液基细胞学检测结合经支气管针吸活检在肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移诊断中的临床应用

目的 探讨液基细胞学检测(LCT)结合经支气管针吸活检(TBNA)对肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移诊断的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2011年6月至2014年2月间在宝鸡市中心医院呼吸内科138例行常规电子支气管镜检查经组织学确诊的肺癌病例,均行TBNA纵隔淋巴结分期,穿刺物分别行常规细胞学涂片(CS)法与LCT法处理,ⅢA期以内的非小细胞肺癌患者行肺癌根治切除术及淋巴结清扫术,总结穿刺结果,评价LCT法检测结合TBNA的诊断价值和安全性.结果 138例患者经TBNA检查8个部位共352组淋巴结,TBNA穿刺成功704针(95.65％,704/736).LCT法阳性的329组(93.47％),CS法阳性的243组(69.03％),差异有统计学意义(x2=68.96,P＜0.01).48例手术的ⅢA期以内的非小细胞肺癌患者术前行TBNA检查7个部位共118组淋巴结,以术后淋巴结病理结果为参考,LCT法与CS法的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是87.96％、100.00％、88.98％、100.00％、43.48％和53.70％、100.00％、49.15％、100.00％、16.67％.LCT法在肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期的敏感性、阴性预测值、准确性等方面均明显高于CS法(x2值分别为33.52、20.17、43.81,P值均＜0.01).结论 LCT联合TBNA能提高肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移诊断的阳性率、敏感性、准确性,且安全易行,值得临床推广应用.     

液基细胞病理检测在非小细胞肺癌分期中的临床应用

目的探讨液基细胞病理检测(LCT)在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)纵隔淋巴结分期的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2011年8月~2013年12月间在宝鸡市中心医院96例行常规电子支气管镜检查经组织学确诊的并最终行手术切除的NSCLC病例,术前均行经支气管针吸活检(TBNA)对纵隔淋巴结分期,TBNA穿刺物分别行常规涂片(CS)法与LCT法处理,所有患者行肺癌根治切除术及淋巴结清扫术,分析LCT在NSCLC术前纵隔淋巴结分期中病理诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值,同时分析其分期的准确率。结果 96例患者经TBNA检查7个部位共258组淋巴结,TBNA穿刺成功519针(96.29%,519/539)。LCT法阳性的219组(84.88%,219/258)高于CS法阳性的141组(54.65%,141/258),P0.01。LCT法与CS法的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是96.05%、100%、96.51%、100%、76.92%,和61.84%、100%、66.28%、100%、25.64%。LCT法在NSCLC纵隔淋巴结分期的敏感性、阴性预测性、准确性等方面均明显高于CS法,P0.01。LCT法c-N分期准确率为93.75%,高于CS法的62.5%,P0.01。结论 LCT法有效提高NSCLC纵隔淋巴结分期诊断敏感性、准确性、c-N分期准确率,值得临床推广应用。     

TBNA联合Cell-block技术在纵隔淋巴结/肿块诊断中的运用

目的探讨支气管镜引导针吸活检术(TBNA)联合cell block(细胞块)技术在纵隔淋巴结/肿块诊断中的运用价值。方法通过选择2016年1月-2016年10月在我院住院治疗疑似肺癌患者80例作为研究对象,采用TBNA采集标本,分别进行取样细胞涂片检测与cell block制片及免疫组化检测,所有患者均通过肺穿刺/TBNA取得组织学病理结果作为金标准,比较两种细胞学检测方法诊断优劣。结果在80例疑似肺癌患者中,组织病理学确诊72例(腺癌35例,鳞癌24例,小细胞癌12例,其它1例)。我们通过常规TBNA细胞学检出41例,TBNA联合Cell block技术组检出56例。常规TBNA细胞学检测敏感性、阴性预测值、准确性分别为56.9%、20.5%、61.3%;Cell block免疫组化检测敏感性、阴性预测值、准确性分别为77.8%、33.3%、80.0%。TBNA联合Cell block技术组免疫组化检测敏感性、阴性预测值、准确性明显高于常规TBNA细胞学检测方法,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TBNA联合Cell-block技术可以提高TBNA对肺癌诊断的灵敏度以及准确度,值得临床推广运用。     

TBNA在纵隔肺门肿大淋巴结诊断中的作用

目的探讨气管针吸活检术(Guided transbronchial needle aspiration,TBNA)在纵隔肺门肿大淋巴结诊断中的作用。方法回顾性分析2013年5月到2015年5月在我院经胸部CT检查发现纵隔肺门淋巴结肿大≥1cm的患者68例,均行气管针吸活检术检查,分析患者行TBNA检查的阳性率,分析TBNA检查诊断肺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确性等效能指标,总结TBNA检查的不良反应发生情况。结果 68例患者经TBNA检查,阳性59例,其中鳞癌16例,腺癌17例,小细胞癌26例;TBNA检查阴性9例,经纵隔镜、胸腔镜或开胸手术后组织病理学确诊腺癌1例,小细胞癌2例,结核性淋巴结炎4例,炎性增生2例;TBNA检查诊断肺癌的灵敏度为95.16%、特异度100%、阳性预测值100%、阴性预测值66.67%,准确率95.59%;68例患者行TBNA检查,18例发生不良发应,不良反应发生率为26.47%,其中12例(17.65%)发生少量咳血;1例(1.47%)术中明显出血,出血量超过100mL;5例(7.35%)检查中发生呛咳;所有患者无死亡、无气胸、无纵隔气肿等严重不良反应发生。结论气管针吸活检术检查纵隔肺门淋巴结肿大患者的诊断准确率高,安全性好。     

支气管内超声引导经支气管淋巴结针吸活检术在肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期诊断应用研究

支气管内超声引导经支气管淋巴结针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA)是肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期的新方法,其具有微创、安全等特点,进行纵隔淋巴结分期具有较高的灵敏度和特异度,优于CT、PET和经支气管淋巴结针吸活检术(TBNA),和纵隔镜相当,联合EBUS-TBNA和经食管内镜超声引导细针抽吸活检术(EUS-FNA)可获得几乎完全的纵隔淋巴结分期。可一线应用于肺癌的纵隔淋巴结分期及纵隔淋巴结病变活检。EBUS-TBNA不足之处是相对较高的假阴性率,对于阴性患者,建议行进一步的侵袭性分期方法如纵隔镜检查。     

经支气管镜穿刺针吸活检在鉴别诊断纵隔气管周围淋巴结病变中的价值

目的探讨经支气管镜穿刺针吸活检技术(TBNA)在鉴别诊断纵隔气管周围淋巴结病变中的应用价值。方法选择68例胸部CT或增强检查显示肺部肿块或纵隔气管周围淋巴结出现病变为研究对象,均行TBNA和经支气管镜超声引导针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA),以病理诊断结果或临床诊断为标准,比较TBNA、EBUS-TBNA的诊断价值。结果 68例患者中,病理及临床诊断恶性肿瘤50例,良性患者18例。TBNA诊断阳性51例(75%),其中恶性肿瘤38例,良性病变13例。EBUS-TBNA诊断阳性57例(83.82%),其中恶性肿瘤41例,良性病变16例;50例恶性肿瘤患者中,TBNA诊断阳性39例(78%),EBUS-TBNA诊断阳性45例(90%)。EBUS-TBNA诊断纵隔淋巴结病变灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值均明显高于TBNA;EBUS-TBNA诊断恶性肿瘤的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值均明显高于TBNA。结论 TBNA能够明确肿瘤手术分期,在熟练掌握操作技术和定位的方法下,配合经纤维EBUS-TBNA,可以获得满意的效果。     

经支气管淋巴结针吸活检164例结果分析

目的 评价经支气管淋巴结针吸活检(TBNA)在纵隔肺门肿大淋巴结诊断中的作用.方法 选胸部CT检查发现纵隔肺门淋巴结肿大、估计支气管镜检查不能发现气道内新生物的患者,在支气管镜检查过程中完成TBNA操作.TBNA取出的每份标本分送呼吸科实验室和病理科细胞学室检查.结果 (1)人选的164例患者中80例诊断肺癌,69例诊断肺部良性疾病,其他类型恶性肿瘤2例,13例最终无明确诊断.(2)164例患者共穿刺260个部位,463针,其中TBNA穿刺成功445针(96.1%).(3)80例肺癌患者中,TBNA总结果 阳性66例(82.5%),其中25例患者TBNA结果 是惟一病理学证据.80例肺癌患者共穿刺122枚淋巴结,其中TBNA结果 阳性80枚(65.6%).(4)TBNA结果 的阳性率在小细胞肺癌(SCLC)和直径≥3 cm淋巴结中阳性率稍高,但差异无统计学意义.(5)2006年6月1日-2007年12月31日,64例(64/87,73.5%)患者可获得明确组织学标本.其中TBNA穿刺物病理诊断结节病阳性率为53.3%(8/15),诊断肺癌阳性率为78.6%(33/42).(6)100例(61.0%)患者穿刺部位少量出血.结论 TBNA安全性好,对肺癌的诊断和分期判定有很大帮助,对肺部良性疾病的诊断亦有一定帮助.     

经支气管针吸活检术对肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的探讨经支气管针吸活检术（transbronchial needle aspiration,TBNA）对肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移的临床诊断价值。方法对CT检查怀疑为肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移36例患者,在常规支气管镜检查活检和刷检后,对肿大的纵隔淋巴结应用经支气管针吸活检术（TBNA）,对所获得的标本进行相应的病理学检查。结果36例患者经纤支镜检查明确诊断31例,其中,组织活检、刷检和TBNA的阳性率分别是69．4％、63．9％、61．1％,常规组织活检及刷检的阳性为75．0％。结合TBNA术的阳性率增加为86．1％。所有患者未发现明显并发症。结论TBNA术操作方便、安全,对肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移的患者有较高的诊断价值。     

非小细胞肺癌性别差异的临床研究

目的 分析男性和女性非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者年龄、吸烟史、组织病理学类型、临床表现、临床分期及治疗方案等方面的不同.方法 回顾性分析上海长征医院2002年1月至2008年6月收治的921例确诊为肺癌的患者,分析男女NSCLC患者上述各方面的差异,统计学方法选用t检验和x2检验.结果 921例NSCLC患者中,男性647例,占70.2％,女性274例,占29.8％.女性确诊NSCLC早于男性[(57.9±11.4)岁vs(60.9±10.9)岁,P＜0.01],且女性腺癌患者的平均年龄亦低于男性腺癌患者[(57.9±11.6)岁vs(59.8±11.1)岁,P=0.041].男性鳞癌的比例明显高于女性(39.6％ vs 7.7％,P＜0.01),而女性中腺癌比例高于男性(88.7％ vs 55.2％,P＜0.01).在各型NSCLC患者中,男性吸烟的比例均高于女性(鳞癌:86.3％ vs 9.5％,P＜0.01;腺癌:68.1％ vs3.7％,P＜0.01；其他类型NSCLC:76.5％ vs 0.0％,P＜0.01),男性患者咯血的发生率高于女性(32.5％vs 18.6％,P=0.027).结论 NSCLC在男性中更为多发.女性发病早于男性,女性腺癌患者的平均年龄低于男性腺癌患者.男性中鳞癌比例高于女性,而女性中腺癌更为常见.各型NSCLC患者中,男性吸烟的比例均高于女性.     

CT检查联合CD44v6表达检测在非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移诊断中的价值

目的提高非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断水平。方法对31例非小细胞肺癌患者行CT检查判断纵隔淋巴结转移情况,并与术后病理结果对照;对术后肺癌标本行免疫组化染色,分析CD44v6表达与纵隔淋巴结转移的关系。结果 CT检查对纵隔淋巴结转移的敏感性为61.5%,特异性为83.3%,准确率为74.2%。CD44v6阳性表达对纵隔淋巴结转移的敏感性为76.9%,特异性为66.7%,准确率为71.0%。两种手段联合对纵隔淋巴结转移诊断的敏感性为92.3%,特异性为88.9%,准确率为90.3%。联合检测对纵隔淋巴结转移诊断的敏感性、特异性及准确率均明显高于单一检查（P均〈0.05）。结论 CT检查联合CD44v6表达检测能提高非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移诊断的准确率,有助于肺癌分期及预后判断。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.