动态浊度法检测注射用氨曲南中细菌内毒素

目的应用动态浊度法检测注射用氨曲南中的细菌内毒素含量。方法按照2005年版中国药典的方法,通过干扰预试验,根据样品在不同浓度下的内毒素回收率,初步筛选出样品无干扰浓度,然后选择3批样品进行干扰试验,确认无干扰浓度。结果3批注射用氨曲南样品在1mg.mL-1浓度回收率均在50%~200%范围内。结论注射用氨曲南在1mg.mL-1浓度对鲎试验无干扰作用,应选择在1mg.mL-1以下浓度进行细菌内毒素的日常检查试验。     

盐酸克林霉素氯化钠注射液中细菌内毒素定量检查(动态浊度法)方法的研究

应用动态浊度法鲎试验定量测定盐酸克林霉素氯化钠注射液中细菌内毒素含量.通过对样品进行干扰预试验,筛选出盐酸克林霉素氯化钠注射液最佳的检测浓度0.75mg·ml-1,进行正式干扰试验.样品中定量添加内毒素,10.00、1.00、0.10、0.01EU·ml-1,回收率为50%～200%,可用于有效的日常检查.     

动态浊度法检测注射用磷酸川芎嗪中细菌内毒素含量

目的:建立动态浊度法定量检测注射用磷酸川芎嗪中细菌内毒素含量.方法:通过3批样品中的干扰试验,确定不干扰检测的最大样品浓度.结果:样品在0.1 mg·ml-1及以下浓度时,内毒素的加样回收率均在在50%～200%之间,不存在干扰作用.结论:动态浊度法可有效检测注射用磷酸川芎嗪中的内毒素含量.     

动态浊度法定量测定碘海醇中细菌内毒素的含量

目的应用动态浊度法鲎试验定量测定供注射用的碘海醇原料中的细菌内毒素含量。方法通过干扰试验确定样品检测浓度,并建立标准曲线对精制程度不同的样品进行细菌内毒素的定量测定。结果样品在10mg·mL^-1时,对鲎试验检查无干扰作用,细菌内毒素回收率在50％～200％范围内。样品中的内毒素含量可定量测定。检测结果与热原检测的结果有一定的相关性。结论动态浊度法可用于碘海醇中的细菌内毒素定量检测。     

动态浊度法测定人参多糖注射液中细菌内毒素的含量

目的建立测定人参多糖注射液中细菌内毒素含量的方法。方法建立动态浊度法测定细菌内毒素标准曲线,通过测定供试液中外加内毒素的回收率进行干扰试验,确定样品检测浓度线性范围,并定量测定样品中的细菌内毒素。结果内毒素检测浓度线性范围为0.031 25².0 EU·mL-1(r=-0.998 9);样品在稀释36倍及以下时,对试验无干扰作用,细菌内毒素回收率在50%2.0 EU·mL-1(r=-0.998 9);样品在稀释36倍及以下时,对试验无干扰作用,细菌内毒素回收率在50%²00%范围内,样品中的内毒素含量可定量测定。结论动态浊度法可用于人参多糖注射液中细菌内毒素的定量检测。     

动态浊度法测定注射用阿奇霉素中细菌内毒素的含量

目的　应用动态浊度法定量测定注射用阿奇霉素中的细菌内毒素含量。方法　建立动态浊度法测定细菌内毒素标准曲线,通过干扰试验确定样品浓度检测范围,并对样品的细菌内毒素定量测定。结果　样品在0.208 3 mg·mL^-1以下浓度时,对试验无干扰作用,细菌内毒素回收率在50%~200%内,样品中的内毒素含量可定量测定。结论　动态浊度法可用于定量检测注射用阿奇霉素中的细菌内毒素。     

复方苦参注射液细菌内毒素定量检查法的实验探讨

应用动态浊度法鲎试验定量测定复方苦参注射液中细菌内毒素含量。通过对样品进行干扰预试验,筛选出复方苦参注射液在稀释20倍以上时无干扰。并进行了干扰试验,样品中定量加入内毒素0.25EU.mL-1,回收率为50%~200%,可用于日常检测。     

动态浊度法测定多西他赛注射液中细菌内毒素的含量

目的:建立测定多西他赛注射液中细菌内毒素含量的方法。方法:采用动态浊度法。确立细菌内毒素检查的标准曲线及稀释倍数,通过测定供试液中外加内毒素的回收率进行干扰试验,确定样品检测浓度线性范围,并定量测定样品中的细菌内毒素。结果:内毒素检测浓度线性范围为0.03125～2.0EU·mL-1(r=-0.9999);样品在稀释12～96倍时对试验无干扰作用;细菌内毒素回收率为50%～200%;3批样品的内毒素定量测定结果符合规定。结论:动态浊度法可用于多西他赛注射液中细菌内毒素的定量检测。     

亚甲蓝注射液细菌内毒素定量法研究

目的:考察亚甲蓝注射液的细菌内毒素检查法的可行性。方法:采用动态比浊法鲎试验检查样品中的细菌内毒素,并与凝胶法结果进行比较。结果:亚甲蓝注射液在浓度为0.125mg.mL-1时对试验无干扰;所测样品(10mg·mL-1)的细菌内毒素含量均小于0.25EU·mg-1,与凝胶法结果基本一致。结论:可建立该制剂的细菌内毒素检查法。     

动态浊度法定量测定黄芪注射液中细菌内毒素的含量

目的应用动态浊度法鲎试验定量测定黄芪注射液中的细菌内毒素含量。方法通过干扰试验确定样品检测浓度,并建立标准曲线对不同的样品进行细菌内毒素的定量测定。结果样品用BET水制成1∶5稀释液,对鲎试验检查无干扰,细菌内毒素回收率在50%～200%之间。样品中的内毒素含量可定量测定,检测结果与凝胶法检测的结果有一定的相关性。结论动态浊度法可用于黄芪注射液中细菌内毒素定量检测。     

对临床试验中显著性检验、区间检验及置信区间检验之间关系一致性的认识

显著性检验是最基本的统计假设检验,它的基本思想是小概率原理;区间检验是传统显著性检验的延伸,它用来检验两个总体的差异是否在某范围之内;置信区间检验是先找到药物疗效差值的置信区间,通过置信区间下限或(和)上限与界值的关系来判断两种药物非劣效、等效、优效的关系。通过公式推导发现,区间检验与显著性检验的主要区别是前者的假设中包含了有临床意义的界值△,而区间检验和置信区间检验是一致的,可以用置信区间检验实现区间检验的目的。     

谈谈两总体比较的非参数检验方法

针对不同的数据类型,探讨选用不同的非参数检验方法,并通过实例说明这些非参数检验方法的应用。     

A Comparison of Two-Sample Tests of Significance When Used With Variable Treatment Effects

This article compares the performance of many two-sample tests of significance that might be used to test the equality of means when the effect of the treatment is variable. Of the 19 tests that were compared, the normal scores test is recommended for general use in testing the null hypothesis of no treatment effect against the alternative that the distributions are stochastically ordered when the ratio of the larger standard deviation to the smaller standard deviation does not exceed 1.3. The Baumgartner-Weiß-Schindler tests and an adaptive test also have higher power than the pooled t-test, the unequal variance t-test, and the rank-sum test for many distributions. In the simulation studies, data in the first sample are generated from nine distributions, including long-tailed and skewed distributions. Data in the second sample are generated by adding a random treatment effect to a random variable that was generated from the same distribution that was used in the first sample. Because we restricted our power studies to treatment effects that are positive or zero, the population distributions will be stochastically ordered. The results of these studies demonstrate that the normal scores test is often more powerful than the t-tests and the rank-sum test. If the ratio of the standard deviations does exceed 1.3, then one of the t-tests is recommended.     

Testing equality of proportions for correlated binary data in ophthalmologic studies

In ophthalmologic studies, bilateral correlated data often arise when information involving paired organs (e.g., eyes) are measured from each subject. Adjusted chi-square approach for testing the equality of proportions has been proposed in the literature. In this article, we investigate and derive three alter- native testing procedures for the problem. Our simulation results show the score testing procedure usually produces satisfactory type I error control with higher power, and therefore is recommended. Examples from ophthalmologic studies are used to illustrate our proposed methods.     

中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题

目的在综合分析中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题的基础上,提出药品上市后抽验的建议。方法通过文献研究的方法,发现中国药品上市后抽验模式中存在的问题,并提出相关建议。结果与结论在药品抽验中引入以风险为基础的抽验模式,将药品上市后抽验结果与药品监管相衔接。     

Mutagenicity testing of quinine with submammalian and mammalian systems

Quinine hydrochloride was assayed for genotoxic activity by using 4 different test systems with distinct genetic endpoints. No indications for point mutations were observed in the Ames system. In 3 cytogenetic tests performed on small rodents, Chinese hamsters showed no genotoxic activity, while inbred strains of mice revealed a dose dependent increase of SCEs, enhanced incidence of micronuclei and elevated chromatid breaks.     

Simultaneous Test for Superiority and Noninferiority Hypotheses in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials∗

The primary objective of the dose-escalation trial for NGX267 was to estimate the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and to gather detailed clinical and pharmacokinetic observations near the MTD. The MTD was defined based on the weighted average of moderate and severe adverse events. An adaptive design was employed to concentrate dosage assignments at or near the MTD. Favoring the acquisition of data near the MTD, at the expense of information at lower dosage levels, resulted in a shorter trial and no loss of the type of information required to inform subsequent studies where larger normal volunteer or patient samples are evaluated.     

刹毒草口服液的药理作用研究

目的:研究刹毒草口服液对小鼠的药理作用。方法:用小鼠分别进行爬杆实验、炭粒廓清实验、耳肿胀实验和墨汁推进实验,观察刹毒草口服液对小鼠的抗疲劳作用、非特异性免疫功能的影响、抗炎作用和抗腹泻作用。结果:刹毒草口服液能显著延长小鼠爬杆时间,有较好的抗疲劳作用;高剂量刹毒草口服液能显著提高小鼠对惰性炭粒的吞噬指数及吞噬活性,可提高小鼠免疫功能;刹毒草口服液3个剂量组均对二甲苯致小鼠耳炎症有较好的抑制作用,且能显著降低墨汁推进的速率,有较好的抗腹泻作用。结论:刹毒草口服液具有一定抗疲劳、抗炎、提高非特异性免疫功能和抗腹泻作用。     

Bootstrap inference in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables

Summary We study several tests for the coefficient of the single right‐hand‐side endogenous variable in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables. We show that writing all the test statistics—Student's t, Anderson–Rubin, the LM statistic of Kleibergen and Moreira (K), and likelihood ratio (LR)—as functions of six random quantities leads to a number of interesting results about the properties of the tests under weak‐instrument asymptotics. We then propose several new procedures for bootstrapping the three non‐exact test statistics and also a new conditional bootstrap version of the LR test. These use more efficient estimates of the parameters of the reduced‐form equation than existing procedures. When the best of these new procedures is used, both the K and conditional bootstrap LR tests have excellent performance under the null. However, power considerations suggest that the latter is probably the method of choice.     

氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:建立氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:按《中国药典》2010年版(二部)附录相关方法确定本品细菌内毒素限值,分别进行细菌内毒素检查凝胶法和动态浊度法的干扰试验。结果:凝胶法结果表明,样品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时对试验无干扰作用;动态浊度法结果表明,本品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时外加内毒素的回收率在50%²00%之间。每1 mg氢溴酸山莨菪碱中含内毒素应小于0.35 EU。结论 :本文初步建立的氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查方法,可为《中国药典》增订该制剂的细菌内毒素检查项提供参考。