶浓度的增加而增加.成膜溶液的PH值显著影响TGase改性SPI膜的TS值和S0值.TGase改性SPI膜的TS值、EB值和S0值随着干燥温度从18℃增加到50℃而逐渐下降.     

工艺条件对酶法改性大豆蛋白膜性能的影响Ⅱ

研究了底物蛋白的浓度、增塑剂的浓度、蛋白溶液预热处理的温度和时间及变性剂(2-巯基乙醇)处理等工艺参数对谷氨酰胺转移酶(TGase)改性大豆分离蛋白(SPI)膜性能的影响.SPI膜制好后裁切成所需要的样品形状,放在相对湿度为50%的环境中平衡48 h,测定抗拉强度(TS)、断裂伸长率(EB)、水分含量(MC)、总可溶性物质量(TSM)、表面疏水性(S0)及透光率等各项指标.随着底物蛋白质量浓度(3～9 g/dL)的增加,TGase改性SPI膜的TS值和EB值明显增加,而接触角和透光率明显下降.随着甘油含量增加,TGase改性SPI膜的TS值和接触角明显降低,透光率略有降低,而EB值和MC值明显增加.随着蛋白溶液预热处理温度(70～90 ℃)和时间(0.5～1.0 h)的增加,SPI膜的TS值明显增加,接触角和透光率稍有增加,TSM值略有下降.变性剂2-巯基乙醇(2-ME)的加入,使TGase改性SPI膜的TS值、接触角明显增加,MC值明显下降,TSM值和透光率变化不大.     

脱细胞牛心包膜材料与胶原膜引导骨再生的对照研究

目的 比较碳化二亚胺[1-ethyl-3（3-diaminopropyol）-carbodiimide，EDAC]交联脱细胞牛心包（acellular bovine pericardium，ABP）与胶原膜引导骨再生的作用和膜材料植入动物体内的转归。方法 健康雄性成年新西兰白兔24只，体重2．6～3．5kg，平均3．1kg。制备兔双侧下颌体7mm×7mm×5mm骨缺损模型，一侧骨缺损覆盖EDAC交联ABP（EDAC交联ABP组），另一侧覆盖胶原膜（胶原膜组）。术后4、8、16及24周各处死6只动物行大体、组织学观察及图像分析检测新生骨面积百分比及膜材料吸收替代百分比。结果 大体观察：术后4、8周EDAC交联ABP组膜材料完整，与缺损区正常骨粘连紧密；胶原膜组膜材料形态消失，骨缺损区轮廓欠清晰。术后16、24周EDAC交联ABP组骨缺损区创面平坦；而胶原膜组凹凸不平。组织学观察：术后4、8周EDAC交联ABP组胶原纤维排列规则，缺损区中央大量新生骨小梁；胶原膜组胶原纤维断裂，缺损区见大量新生骨小梁。术后16、24周，EDAc交联ABP组骨缺损区形成完整的骨桥，而胶原膜组骨缺损内局部长入纤维结缔组织。术后4、8周，两组新生骨面积百分比相近，16周EDAC交联ABP组为81．99％±3．92％，胶原膜组为76．35％±4．29％，组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后4、8、16及24周，EDAC交联ABP组膜材料平均吸收替代百分比分别为16．57％、27．94％、65．61％和85．72％；胶原膜组4周降解超过50％，8周已完全降解吸收。结论 EDAC交联脱细胞牛心包膜材料引导成骨的效率优于胶原膜。     

环氧氯丙烷处理对瓣膜组织结构及表面性状的影响

目的 通过研究环氧氯丙烷（ECH）处理对瓣膜组织结构及表面性状的影响，探究ECH处理生物瓣膜后防钙化的机制。方法 通过测定ECH处理瓣膜组织的抗酶消化能力、茚三酮值、热皱缩温度，以及血浆蛋白吸附实验、血小板黏附实验评价ECH处理瓣膜组织的表面性状。结果 经ECH处理后，抗酶消化能力增加，茚三酮值下降，热皱缩温度升高（P〈0．01），且对血浆蛋白和血小板的黏附减少，表面性状改善。结论 ECH处理能够增加瓣膜组织的交联，且改善瓣膜的表面性状，是ECH处理瓣膜组织防钙化、防衰坏的机制之一。     

慢性肾脏病患者中慢性前列腺炎的发生率及其影响因素

目的：研究慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者中慢性前列腺炎（CP）的发生率及其影响因素。方法：对273例明确病理诊断的CKD男性患者进行前列腺液常规检查，比较不同类型肾脏病、不同年龄段和不同程度蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能对CP发生率的影响。结果：273例CKD患者中91例患者伴有CP，总的发生率33．3％；膜性肾病患者CP发生率最高60．0％，较非IgA肾病的系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（25．5％）、乙肝相关性肾炎（24．2％）及局灶节段肾小球硬化症患者（0％）高（P〈0．05）。IgA肾病（IgAN）患者CP发生率39．7％较非IgA系膜增生性肾小球肾炎患者高（P〈0．05）。随年龄增加CP的发生率升高但是各组间无统计学差别；不同程度蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能组间CP的发生率无差别。结论：CKD是CP的高发人群，随年龄增加CKD患者中CP的发生率有增加的趋势，肾脏病病理类型是影响CP的发生率的主要因素；CP与部分CKD间存在一定的联系。     

胰岛素对人卵泡内泡膜细胞分泌雄激素的影响

培养取自月经周期正常妇女卵泡期卵泡的内泡膜细胞，观察人绒毛膜促性腺激素（ｈＣＧ）和胰岛素（ＩＮＳ）对内泡膜细胞分泌雄烯二酮（Ａ）、１７α羟孕酮（ＯＨ－Ρ）和孕酮（Ｐ）的影响。结果表明，ｈＣＧ和ＩＮＳ均刺激内泡膜细胞增加Ａ、ＯＨ－Ｐ和Ｐ的分泌。两者刺激内泡膜细胞分泌激素增加的浓度分别是０．５ＩＵ／ｍｌ和１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ。与基础状态相比，ＩＮＳ（５ｎｇ／ｍｌ）刺激Ａ、ＯＨ－Ｐ、Ｐ的分泌分别增加２．９、４．７和２．４倍，ｈＣＧ（０．１ＩＵ／ｍｌ）分别增加７．４、３．４和２．８倍；ＩＮＳ＋ｈＣＧ共同刺激分别增加９．５、９．３和４．３倍。ＩＮＳ在人卵巢甾体激素的合成中起重要的调节作用     

晚期糖基化终末产物与骨质疏松

晚期糖基化终末产物（Advanced glycation endproducts，AGEs）是一类经由糖，包括通过Maillard反应形成的代谢中间产物化学修饰的蛋白。AGEs具有高度交联性。AGE介导的交联蛋白的一个显著特点是降低了溶解度以及减弱了抗蛋白水解的抵抗力。这一作用可引起受累组织生物物理／机械性能的改变，包括强度和刚性的增加。AGE与AGE受体（如RAGE）的相互作用诱导了受体承载细胞核因子-κB（NF—κB）的活化，同时这一作用还诱导了细胞因子、生长因子及黏附分子表达的增加。骨蛋白也会受AGE化学修饰的影响。有研究认为骨蛋白的糖基化修饰影响破骨细胞（骨吸收），成骨细胞（骨形成），以及骨基质（性质及降解）等。     

脱细胞牛心包构建引导骨再生膜的初步研究

目的制备具有良好生物相容性和适宜降解吸收时间的引导骨组织再生（guided bone regeneration，GBR）膜材料。方法采用0．25％Trypsin＋0．5％Triton X-100酶联脱细胞法对新鲜牛心包进行脱细胞处理，将脱细胞牛心包（A组）、甘油保存脱细胞牛心包（B组）、碳化二亚胺[1-ethyl-3-（3-dimethylamino propyl）carbodiimide hydrochloride，EDAC]交联脱细胞牛心包（C组）、甘油保存EDAC交联脱细胞牛心包（D组）4种膜材料分别植入38只SD大鼠背部皮下，不植人材料为E组。于2、4、8和16周分别处死大鼠7、12、12和7只，观察周围组织反应及材料的降解吸收情况。结果4种材料植入动物体内均有不同程度的炎性反应和纤维囊膜形成。术后4周，A组和C组的炎性反应轻微，纤维包膜变薄。A组膜材料吸收替代时间为8周左右，C组吸收替代时间为16周左右；16周时B组和D组材料仍有纤维包膜。结论EDAC交联脱细胞牛心包具有良好的生物相容性和理想的降解性能，在动物体内能顺利被自体组织替代。     

免疫电镜技术研究肾小球硬化过程中细胞外基质的变化

为探讨肾小球硬化机制，应用胶体金免疫电镜技术对重复阿霉累注射加一侧肾切除所诱发的进行性肾小球硬化模型中细胞外基质（ＥＣＭ）成份－Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型胶原、层粘连蛋白（ＬＮ）和纤维连结蛋白（ＦＮ）进行了定位、定量、定性的研究，并对肾小球基底膜（ＧＢＭ）和系膜区上述成份的正常分布及硬化过程中的变化作了比较。结果显示：正常鼠ＬＮ、ＦＮ在系膜区和ＧＢＭ中的含量有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ⅳ型胶原则基本相同，这三种成份在ＧＢＭ分布有一定的规律。肾小球硬化过程中ＬＮ、ＦＮ、Ⅳ型胶原明显积聚，弥漫性肾小球硬化期与正常鼠相比，增加幅度为１．０～３．２倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）；肾小球硬化后期ＧＢＭ内不再显著增加，而系膜区内则持续增加．正常肾小球内不存在的Ⅲ型胶原在硬化早期无明显积聚，其后急聚增多至弥漫性肾小球硬化期。与对照组相比，ＧＢＭ与系膜区Ⅲ型胶原分别增加了１３．９及３２．３倍。我们用该技术证实了ＥＣＭ成份积聚是肾小球硬化的基本病理特征。Ⅲ型间质胶原从无至有，增加幅度最大，似提示与肾小球硬化有更直接、密切的关系。     

不同长度自体静脉移植对修复动脉缺损早期影响的实验研究

本研究通过动物实验，观察不同长度自体静脉移植对修复动脉缺损早期的影响。将兔自体耳静脉分别取８、１２、１６、２０ｍｍ移植到自体股动脉，修复动脉缺损。８周时，行肉眼观察，电磁血流量测量，光镜和电镜下观察移植静脉的组织学及超微结构的变化，综合判断自体静脉移植的长度因素对血管近期通畅率和血管功能的影响，结果表明：（１）静脉移植长度因素对早期血管通畅率不构成影响（Ｐ值＞０．０５）。（２）自体静脉移植后血管口径增大，静息状态下血流量增加（Ｐ值＜０．０５）。（３）形态学观察，静脉移植后该段静脉有明显的动脉化趋势，内皮细胞修复管腔面，中膜平滑肌层数增多，弹力纤维增生，仍保持血管壁的三层结构。（４）随着血管移植长度的增加，内膜增生明显，中膜胶原纤维组织增多，内皮细胞修复不完全，弹力纤维增生减少，提示：移植长度过长，可能构成对血管功能的影响。     

Role of protein phosphatases in genitourinary cancers

The prevalence of genitourinary cancers has been increasing rapidly worldwide over the past 10 years. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved the oncological outcomes of patients with genitourinary cancer. However, the precise mechanisms of cancer development are largely unknown. Among various biological mechanisms, reversible phosphorylation is crucial for regulating the activities of many proteins in cancer cells. In contrast to protein kinases, the roles of cellular protein phosphatases have not been fully elucidated. However, emerging evidence suggests that various protein phosphatases are involved in genitourinary cancer development and have potential for cancer treatment. In the present review, we focus on recent progress in protein phosphatases regarding genitourinary cancers. We also explore the development of new strategies for cancer therapy using protein phosphatase and related molecules.     

Basic metabolism: proteins

Proteins serve a range of physiological functions in health and in disease. Their overall structure is determined predominantly by the sequence of amino acids when they are synthesized, which in turn is a derivative of the sequence of nucleotides in the corresponding segment of DNA. There is a constant turnover of body protein, the rate of which exceeds dietary protein intake and therefore suggests a degree of recycling. Some amino acids that enter the body protein pool can be synthesized (‘non-essential’ amino acids) while others can only be obtained through dietary means (‘essential’ amino acids). During critical illness and significant trauma there appears to be dysregulation such that synthesis of some non-essential amino acids is limited, while there is an increase in amino acid oxidation. Modification of dietary intake to address the potential imbalance in illness is probably insufficient in isolation to prevent muscle wasting.     

Basic metabolism: proteins

Proteins serve a range of physiological functions in health and in disease. Their overall structure is determined predominantly by the sequence of amino acids when they are synthesized, which in turn is a derivative of the sequence of nucleotides in the corresponding segment of DNA. There is a constant turnover of body protein, the rate of which exceeds dietary protein intake and therefore suggests a degree of recycling. Some amino acids that enter the body protein pool can be synthesized (‘non-essential’ amino acids) while others can only be obtained through dietary means (‘essential’ amino acids). During critical illness and significant trauma there appears to be dysregulation such that synthesis of some non-essential amino acids is limited, while there is an increase in amino acid oxidation. Modification of dietary intake to address the potential imbalance in illness is probably insufficient in isolation to prevent muscle wasting.     

C-Reactive Protein in Semen and Serum of Men with Chronic Prostatitis

Qualitative determination of C-RP in semen and serum of men with and without prostatitis showed that, the protein is present mostly in semen only in cases with prostatitis and with a significantly higher percentage incidence in the infertile than the fertile.     

酶制剂在蛋白质加工行业的应用

蛋白质的加工是食品行业中发展最快的领域之一，蛋白质加工的主要用酶是蛋白质水解酶，以蛋白质加工和研究的几个热点领域，如大豆分离蛋白、米蛋白、谷朊蛋白等为例，对酶制剂在蛋白质加工中的应用进展情况进行了回顾并对未来发展进行了展望。     

Basic metabolism: protein

Proteins serve a wide variety of functions. They are made by the sequential incorporation of amino acids in an order that is determined by genes and which in turn determine the final structure and thus the function of the protein. Proteins are constantly being synthesized and broken down at rates which exceed the amount of protein consumed in the diet and the equivalent amount of nitrogen that is excreted as urea in the urine. Some amino acids can be synthesized in the body (non-essential amino acids) but others (essential amino acids) must be supplied from dietary proteins in amounts that match the amounts that are oxidized. Hence the criterion of adequacy of a diet with respect to protein is its ability to maintain nitrogen balance in an adult and its ability to support normal growth in a child. During some critical illnesses there appears to be a constraint on the rate at which some non-essential amino acids can be synthesized, so that clinical benefits have been seen from supplementing the diet with these ‘conditionally-essential’ amino acids. Moreover, following surgery or during severe illness there is an increase in amino acid oxidation that can lead to muscle wasting. It is important to minimize the loss of lean tissue, but it may not be possible to prevent it completely by dietary means.     

Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Pachytene Primary Spermatocytes from the Human Testis by Pyruvate

A sequential enzymatic incubation in collagenase and trypsin was carried out to yield a suspension of viable single cells from the seminiferous epithelium of adult human testis. The cell suspension predominantly consisted of pachytene primary spermatocytes (15%), round spermatids (32%), and condensing spermatids and residual bodies (21%). Human pachytene spermatocytes were isolated by unit gravity sedimentation using the methods originally developed for murine tissue. The spermatocyte-enriched fraction was 79% pure. When the effect of energy sources on protein synthesis by spermatocytes was examined, the highest rate of protein synthesis with pyruvate was found among four kinds of substrates added at a concentration of 10 mM. As shown with murine spermatocytes, the rate of protein synthesis by the human spermatocytes is probably regulated by pyruvate.     

Lefty蛋白拮抗人肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的研究

目的 探讨Lefty蛋白对转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）介导的人肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）凋亡的影响。方法采用脂质体将人Lefty质粒转染入离体培养的HK-2细胞,使其稳定表达Lefty蛋白。对正常对照组（A组）和Lefty转染组（B组）细胞给予10ng／mlTGF-β1刺激后,采用Westernblot法检测各组细胞第6、12、24、48小时磷酸化Smad2／3（p-Smad2／3）表达水平,并同时采用流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡程度。结果TGF131刺激后,A组p-Smad2／3表达水平和细胞凋亡程度较刺激前升高（P〈0．05）,而B组上述指标均低于A组（P〈0.05）。结论Lefty蛋白可拮抗TGF-19J／Smad信号转导通路,减轻TGF-β1介导的人肾小管上皮细胞凋亡。     

皮瓣缺血再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡基因Bax蛋白表达变化规律的研究

目的 观察皮瓣缺咀再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡基因Bax变化的规律,探讨其可能的发病机制.方法 在以大鼠腹壁浅血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣缺血再灌注模型上,分别在不同的时间点观察凋亡基因Bax蛋白表达的细胞数和免疫组化的方法,定量测定皮瓣组织中细胞凋亡基因蛋白表达数值的变化规律.结果 在实验组中,随着缺血、再灌注时间的延长,Bax蛋白表达急剧增多,至再灌注后6 h达到高峰,之后开始缓慢下降,但尚未观察到恢复正常时的时间段;在对照组中,Bax蛋白表达随时间的延长呈缓慢下降的趋势.因此,对照组较实验组各时间段的Bax蛋白表达降低.两组经SPSS 11.5统计学分析,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 缺血冉灌注等损伤因素可加速细胞的凋亡,本研究为从基因分子水平保护皮瓣组织发生缺血再灌注损伤提供了临床实践的理论依据.     

The effects of dietary protein deficiency on rat testicular function: Der Einfluß einer proteinarmen Diät auf die Hodenfunktion der Ratte

Diets containing 0%, 5% and 10% protein were used for treatment periods of 30, 50, and 90 days respectively. Control rats were fed a diet containing 20% protein. Protein deficient rats failed to gain weight during the experiment. In addition, the weights of the testis, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle also decreased, with the 10% group less affected than the 0% and 5% groups. Testicular histology indicated retarded germ cell maturation in the 0% and 5% groups only. Overall testicular cell number and size were reduced in treated rats and there was a reduction in the diameter of the seminiferous tubule in these groups. Epididymal epithelial height was also reduced in protein deficient rats with a concomitant increase in the number of epididymal duct cross sections devoid of sperm. Protein deficiency caused significant reductions in testicular DNA, RNA and protein content. The proportion of motile epididymal sperm decreased in the 0% and 5% groups by 90% and 35% respectively. Epididymal sperm number decreased in both the 0% and 5% groups by 90% while the proportion of abnormal sperm increased by 65% and 61% respectively. Circulating androgen levels were also lowered by more than 50% on average in protein deficient animals.