带蒂睾丸鞘膜瓣代尿道治疗尿道下裂合并睾丸鞘膜积液(附9例报告)

目的:探讨尿道下裂合并睾丸鞘膜积液的治疗方法。方法:对9例2～12岁尿道下裂合并睾丸鞘膜积液患儿行带蒂睾丸鞘膜瓣代尿道术。结果:①效果满意者7例,均正位开口排尿,切口无感染,术后7～10d出院;②较满意者1例,局部感染,尿道外口狭窄,行尿道扩张后,排尿通畅;③不满意者1例,发生尿瘘,为阴囊型。结论:带蒂睾丸鞘膜瓣代尿道术疗效满意,手术创伤小、取材方便、组织修复迅速,对合并有睾丸鞘膜积液的尿道下裂患者值得推广。     

带蒂睾丸鞘膜瓣代尿道治疗尿道下裂合并睾丸鞘膜积液（附9例报告）

目的：探讨尿道下裂合并睾丸鞘膜积液的治疗方法。方法：对9例2～12岁尿道下裂合并睾丸鞘膜积液患儿行带蒂睾丸鞘膜瓣代尿道术。结果：①效果满意者7例，均正位开口排尿，切口无感染，术后7～10d出院；②较满意者1例，局部感染，尿道外口狭窄，行尿道扩张后，排尿通畅；③不满意者1例，发生尿瘘，为阴囊型。结论：带蒂睾丸鞘膜瓣代尿道术疗效满意，手术创伤小、取材方便、组织修复迅速，对合并有睾丸鞘膜积液的尿道下裂患者值得推广。     

纵行阴茎腹外侧肉膜瓣在远端尿道下裂Ⅰ期修复术中的应用

目的:探讨阴茎纵行腹外侧肉膜瓣在远端尿道下裂Ⅰ期修复术中的应用价值。方法:对55例阴茎远端型尿道下裂患者先行尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(TIP)修复尿道,然后采用阴茎纵行腹外侧阴茎肉膜瓣对修复新尿道进行覆盖。结果:55例患者均获得类似包皮环切术后样外观,尿道外口开口于阴茎头顶端呈裂隙状;仅4例(7.3%)于冠状沟处发生尿道瘘。结论:在远端尿道下裂Ⅰ期修复术中,以阴茎纵行腹外侧肉膜瓣对新尿道加以覆盖,能有效降低尿道瘘的发生率,且修复后阴茎获得类似包皮环切术后样外观。     

组织瓣覆盖技术在尿道下裂手术及术后尿瘘修复中的应用

目的探讨组织瓣覆盖技术在尿道下裂手术及尿瘘修复手术的效果。方法1998年3月至2003年5月，73例尿道下裂手术及术后尿瘘修复手术中，采用5种组织瓣覆盖技术覆盖新尿道及尿瘘内口。尿道下裂组45例中采用带蒂背侧皮下组织瓣转移法27例，带蒂鞘膜瓣转移法3例，局部阴囊推进肉膜瓣法15例；尿瘘组28例中采用带蒂背侧皮下组织瓣转移法4例，局部X—V皮瓣法14例，局部U形组织瓣法10例。结果随访3～36个月，尿道下裂组45例术后3例出现尿瘘，尿瘘组28例均未再发尿瘘，成功率95．9％。结论尿道下裂手术及尿瘘修复手术中采用组织瓣多层覆盖技术，可提高手术成功率，降低术后尿瘘发生率。     

肉膜瓣覆盖在尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术中的应用

目的:探讨肉膜覆盖在尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(TIP)中预防尿瘘的应用。方法:140例尿道下裂患者均行TIP术式修复,其中85例远端型尿道下裂采用纵行腹外侧阴茎肉膜瓣覆盖新尿道;55例近端形尿道下裂采用阴囊前动脉带蒂肉膜瓣覆盖新尿道。结果:12例患者出现尿道皮肤瘘,其中远端型尿道下裂患者7例;近端型尿道下裂5例。结论:远端型选择腹外侧阴茎肉膜瓣覆盖,近端型选择阴囊前动脉带蒂肉膜瓣覆盖,较少出现尿瘘的并发症,是TIP术中较理想的覆盖方式。     

睾丸鞘膜补片非管状化尿道成形术治疗前尿道长段狭窄的探讨

目的：探讨前尿道长段狭窄的治疗方法。方法：对9例前尿道长段狭窄患者行睾丸鞘膜补片非管状化尿道成形术。结果：本组9例均一次成功,术后3周拔除尿管,平均随访28个月,排尿通畅,阴茎无畸形。结论：睾丸鞘膜可作为良好的尿道替代物,手术创伤小,取材方便,组织修复快,以补片形式非管状化覆盖尿道缺损,可避免鞘膜瓣形成管状而减少成形尿道再狭窄,而且游离鞘膜与带蒂鞘膜移植效果均良好,可减少成形尿道再狭窄,值得推广。     

带蒂包皮皮瓣联合睾丸鞘膜治疗长段前尿道狭窄1例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨尿道狭窄的治疗方法。方法:对1例前尿道狭窄患者的治疗过程进行回顾,结合相关文献总结尿道狭窄的临床治疗。结果:本例患者术中经过顺利,术后恢复良好,未见尿瘘、尿道狭窄等常见并发症。结论:睾丸鞘膜作为尿道替代物临床可行,选择合适的尿道成形替代物是手术成功与否的关键。     

睾丸鞘膜移植治疗前尿道长段狭窄的远期疗效分析

目的 探讨睾丸鞘膜替代尿道治疗前尿道长段狭窄的方法.方法 40例前尿道长段狭窄患者采用带蒂的睾丸鞘膜代尿道一期尿道成形术治疗,术后随访时分别行逆行尿道造影和尿流率检查.结果 本组40例手术一次性成功,术后3周拔除尿管,平均随访24个月,术后测定平均最大尿流率明显高于术前.结论 带蒂睾丸鞘膜可作为良好的尿道替代物,手术创伤小,取材方便,组织修复快,对长段前尿道狭窄是一种行之有效的方法.     

带蒂阴囊中隔皮瓣加盖睾丸鞘膜尿道成形术在失败尿道下裂手术中的应用

目的:评价带蒂阴囊中隔皮瓣加盖睾丸鞘膜尿道成形术在失败尿道下裂手术中的应用,了解其适应证、手术方法、术后并发症及远期效果。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月~2013年12月采用带蒂阴囊中隔皮瓣加盖睾丸鞘膜尿道成形术治疗的43例手术失败的尿道下裂病例及随访资料,描述手术适应证、手术方法,总结术后并发症及处理方法,评价远期效果。结果:平均手术时间110min。术后并发症发生率为14%(6/43),其中尿道皮肤瘘3例,尿道憩室1例,尿道口狭窄2例。术后1年随访,阴茎外观满意率为90.7%(39/43),通过随诊观察排尿评估尿道功能正常率为95.35%(41/43)。5例尿道镜检查无明显毛石形成。结论:带蒂阴囊中隔皮瓣加盖睾丸鞘膜尿道成形术是在失败尿道下裂修复术中有效的手术方式,手术方法相对简单,容易掌握,手术并发症较少,远期效果确切。     

带蒂睾丸鞘膜嵌置覆盖结合Snodgrass尿道成形术的护理

采用带蒂睾丸鞘膜嵌植覆盖新尿道结合Snodgrass尿道成形术对21例尿道下裂病人进行治疗,护理要点为:严格术前准备,减少感染机会;保持伤口及尿道口清洁;掌握术后更换敷料和拔管的时间;采用个体化心理护理.结果21例均手术成功,其中9例获访6～38个月,均排尿通畅,未发生尿瘘.     

Tube-onlay-tube tunica vaginalis flap for proximal primary and reoperative adult hypospadias

PURPOSE: We describe the surgical technique of and report the results in the first 20 patients who underwent combined onlay-tube construction of a tunica vaginalis flap. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We repaired 20 cases of proximal primary (8) and repeat (12), adult hypospadias using a tube-onlay in 4, an onlay-tube in 3, a tube-onlay-tube in 9 and an onlay-tube-onlay in 4. In 15 patients contralateral tunica vaginalis was used as a blanket wrap. Three to 6 months postoperatively after obtaining informed consent retrograde urethrography, cystourethroscopy, uroflowmetry and urethral biopsy were done in 20, 17, 10 and 13 patients, respectively. RESULTS: No fistula or diverticulum developed. Complications occurred in 3 patients (15%), including urethral stricture, meatal stenosis and urethral stricture, and meatal regression and urethral stricture in 1 each. All strictures occurred in the distal urethra in reoperative cases. At long-term followup there was no recurrent stricture or meatal stenosis after internal urethrotomy and dilation. Urethral biopsy in all 13 patients showed a stratified epithelium indistinguishable from native urethra. The reasons for delayed presentation include perceiving hypospadias as a normal variation (paribor or cut by angels), losing hope for a cure after multiple failed repairs, being told by urologists that repair is futile and pressure by wives for cosmetic or fertility reasons. CONCLUSIONS: The place of tunica vaginalis in hypospadias surgery is more than coverage for urethroplasty. It can be successfully used for substitution urethroplasty. As an extension to the principles of the onlay flap and the concept of urethral plate preservation, combined onlay-tube constructions of tunica vaginalis, including a tube-onlay-tube flap, are successfully applicable to proximal hypospadias, especially in reoperative cases. Urothelialization of the tunica vaginalis occurs within months of surgery.     

鞘膜瓣转移矫治尿道下裂术后阴茎段多发性尿瘘

目的 探讨修复尿道下裂术后多发性尿瘘的一种新技术.方法 采用睾丸鞘膜瓣转移结合尿道支架管和弹性包扎治疗尿道下裂术后多发性尿瘘8例,患者均有尿瘘修补失败病史,尿瘘数量最少3个、最多7个,平均5个,分别分布在阴茎头至阴茎根部之间.结果 8例患者尿瘘均一期愈合,术后排尿及外形均良好.5例患者术后电话随访8～10个月,无尿瘘复发现象、无排尿困难及阴茎弯曲等问题.结论 睾丸鞘膜瓣转移结合尿道支架管支撑和弹性敷料包扎是治疗尿道下裂术后多发性尿瘘的一种有效方法,手术简单、效果可靠、对外形影响较小.

Abstract：

Objective To discussed a new technique for multi-fistulas after urethraplasty in hypospadias. Methods 8 cases with postoperative multi-fistulas, which were not successfully repaired by previous treatment, were reoperated with tunica vaginalis flap combined with urethral stent and elastic dressing. The multi-fistulas were located between glan and scrotum. The number of fistulas was 3-7(median, 5 ). Results Primary healing was achieved in all the 8 cases. The micturition and esthetic result were satisfied. 5 cases were followed up for 8-10 months with no recurrence of fistula. There was also no dysuria and penile curvature. Conclusions Tunica vaginalis flap combined with urethral stent and elastic dressing is an effective technique for multi-fistulas after urethraplasty. It is easily performed with reliable result.     

URETHRAL REPLACEMENT WITH VASCULARIZED TUNICA VAGINALIS: DEFINING THE OPTIMAL FORM OF USE

Purpose

Residual urethral defects after failed hypospadias surgery present difficulties in reconstruction. In these situations, repair using vascularized tissue flaps remains ideal, yet challenging. In order to offer more surgical alternatives in these cases, the use of vascularized tunica vaginalis flaps as urethral replacements has recently been established in an animal model. We undertook the following studies to further define the role of tunica vaginalis in urethral reconstruction.

Materials and Methods

A vascularized flap of tunica vaginalis was used to replace an experimentally created 25-30 mm. gap in the anterior urethra of 26 rabbits, either as an onlay or tube flap. A control group consisting of 7 animals underwent only a segmental anterior urethral resection and primary re-anastomosis.

Results

Satisfactory urethral healing occurred in all control animals that survived the procedure. All 8 animals which had tunica vaginalis tube flap reconstruction underwent contracture of the neourethra probably secondary to the presence of striated cremasteric muscle elements brought with the tunica during mobilization. All 16 animals available for long term study in the onlay flap group had excellent flap viability and 100% urethral patency rates. The mesothelial lining of the tunica was seen to be replaced by a stratified epithelial lining similar to the urothelial lining of the native urethra.

Conclusion

The tunica vaginalis is a viable alternative to other tissues presently used for urethral replacement and can be used successfully as a vascularized onlay flap.     

加盖与管形包皮岛状皮瓣法在尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的评价加盖包皮岛状皮瓣法（Onlay island flap法）与管形包皮岛状皮瓣法（Tubularized island flap法）手术治疗尿道下裂的适应证及疗效.方法总结分析166例尿道下裂修复手术及术后并发症.患儿年龄1～15岁,平均5.1岁.冠状沟型及阴茎体前型尿道下裂36例,阴茎体型81例,阴茎根型36例,阴囊及会阴型13例,其中外院行阴茎下弯矫正术后11例.合并阴茎下弯139例,轻度43例,中度43例,重度53例.采用加盖包皮岛状皮瓣法79例,管形包皮岛状皮瓣法87例.结果 166例手术成功率为90.4%.166例随访2年均未发生尿道狭窄、尿道憩室、阴茎皮肤坏死等合并症.加盖包皮岛状皮瓣法术后发生尿瘘4例（5.1%）,阴茎下弯复发7例（8.9%）,手术成功率为86.1%.管形包皮岛状皮瓣法术后发生尿瘘4例（4.6%）,阴茎下弯复发1例（1.1%）,手术成功率为94.2%.2种术式尿瘘发生率比较,差异无统计学意义;而阴茎下弯复发率比较,差异有统计学意义.结论加盖包皮岛状皮瓣法适用于尿道板发育好的阴茎体及阴茎根型病例,管形包皮岛状皮瓣适用于尿道口位于冠状沟至会阴合并重度阴茎下弯的各型尿道下裂.     

Perineal subcutaneous dartos pedicled flap as a new technique for repairing urethrorectal fistula

PURPOSE: Urethrorectal fistulas are rare, and the etiology is usually traumatic or iatrogenic (postoperative). Several operative approaches and techniques have been used for fistulous repair but no procedure has proved to be the best or universally acceptable. We present a new technique for repairing urethrorectal fistulas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We successfully treated 12 male patients 7 to 65 years old who presented with urethrorectal fistula from 1990 to 1997 using the perineal subcutaneous dartos pedicled flap procedure. Urethrorectal fistulas resulted from crush pelvic injury in 6 cases and gunshot in 2, and developed after prostatectomy in 4. The fistula was associated with urethral stricture in 4 cases. A perineal approach was used in all cases of urethrorectal fistula and combined with the transsymphyseal approach in the 4 patients with posterior urethral stricture. We interposed a subcutaneous dartos pedicled flap as a vascularized tissue flap between the repaired rectum and urethra. RESULTS: The results of our technique were excellent in all cases. No leakage or perineal collection developed and there was no fistula recurrence. In 1 patient urethral stricture was managed by visual internal urethrotomy. Loss of the internal and external sphincters resulted in urinary incontinence in 4 cases, involving gunshot injury (2), crush pelvic injury (1) and prostatectomy (1). Followup ranged from 9 to 42 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our technique of a perineal subcutaneous dartos pedicled flap fulfills all principles of the successful repair of urethrorectal fistula. We consider it to be an ideal solution to this urological dilemma.     

保留尿道板手术修复尿道下裂术后尿瘘

目的 总结保留尿道板手术修复尿道下裂术后尿瘘的l临床经验.方法 尿道下裂术后尿瘘患儿224例.患儿术后时间均>6个月,尿瘘瘘口直径>1.0 cm.应用尿道板切开卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass)102例,年龄2～16岁,平均3.7岁;Duplay尿道成形手术86例,年龄2～14岁,平均3.5岁;Onlay岛状包皮瓣尿道成形术修复20例;尿道口基底皮瓣法(Flip-Flap)修复16例.结果 224例术后随访均≥6个月.Snodgrass手术102例,成功86例(84.3%),发生尿道狭窄3例,尿瘘复发13例;Duplay手术86例,成功75例(87.2%),发生尿道狭窄2例,尿瘘复发9例.2组手术疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).Onlay手术20例,成功19例,尿瘘复发1例.Flip-Flap手术16例,成功14例,尿瘘复发2例.结论 尿道下裂术后尿瘘修补方法应根据患儿的具体条件选择.Snodgrass尿道成形术成功率与Duplay手术相当,可以更多应用,保证阴茎外观满意.