单臂外固定架在多发伤救治中的应用

目的探讨单臂外固定架在严重多发创伤患者骨折早期固定中的安全性和有效性。方法2005年1月～2007年1月，按伤害控制骨科学（DCO）原则治疗伴有主要骨折的多发创伤患者34例，ISS评分平均29．4分，GCS评分平均12．5分；单发骨折24例，多发骨折10例，其中股骨骨折17处，胫腓骨14处，肱骨7处，前臂6处，复杂骨盆骨折3处。人院后均予以快速复苏，按照伤害控制性手术方案实施单臂外固定架临时固定骨折，完成复苏后行确定性的骨折内固定。结果开放性骨折平均每处骨折清创、外固定手术时间65min（30～140min），出血量185mL（70～250mL）；闭合性骨折平均每处手术时间45．8min（31～65min），出血量30mL（10～50mL）。平均间隔14．2d（5～45d）更换内固定，确定性骨折固定每处平均手术时间142min（60。171min），出血量420mL（200～490mL）。2例复苏期间死亡，1例针道感染，1例深部感染。余32例出院后均得到随访，平均随访18个月（8～32个月），骨折均获得愈合。未出现急性呼吸功能障碍、脂肪栓塞、多器官功能衰竭等严重并发症。结论单臂外固定架是一种安全、简便、有效的早期骨折固定的方法，正确运用可以控制手术规模和减少手术时间，为确定性手术创造了必备的条件。     

微创稳定系统治疗多发伤合并胫骨骨折

目的探讨应用微创稳定系统治疗多发伤合并胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法在处理多发伤以及遵循损伤控制骨科的基础上,应用微创稳定系统（LISS）治疗多发伤合并胫骨骨折31例。结果31例均获得随访,时间5～48个月。骨折全部愈合,无延迟愈合和不愈合。共发生并发症6例：呼吸窘迫综合征3例、膈下脓肿1例、小腿骨筋膜室综合征1例、小腿皮肤坏死1例,经相关治疗后均获痊愈。结论应用LISS钢板治疗多发伤合并胫骨骨折符合损伤控制骨科理论,手术时间短,创伤小,固定可靠。可减少多发伤引起的并发症,降低病死率。     

损伤控制骨科理论在救治严重骨折伴多发伤中的应用

目的探讨严重骨折伴多发伤的防治对策以及损伤控制骨科(DCO)理论在救治严重多发伤中的应用价值、可行性和疗效。方法对2002年1月～2011年10月应用DCO理论指导救治的87例严重骨折伴多发伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果创伤早期骨折行简单清创外固定,待ICU复苏治疗后,再择期行确定性骨科内固定手术。本组死亡率6.9%(6/87),死亡病例损伤严重度评分(ISS)平均值41分,主要死于休克和合并伤。52例获随访6~20个月,骨折均顺利愈合,肢体功能恢复理想。结论完善救治体系,合理采用DCO模式治疗严重骨折伴多发伤,能降低死亡率,减少并发症,提高救治成功率。     

应用损伤控制骨科治疗复合伤中的胫骨上段粉碎骨折

目的：探讨从损伤控制骨科学观点出发治疗复合伤中复杂的胫骨上段粉碎骨折手术方法。方法：2007年1月至2009年6月,胫骨上段粉碎骨折合并其他复合伤的患者11例,男8例,女3例;年龄25～57岁,平均35.2岁。先使用外固定支架临时固定骨折端,6周后患者病情稳定、生理状况改善后再行外侧小切口LISS钢板插入闭合内固定,内侧重建钢板或支持钢板支撑。术后疗效按Lysholm评分标准进行评价。结果：所有患者术后CR示：胫骨上段骨折均获功能复位,伤口愈合良好,无感染。11例均获得随访,时间12～18个月,平均14.7个月。11例患者Lysholm平均评分为（82.8±11.6）分;疗效结果：优5例,良4例,可1例,差1例。结论：依据损伤控制骨科学,先后使用外固定支架、LISS钢板微创固定胫骨上段粉碎骨折,对于合并复合伤的患者是一种比较合适的治疗方法。     

损伤控制原则在骨盆骨折合并大面积皮肤剥脱伤救治中的应用

<正>损伤控制骨科学(damage control orthopaedics,DCO)是针对于骨科严重多发创伤病人治疗的一种原则[1]。骨盆骨折系高能量损伤所致,常伴有严重多发伤,如失血性休克、腹腔脏器破裂、皮肤剥脱伤等。骨盆骨折合并会阴部、下肢大面积皮肤剥脱     

损伤控制骨科在合并骨折的多发伤中的应用

目的探讨应用损伤控制骨科治疗合并骨折的多发伤时的疗效。方法对我院2003年1月至2007年8月收治的ll例合并骨折的多发伤患者，应用损伤控制原则分三阶段治疗，早期骨折给予临时固定、清创、止血治疗，术后进入ICU监护治疗，病情平稳后行确定性手术，并进行回顾性分析。结果死亡2例，死亡率18．2％。随访3～18个月，并发症包括伤口感染1例，经引流、换药后好转。黏连性肠梗阻3例，不需外科治疗。骨折顺利愈合，邻近关节功能恢复佳。结论损伤控制原则更符合外伤后病人的病理生理特点，在严重创伤伤员的急救医疗中具有强大的生命力。     

创伤骨科病人进入ICU状况分析(附31例报告)

目的:介绍我院创伤骨科进入ICU监护治疗情况。探讨创伤骨科进入ICU的主要疾病及进入途径。方法:收治31例创伤骨科病人进行分析,总结进入ICU的主要疾病是:骨科重大手术后5例,多发骨折血压不稳定9例,多发伤合并创伤性失血性休克9例,多发伤合并ARDS6例,高位脊柱骨折并高位脊髓损伤截瘫2例。进入ICU途径是:从急诊室直接到ICU6例,从骨科到ICU9例,从手术室进入ICU15例,外院转入1例。结果:31例中2例在ICU死亡,29例经过ICU康复稳定后转入骨科治疗。结论:我院创伤骨科需要进入ICU治疗的主要疾病是:①骨科常规重大手术后生命体征不稳定;②多发骨折血压不稳定;③多发伤合并创伤失血性休克;④多发伤合并ARDS;⑤脊髓高位损伤需要呼吸机支持。进入ICU的主要途径是急诊手术后进入、骨科病房进入及急诊室三种途径。     

骨科损伤控制技术在儿童多发伤骨折救治中的应用

目的探讨骨科损伤控制技术在救治以多发骨折为特征的儿童严重多发伤中的可行性和疗效。方法1996年5月～2006年6月,对27例严重多发伤儿童均应用骨科损伤控制技术(快速止血、控制污染、骨折临时外固定-ICU复苏-二期确定性修复术)救治。结果20例成功救活,经6个月～1.5年的随访,骨折全部愈合,其中12例功能完全恢复正常,5例出现轻度残疾,3例重度残疾,1例还在进一步治疗中,6例死亡。结论早期正确地判断伤情,快速有效地止血、控制污染,合理应用外固定支架进行稳定、制动减少继发性损伤,是提高儿童严重多发伤生存率的关键,损伤控制技术是一种抢救儿童严重多发伤安全、有效的方法。     

伤害控制骨科学及其进展

伤害控制骨科学(damage control orthopaedics, DCO)指运用与于伤害控制外科学(damage control surgery, DCS)相同的原则来指导治疗伴有骨折的严重多发创伤患者.伤害控制一词最早源于美国海军,而伤害控制外科学的概念是指外科对于多发创伤进行分阶段救治,早期主要进行挽救生命性治疗而不是确定性的损伤修复,以提高临床结果[1].     

创伤控制骨科理论在严重多发伤中的应用

严重多发伤患者的死亡率高,早期死因主要是难以控制的出血,晚期则是感染引发的多器官功能障碍综合征。近年来,创伤控制骨科理念的形成,试图使伤者受到"第一次打击"后的"持续打击"最小化,控制炎症级联反应,从而提高严重多发伤的生存率。创伤控制骨科理念主要包括3个阶段:首先准确合理地选择适应证,采用快速有效的措施控制出血、污染并进行临时固定;其次在重症监护室进一步纠正死亡三联征;最后进行有计划的二次确定性手术。目前的难点在于适应证的选择和早期处理(特别是对伴发骨盆骨折者),二次手术的时机和方式也存在一定的争议。减少伤者"二次打击"的各种微创手术日益受到重视。     

Diagnostik und Versorgungsstrategien beim polytraumatisierten Patienten

Severe trauma is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The initial treatment and diagnostics are of immense importance in polytraumatized patients. The initial approach mainly focuses on the advanced trauma life support (ATLS) concept. This includes the identification of life-threatening conditions and application of life-saving interventions. Depending on the physiological condition of the patient, the surgical treatment strategies of early total care (ETC) or damage control orthopedics (DCO) can be chosen. Appropriate surgical management can reduce the incidence of associated delayed systemic complications. This review summarizes the most commonly used definitions of polytrauma (including the Berlin polytrauma definition) and classification systems of severely injured patients. Moreover, the recently introduced treatment strategy of the safe definitive surgery concept for severely injured patients is also discussed in this article.     

长骨干骨折合并胸部严重损伤分期治疗的回顾性研究

目的：探讨分期治疗在长骨干骨折合并胸部严重损伤救治中的应用价值。方法：自2005年1月至2009年10月在损伤控制理论指导下对分期救治的41例长骨干骨折合并胸部严重损伤的患者进行回顾性研究,其中男29例,女12例;年龄17～65岁,平均（37.2±6.1）岁。入院时损伤严重度评分（injury severity score,ISS）16分以上,平均27.4分。救治分3个阶段：第1阶段主要控制胸部症状,对骨折进行早期临时固定;第2阶段进行复苏和生理状态的优化;第3阶段待胸部情况允许后,做延期的骨折确定性手术。结果：本组无死亡病例。所有患者胸部症状在伤后5～23d缓解,伤后10～25d长骨干骨折得到最终的手术治疗,无严重术中及术后并发症发生。随访6～36个月,平均19.4个月,全部患者呼吸功能良好,38例长骨干骨折术后10～16周达临床愈合,1例闭合性骨折、2例开放性骨折发生骨不连,经植骨内固定后治愈。结论：在损伤控制理论指导下对长骨干骨折合并胸部损伤的患者进行分阶段的一体化救治,可有效提高救治质量,减少伤残率和病死率。     

The influence of coagulation and inflammation research on the improvement of polytrauma care

Treatment guidelines and management principles of polytrauma patients are largely derived from experience, supplemented by the results of few clinical studies. Their clinical impact on survival outcome is rarely scientifically evaluated. Hence, research algorithms need to be developed which enable a rapid and profound reevaluation of the current treatment strategies in polytrauma care and which provide a solid basis for the assessment of future treatment options. Such new concepts might include a more individualized approach and a better identification of operative windows for early definitive care. Since polytrauma results in a complex physiological and immunological disorder, which is additionally influenced by multiple confounding variables, it is challenging to establish such novel algorithms by clinical research only. In this regard, the well defined parameters in valid basic science models can provide a solid base for evaluating current concepts and investigating future treatment options. Here we have analyzed the contribution of basic science to well-established concepts in polytrauma care, such as the management of trauma induced coagulopathy or the damage control orthopedics concept. Many of these ideas moved from previous basic science activities to clinical studies but in many cases the direct effects of basic science on clinical trials or even clinical management strategies often remain elusive. Nevertheless, the knowledge which is created on a daily basis by basic science studies acts as an invaluable data pool, which can be accessed and combined for the clinical researcher to develop and address clinically relevant questions, providing them with a comprehensive pool of information to carefully plan and conduct their clinical trials. This may then subsequently lead to the development of new management principles for polytrauma patients.     

Neues zum Polytrauma

The acute and early phase of polytrauma management is decisive for determining and implementing priority-based operative strategy. The patient's general condition and pattern of injury have to be considered. The highest priorities in the acute phase of operative treatment are control of mass bleeding and the release of body cavities (life-saving surgery). In the primary phase of surgical management (day 1 surgery), selected injuries are treated in the order of their urgency. Conceptual damage control surgery is distinguished from early total care. Damage control surgery should be performed only in patients meeting certain instability and risk criteria to avoid additionally burdening their condition.     

Polytrauma management - What is new and what is true in 2020 ?

This is a review of changes in the practice of treating polytrauma managemtent within the years prior to 2020. It focuses on five different topics, 1. The development of an evidence based definition of Polytrauma, 2. Resuscitation Associated Coagulopathy (RAC), 3. neutrophil guided initial resuscitation, 4. perioperative Scoring to evaluate patients at risk, and 5. evolution of fracture fixation strategies according to protocols^1,2 (Early total care, ETC, damage control orthopedics, DCO, early appropriate care, EAC, safe definitive surgery, SDS).     

Timing of intervention for spinal injury in patients with polytrauma

ObjectiveThe optimal timing of surgical intervention of spinal fractures in patients with polytrauma is still controversial. In the setting of trauma to multiple organ systems, an inappropriately timed definitive spine surgery can lead to increased incidence of pulmonary complications, hemodynamic instability and potentially death, while delayed surgical stabilisation has its attendant problems of prolonged recumbency including deep vein thrombosis, organ-sp ecific infection and pressure sores.MethodsA narrative review focussed at the epidemiology, demographics and principles of surgery for spinal trauma in poly-traumatised patients was performed. Pubmed search (1995–2020) based on the keywords – polytrauma OR multiple trauma AND spine fracture AND timing, present in “All the fields” of the search tab, was performed. Among 48 articles retrieved, 23 articles specific to the management of spinal fracture in polytrauma patients were reviewed.ResultsSpine trauma is noted in up to 30% of polytrauma patients. Unstable spinal fractures with or without spinal cord injury in polytrauma require surgical intervention and are treated based on the following principles - stabilizing the injured spine during resuscitation, acute management of life-and limb-threatening organ injuries, “damage control” internal stabilisation of unstable spinal injuries during the early acute phase and, definitive surgery at an appropriate window of opportunity. Early spine fracture fixation, especially in the setting of chest injury, reduces morbidity of pulmonary complications and duration of hospital stay.ConclusionRecognition and stabilisation of spinal fractures during resuscitation of polytrauma is important. Early posterior spinal fixation of unstable fractures, described as damage control spine surgery, is preferred while a delayed definitive 360° decompression is performed once the systemic milieu is optimal, if mandated for biomechanical and neurological indications.     

Damage Control Orthopedics

Damage Control Orthopedics is a strategy for treatment of fractures in severely injured patients. The aim is to reduce secondary damage and thereby improve the patient’s outcome. The relevant fractures are primarily stabilized with external fixators instead of a primary definitive osteosynthesis. The less traumatic and shorter surgical procedure is thought to reduce the additional trauma load and should thereby minimize the “second hit” situation. After stabilization of the patient on the intensive care unit secondary definitive ostesynthesis can then be performed after 4–14 days.The available animal studies, retrospective clinical studies and prospective cohort studies seem to support the concept of damage control. The only available randomized study shows an advantage of this strategy in a subgroup of borderline patients. A meta-analysis could not find convincing evidence that definitively proves the advantage of this concept. A new multi-center randomized study has been started to evaluate the concept of damage control in a defined group of critically injured patients with femoral shaft fractures.     

Sequential reconstruction of complex femoral fractures with circular hybrid Sheffield frame in polytrauma patients

The timing of definitive fixation for major fractures in polytrauma patients is controversial. We investigated the outcome of the Sheffield hybrid system (SHF) as a solution in the role of primary and definitive fixator for patient with open femoral fractures in whom definitive osteosynthesis with intramedullary nail can be associated with higher rate of complications. Eleven patients (7 men and 4 women), mean age of 40.4 years (range 14–75 years) with previous injury severity score (ISS) greater than or equal to 16 were treated from a damage control orthopedics perspective. Time in the fixator averaged 28 weeks (range 10–64 weeks). Mean follow-up was 3 years (2–4.5). All fractures united. Paley functional and bone results in most cases were good to excellent. Final mean knee range of motion was 113 degrees. We found that SHF for complex fractures of the femur combine maximum support for the bone and preservation of soft tissues. SHF is an effective technique compared to internal nails and earlier external fixator devices, attributable to its advantages such as continuity of frame till union, preventing any second-hit phenomenon, early mobilization, and restoration of primary defect due to bone loss by differential distraction osteogenesis without additional surgery.     

Trauma resuscitation and damage control surgery

In recent years the envelope of survivability for victims of high-energy polytrauma has been continuously extended, thanks to advances at all levels of trauma care in both civilian and military practice. The concept of damage control surgery has been embraced by surgeons of various specialities as a paradigm within which to manage these patients, many of whom reach trauma centres alive, having sustained injuries which would until recently have been considered unsurvivable. This paper summarizes the development and application of this approach, and details the latest research evidence and development of this technique to include an integrated ‘Damage Control Resuscitation–Damage Control Surgery’ (DCR–DCS) protocol.     

颈脊髓损伤为主严重多发伤的伤害控制(附32例报告)

[目的]探讨伤害控制原则在颈脊髓损伤为主严重多发伤救治中的临床应用。[方法]回顾性分析32例颈脊髓损伤为主严重多发伤患者临床治疗资料，颈椎骨折并截瘫18例，外伤性颈椎间盘突出并高位截瘫2例，颈椎骨折脱位并截瘫12例。神经功能评定按ASIA分级。[结果]31例获得平均14个月随访。29例颈椎骨折愈合，神经症状10例完全恢复，13例有Ⅰ级以上恢复，8例无变化。死亡1例。[结论]颈脊髓损伤为主严重多发伤急诊遵循伤害控制原则，待病情稳定后7—10d内安全地进行最终手术，可提高救治成功率。