嗜盐嗜碱菌Alkalibacterium sp. F26产碱性果胶酶发酵条件的优化

对Alkalibacteriumsp.F26发酵产碱性果胶酶的培养基和培养条件进行了优化.考察了碳源、氮源、无机盐、表面活性剂及起始pH、发酵时间、温度等发酵条件的影响.经单因素和响应面分析试验得到适宜的发酵培养基为(组分g/dL):葡萄糖0.95,蛋白胨1,NaCl 6.3,MgSO4.7H2O0.02,K2HPO4.3H2O 0.1,NaCO31,吐温-80 1;培养条件为:250 mL三角瓶装液量25 mL,35℃,起始pH值11.25,培养24 h.在此优化条件下培养,酶活达1 015 U/mL.     

黄伞菌丝深层发酵的培养条件

采用摇瓶培养法对黄伞菌丝深层发酵培养条件进行了研究.通过正交试验初步确定黄伞菌丝深层发酵适宜的培养基组成为:葡萄糖3g/dL,牛肉膏1.5g/dL,K2HPO40.5g/dL,MgSO40.1g/dL.该菌株最适培养条件为:培养温度25℃,起始pH值5.0,接种体积分数15%,发酵周期10d.在优化的试验条件下,进行摇瓶发酵,菌丝干重达11.16g/L.     

法夫酵母产虾青素的摇瓶工艺

以法夫酵母 (Phaffiarhodozyma)WSS -FF6为产生菌进行摇瓶条件下的类胡萝卜素 (主要为虾青素 )发酵条件研究 .正交试验表明 :葡萄糖质量分数对酵母产色素影响较大 ,在起始 pH值为 6,培养温度 2 2℃ ,葡萄糖 3 .0 %、尿素 0 .1 %、磷酸二氢钾 0 .6%、玉米浆 0 .6%的培养基下经过72h、2 2 0r/min摇瓶发酵 ,其生物量为 6.58mg/mL ,类胡萝卜素产量为 1 4.92 μg/mL ,其中虾青素占 78% .     

谷氨酸脱羧酶发酵工艺的优化

用大肠杆菌AS1.505进行液态发酵生产谷氨酸脱羧酶并优化培养基,考察了碳源、氮源、复合营养物质、起始pH及发酵时间对酶活的影响,确定最佳产酶培养基组成为:葡萄糖1.0 g/dL,蛋白胨3.0 g/dL,氯化钠0.3 g/dL,磷酸氢二钾0.1 g/dL,硫酸镁0.02 g/dL,L-谷氨酸0.01g/dL,玉米浆1.5 g/dL,生物素30 t,g/L,麸皮4 g/dL;pH 6.5.在此基础上,设计发酵条件的优化实验.实验结果表明为:250 mL的三角瓶装液量25 mL,37℃,起始pH 6.5,培养18 h达到产酶高峰,产酶活力可达1 290 U/mL.     

固态发酵生产复合纳豆芽孢杆菌制剂

为了探索复合益生菌剂多菌种混合发酵条件,作者以活菌数为指标,采用固态发酵技术,研究了接种比例、接种量、培养基初始pH值、含水量、发酵温度和时间对固态发酵的影响,并通过L9(34)正交试验确定了纳豆芽孢杆菌和啤酒酵母混合固态发酵最佳条件.结果表明:培养基初始含水量70 %、pH 6.5、纳豆芽孢杆菌和啤酒酵母接种比例为1∶1、接种体积分数10%、发酵温度34 ℃、发酵5 d的效果最好.在此条件下发酵后,纳豆芽孢杆菌数为1.96×1010 cfu/g,啤酒酵母数为1.68×109 cfu/g.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌的固态发酵条件

为了优化纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵条件,以活菌数和芽孢数为指标,采用微生物发酵技术,研究了种龄、接种量、培养基初始pH值和含水量对固态发酵的影响,并通过L9(34)正交试验确定了纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵最佳条件.试验结果表明:接种体积分数7%、种龄17 h、培养基初始pH值8.0、培养基初始水分质量分数70%,37℃固态发酵5 d效果最好,活菌数和芽孢数分别达到3.4×1010 cfu/g和1.8×109 cfu/g.     

聚唾液酸的摇瓶工艺

研究了突变株JYL 11(Escherichiacoli)的摇瓶发酵工艺条件:在山梨醇40g/L,K2HPO420g/L,NH4Cl4g/L,MgSO40.9g/L,蛋白胨1.5g/L,起始pH值7.8,装液量35mL(250mL的三角瓶中),转速250r/min,培养温度37℃,接种量为4%(体积分数)的条件下,聚唾液酸产量达到3.5mg/mL,比优化前提高了1.0mg/mL,提高幅度为40%.     

L-乳酸高产突变株--米根霉NAF-032

运用正交试验理论,对L-乳酸高产突变株NAF-032的优化摇瓶发酵条件作了初步研究,确定了优化的发酵培养基和发酵条件.优化发酵培养基为(g/L)葡萄糖140,氯化铵1,KH2PO40.3,MgSO4*7H2O0.25,ZnSO4*7H2O0.08;优化培养条件为34℃,摇床转速200r/min,装液量50mL(250mL容积三角瓶),一次性添加CaCO380g/L调节pH值.米根霉NAF-032的摇瓶发酵L-乳酸积累量可达94.28g/L.     

利用响应面分析法优化γ-氨基丁酸发酵培养基

通过响应面分析的方法对发酵生产γ 氨基丁酸(GABA)的培养基进行优化.利用二水平正交试验考察葡萄糖、豆饼粉、玉米浆、K2HPO4、吐温 80、起始pH值和谷氨酸钠(MSG)对发酵生产GABA的影响.利用极差分析找出主要影响因子:分别为豆饼粉、玉米浆和葡萄糖.利用中心组合设计与响应面分析进一步考察主要影响因子并确定了最佳培养基的组成.在优化培养基中,GABA产量增加约4倍,达到3.63g/L,实验值与预测值基本相符.     

褐环乳牛肝菌发酵条件的优化

研究了褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)发酵的营养条件及环境条件.在单因素实验优化的基础上,进一步采用正交实验对麦芽汁、酵母膏、装液量和接种量进行了研究.单因素实验及正交实验优化后得到褐环乳牛肝菌液体发酵的适宜培养基组成为:麦芽汁270 mL/L,酵母膏6.7 g/L,KH2PO4 0.25 g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.3 g/L、CaCl2·2H2O 0.19 g/L、FeCl3 48 mg /L、柠檬酸0.1 g/L、VB1 2 mg/L.在装液量为100 mL/500 mL、接种体积分数10%,初始pH值5.5～6.5,转速150 r/min的条件下,最终菌体量达12.0 g/L,比优化前提高了40.19 %.在小型发酵罐上研究了pH和溶氧对菌体生长的影响,pH值恒定在5.5时要优于自然pH值下的情况,而逐渐提高转速使溶氧保持在20%以上要优于较高转速下的供氧模式.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.