左羟丙哌嗪口腔崩解片的工艺优选

目的:研制开发左羟丙哌嗪口腔崩解片。方法:采用正交设计法对处方进行筛选,确定最优处方,优选辅料。结果:辅料优选为微晶纤维素0．12g/T,交联羧甲基纤维素钠0．09g/T．阿斯巴甜0．015g／T、枸橼酸0．012g／T。结论:左羟丙哌嗪口腔崩解片符合药典规定。     

左羟丙哌嗪-β-环糊精包合物分散片的制备与评价

目的：优选左羟丙哌嗪-β-环糊精包合物分散片的处方组成与制备工艺。方法：制备左羟丙哌嗪-β-环糊精包合物,并以此为中间体添加适宜的辅料制备分散片。以崩解时限、片剂外观等为评价指标,进行处方及制备工艺的全面考察优化。结果：分散片最优处方为：左羟丙哌嗪-β-环糊精包合物80.0%,L-HPC 10.0%,MCC 9.6%,硬脂酸镁0.4%。其崩解时间不超过60 s,5 min溶出可达85%以上。结论：该分散片处方设计简单合理,工艺稳定可行,符合《中国药典》2015年版的规定。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶质量标准的研究

目的建立盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶质量标准。方法用卡波姆等辅料，以盐酸左氧氟沙星为原料制备盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶。采用反相高效液相色谱法，以枸橼酸（用三乙胺调节pH值为4.0）-乙腈(85∶15)为流动相，检测波长：293 nm，检查其有关物质，并测定其中左氧氟沙星的含量。 结果盐酸左氧氟沙星在21.8～174.4 μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好，r＝0.999 1；盐酸左氧氟沙星平均回收率（n＝9）分别为99.5%（RSD＝0.85%），100.0%（RSD＝1.07%），99.7%（RSD＝0.99%）。结论用卡波姆等药用辅料可制备出理想的盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶，制定的质量标准可保证质量。     

苏红透骨摩药的剂型研究

目的建立盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶质量标准。方法用卡波姆等辅料，以盐酸左氧氟沙星为原料制备盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶。采用反相高效液相色谱法，以枸橼酸（用三乙胺调节pH值为4.0）-乙腈(85∶15)为流动相，检测波长：293 nm，检查其有关物质，并测定其中左氧氟沙星的含量。 结果盐酸左氧氟沙星在21.8～174.4 μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好，r＝0.999 1；盐酸左氧氟沙星平均回收率（n＝9）分别为99.5%（RSD＝0.85%），100.0%（RSD＝1.07%），99.7%（RSD＝0.99%）。结论用卡波姆等药用辅料可制备出理想的盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶，制定的质量标准可保证质量。     

红景天口腔崩解片的制备及质量控制

目的:研究红景天口腔崩解片的制备工艺,并评价其质量。方法:用直接压片法制备口腔崩解片,以崩解时限、口感等为指标采用正交设计法对崩解片中崩解剂含量、矫味剂比例进行筛选并进行处方优化;高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定红景天苷的含量。结果:成功制备红景天口腔崩解片;根据崩解时限选用的崩解剂方案为2%低取代羟丙基纤维素(L-HPC)、10%羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS-Na)、10%交联聚维酮(PVPP);红景天与矫味剂阿斯帕坦、柠檬酸的最佳比例为41∶1∶1;口腔崩解片处方优化的结果为含35%微晶纤维素(MCC)、8%PVPP、0.5%微粉硅胶;口腔崩解片中红景天苷含量为(99.8±0.5)%。结论:红景天口腔崩解片崩解快、分布均匀、口感好、刺激小,有利于中药成分的快速溶出和方便患者服用。     

布洛芬伪麻口腔崩解片的制备及质量控制

目的:制备布洛芬伪麻口腔崩解片并制定其质量标准.方法:以微晶纤维素、低取代羟丙基纤维素为辅料,用直接压片法制备口腔崩解片.采用高效液相色谱法同时测定布洛芬和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量.结果:该片在30 s内能完全崩解,布洛芬和盐酸伪麻黄碱的回收率分别为99.8%和99.6%,RSD分别为1.2%和1.0%.结论:处方组成合理,制备工艺可靠,测定方法可行.     

左羟丙哌嗪口含片的处方工艺研究及质量控制

目的：研制左羟丙哌嗪口含片并对其进行质量控制.方法：以含片口感,溶出度为考察指标,以乳糖,蔗糖,薄荷脑β-环糊精包合物用量为考察因素,采用3因素3水平正交设计法优化左羟丙哌嗪口含片的处方,并对其质量进行考察.结果：优化所得最佳处方：左羟丙哌嗪6.0 g,蔗糖粉60.0g,甜菊素8.0g,薄荷脑β-环糊精包合物6.3（1.2）g,羟丙甲基纤维素0.6g,硬脂酸镁0.4g,口含片的各项指标符合《中国药典》2010年版二部规定.结论：左羟丙哌嗪口含片的制备工艺合理,科学,可适合工业化生产.     

复方盐酸苯海拉明凝胶的制备与质量控制

目的 研制复方盐酸苯海拉明凝胶,并建立其质量控制方法. 方法 以卡波姆作为凝胶基质,制备复方盐酸苯海拉明凝胶,采用高效液相色谱法进行含量测定. 结果 制备的凝胶均匀细腻,稳定性好;盐酸苯海拉明检测浓度在100～500 μg• mL^-1 范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.41%,RSD＝0.87%;地塞米松磷酸钠检测浓度在10～50 μg•mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 4）,平均回收率为100.96%,RSD＝1.15%. 结论 该凝胶制备工艺简单,质量稳定,质量控制方法准确可靠.     

积雪苷口腔崩解片的研制及质量控制

目的研制积雪苷口腔崩解片。方法以积雪苷为主药,内加淀粉为崩解剂,建立性状、崩解时限、含量测定等质控方法。结果制备的口腔崩解片符合工艺要求。以高效液相色谱法测定积雪苷口腔崩解片中积雪草苷的含量,平均回收率为100.7%,RSD=1.01%（n=9）。结论该制剂制备工艺可行,测定方法简便、准确。     

口腔速崩片的研制与评价

目的：研制及评价口腔速崩片。方法：选用微晶纤维素（MCC）和低取代羟丙基纤维素（L-HPC）作为崩解剂，通过湿法制粒压片工艺制备口腔速崩片。并考虑速崩片的性质，如硬度、润湿时间、吸水率、崩解时间来初步阐明其润湿及崩解的特性。此外，选用萘生为模型药物，考察其含量对崩解时间的影响及润滑剂硬脂酸镁的含量对崩解时间的影响，同时也测定了速崩片在口腔内的崩解时间。结果：当MCC/L-HPC的比例从3：7至9：1时，其体外崩解时间均在10s以内，体内崩解时间均在30s以内。随着萘普生和硬脂酸镁的含量增大，其崩解时间相应延长，但也都在30s以内。结论：当MCC/L-HPC的比例为9：1时，崩解时间最短，润湿时间最短。疏水性药物萘普生和疏水性润滑剂硬脂酸镁的含量分别增大至50%和5%，其崩解时间分别在13s和28s以内，仍具有速崩片（在30s内崩解）的特性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.