米氮平与米安色林治疗老年抑郁症的对照研究

目的:比较米氮平与米安色林治疗老年抑郁症的疗效与安全性。方法:68例老年抑郁症患者随机分为两组,其中米氮平组35例,米安色林组33例,观察期为8周,使用HAMD和TESS量表于治疗前、治疗后1、2、4、6、8周评估两组的疗效和安全性。结果:经过8周治疗,有效率和显效率米氮平组分别为91.4%和74.3%%,米安色林组分别为87.9%和72.7%,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。两组治疗后HAMD评分下降均有显著性(P<0.01),两组间HAMD评分减分率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。米氮平组不良反应有嗜睡、头昏、食欲增加、体重增加等,米安色林组常见不良反应为头昏、恶心、嗜睡等,两组的不良反应均较轻微。结论:两药都是治疗老年抑郁症有效而安全的药物。     

西酞普兰与阿米替林治疗门诊抑郁症患者的比较

目的：评价西酞普兰与阿米替林治疗门诊抑郁症的临床疗效和安全性。方法：将60例抑郁症患者随机分为两组，分别给以西酞普兰(n=30)和阿米替林(n=30)治疗。在治疗前后用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果：西酞普兰与阿米替林对抑郁症的疗效相近，但前者起效较快，不良反应较少。结论：西酞普兰是安全有效、依从性好、不良反应较少的抗抑郁药。     

西酞普兰与阿米替林治疗脑梗塞后抑郁症对照研究

目的探讨西酞普兰与阿米替林治疗脑梗塞后抑郁症的疗效与安全性。方法将48例脑梗塞后抑郁症患者随机分成西酞普兰组与阿米替林组治疗8周,应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效及安全性。结果西酞普兰与阿米替林疗效相当,但西酞普兰起效快,不良反应轻,而阿米替林副反应大。结论西酞普兰治疗脑梗塞后抑郁症疗效好,起效快,不良反应轻,可作为脑梗塞后抑郁的一线用药。     

万拉法新与阿米替林治疗抑郁症疗效对照研究

目的 探讨万拉法新与阿米替林治疗抑郁症的疗效及副作用。方法 将100例符合CCMD—2—R诊断标准的抑郁症患者随机分为两组,各50例,分别给予万拉法新与阿米替林(50～200mg)治疗,疗程6周,治疗前及治疗1、2、6周分别采用HAMD、HAMA及副反应量表(TESS)进行评定。结果 两组疗效接近,万拉法新起效快于阿米替林,两组副反应发生情况万拉法新组明显小于阿米替林组,有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 万拉法新治疗抑郁症疗效好,起效快,副作用小,治疗依从性强。     

米氮平与马普替林治疗老年抑郁症临床对照研究

目的探讨米氮平对老年抑郁症的疗效和安全性。方法将62例抑郁症患者随机分为两组,分别予米氮平与马普替林治疗,疗程6周。于治疗前和治疗后1、2、4、6周末分别用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果米氮平组显效率为76.7%,马普替林组为75.9%,两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,但米氮平起效快,不良反应轻微。结论米氮平与马普替林治疗老年抑郁症疗效相当,但米氮平起效快,不良反应少,安全性高。     

喜普妙与阿米替林治疗老年期抑郁症的疗效对比分析

目的比较喜普妙与阿米替林治疗老年期抑郁症的疗效及副反应。方法将64例老年期抑郁症患者随机分为喜普妙组(32例)和阿米替林组(32例),分别给予喜普妙和阿米替林治疗6周。采用Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和副反应。结果喜普妙与阿米替林对老年期抑郁症的疗效相当但副反应轻微。结论喜普妙治疗老年期抑郁症效果肯定且副反应少,特别适于老年期抑郁症患者。     

米氮平与阿米替林治疗老年抑郁症对照研究

目的观察米氮平治疗老年抑郁症的疗效和安全性。方法 62例患者随机分为研究组(米氮平组)和对照组(阿米替林)各31例,研究组用米氮平15～45mg/d,对照组用阿米替林125～250mg/d,用Hamilton抑郁量表(HAM D)评定疗效,用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果研究组较对照组早起效1周(P0.05),不良反应明显少于对照组(P0.05),两组疗效相当(P0.05)。结论米氮平治疗老年抑郁症高效、快速、安全。     

文拉法辛缓释剂与阿米替林治疗老年抑郁症的随访研究

目的 比较文拉法辛缓释荆(博乐欣)与阿米替林对老年抑郁症的治疗效果.方法 将80例老年抑郁症患者按住院顺序分为两组,分别给予博乐欣和阿米替林进行为期8周的治疗,治疗结束后进行1年的随访.用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、抗抑郁药副反应量表(SERS)于治疗前、治疗中和出院后1年对患者进行疗效评估.结果 治疗结束后两组显效...     

三唑酮与阿米替林治疗复发性抑郁症的临床对照研究

目的探讨三唑酮治疗复发性抑郁症的疗效与安全性。方法将入组病人随机分为两组各60例,分别应用三唑酮和阿米替林治疗,疗程28天,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和副反应。结果治疗28天后,两组对复发性抑郁症均有良好疗效。三唑酮与阿米替林疗效近似,两组相比,差异无显著性(P>0.05);但三唑酮副反应小,程度较轻,两组相比,在统计学上有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论三唑酮治疗复发性抑郁症疗效确切而安全。     

瑞波西汀与阿米替林治疗老年期抑郁症的对照研究

目的比较瑞波西汀与阿米替林治疗老年期抑郁症的疗效和安全性。方法将65例老年期抑郁症随机分为2组：瑞波西汀组31例，采用瑞波西汀治疗，d1～3，4mg／d，qd，po；d4～6，8mg／d，bid，po；d7起12mg／d，tid，po；阿米替林组34例，采用阿米替林治疗，d1～2，25mg，d3～4，50mg，d5～6，75mg，d7起100mg，bid，po，2组疗程均为6周。使用HAMD、临床疗效总评量表（CGI—SI）评定临床疗效、剐反应量表（TESS）评定药物不良反应，于治疗前及治疗第2、4、6w末各评定1次。结果瑞波西汀与阿米替林疗效相当，但瑞波西汀起效较快，不良反应轻。结论瑞波西汀治疗老年期抑郁症疗效好，不良反应较轻，安全性好。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.