AML_1-ETO阳性的儿童急性髓系白血病疗效分析

目的探讨儿童急性髓系白血病m2型伴AML1-ETO阳性患儿的疗效及预后相关因素。方法2003年1月至2008年12月收住AML1-ETO阳性儿童m233例,并对患儿进行总结分析、随访。了解患儿临床特征,免疫分型,染色体核型治疗及疗效,生存情况及影响治疗的因素。结果33例AML1-ETO阳性儿童第一疗程诱导缓解率为63.5%,中位随访时间32个月,目前仍处于CR状态25例占75.5%,5例患儿骨髓复发,复发率为15.1%,高白细胞数,多脏器受累,免疫表型CD5+6以及第一疗程诱导治疗未达缓解者预后不良,并伴有较低的生存率。结论儿童急性髓系白血病M2伴有AML1-ETO阳性患儿预后是好的。强烈化疗高剂量阿糖胞苷能帮助提高疗效。提高生存率。高白细胞计数,累及多脏器以及CD56标记阳性和初次诱导治疗的缓解不佳,影响总的生存率。     

AML1-ETO阳性的儿童急性髓系白血病疗效分析

目的探讨儿童急性髓系白血病m2型伴AML1-ETO阳性患儿的疗效及预后相关因素。方法2003年1月至2008年12月收住AML1-ETO阳性儿童m233例,并对患儿进行总结分析、随访。了解患儿临床特征,免疫分型,染色体核型治疗及疗效,生存情况及影响治疗的因素。结果33例AML1-ETO阳性儿童第一疗程诱导缓解率为63.5%,中位随访时间32个月,目前仍处于CR状态25例占75.5%,5例患儿骨髓复发,复发率为15.1%,高白细胞数,多脏器受累,免疫表型CD5＋6以及第一疗程诱导治疗未达缓解者预后不良,并伴有较低的生存率。结论儿童急性髓系白血病M2伴有AML1-ETO阳性患儿预后是好的。强烈化疗高剂量阿糖胞苷能帮助提高疗效。提高生存率。高白细胞计数,累及多脏器以及CD56标记阳性和初次诱导治疗的缓解不佳,影响总的生存率。     

142例儿童急性髓系白血病初诊特征及诱导缓解疗效分析

目的分析儿童急性髓系白血病(AML)初诊临床及生物学特征,以期为儿童AML的进一步研究提供依据。方法回顾性分析142例2010年1月-2014年12月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心确诊为AML患儿的初诊临床资料,并分析其与诱导缓解化疗疗效的关系。结果142例患儿男女比例1.45:1;中位年龄2.42(0.08~13.00)岁;临床表现主要为发热(80.30%)、髓外浸润(64.39%)及出血(46.97%);WBC中位计数为26.00(0.60~483.70)×10~9/L,Hb 71(31~124)g/L,PLT 38(1~404)×10~9/L;骨髓细胞形态前三位依次为M5(33.80%)、M2(25.35%)和M4(14.08%);免疫分型髓系抗原表达按比例依次为CD33、CD13和HLA-DR,伴有淋巴系抗原表达者占31.93%;异常核型检出率为53.66%;白血病相关融合基因检出率为33.33%;DAE及MAE方案诱导缓解化疗后总体完全缓解率(CR)为82.69%。结论142例AML患儿初诊临床特征与国内外文献报道存在不同程度的异同,提示深入开展多中心研究的必要性。     

儿童急性髓系白血病的免疫学特征与预后的关系

目的：急性髓系白血病（AML）免疫表型与AML患者的化疗效果及预后的关系至今未达成共识。该文分析儿童AML免疫表型与FAB形态学分型以及染色体核型异常的关系,评价儿童AML免疫表型与治疗相关因素及预后的临床重要性。方法：自1998年1月1日至2003年5月31日进入AML-XH-99治疗方案的所有在我院新诊治的AML患儿,诊断采用MICM分型诊断,治疗按AML-XH-99危险度分类标准进行分层治疗。用流式细胞仪进行免疫表型分析,将免疫表型结果分为5组,髄系免疫标志CD13,CD33,MPO（自2001年9月采用单抗胞浆内标记）;髓系相关抗原CD14,CD15;系性特异抗原-红系免疫标志GlyA,巨核系细胞标志CD41;淋系相关抗原CD19,CD7;非系列特异性抗原CD34,HLA-DR。分别计算各免疫表型在FAB形态学分型及染色体核型中表达的灵敏度及阳性预测值;各免疫表型的生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier方法;生存之间的比较采用log-rank检验;各免疫表型患儿一疗程缓解率的比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法（双尾）;COX比例风险模型用于分析单独各免疫表型进入回归方程中是否为独立预后因素。结果：① 74例患儿中有72例（97.3％）患儿至少有CD13、CD33、MPO中的一种或两种抗原阳性表达;45例（60.8％）患儿有两个或两个以上髓系抗原表达,伴有淋系相关抗原表达的为18例,占24.3％。在M2患儿中,常伴有淋系抗原CD19的表达,阳性预测值（PPV）为75％;FAB分型为急性早幼粒细胞白血病的患儿,缺乏HLA-DR及淋系相关抗原（CD19或CD7）的表达,阴性预测值（NPV）为100％;CD41阳性表达与M7相关,PPV为66.7％; ②单因素分析显示各免疫表型与AML患儿的一疗程缓解率及长期无事件生存（EFS）率无关; ③多因素分析显示各免疫表型均无独立的预后价值。结论：儿童AML患儿的免疫表型对预后无明显影响,不能单独用于治疗前危险度的评估,但可帮助识别某些特殊类型的AML患儿。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（4）：241-245］     

伴-5/5q-染色体异常的儿童急性髓系白血病12例病例系列报告

目的 探讨-5/5q-染色体异常的儿童急性髓系白血病（AML）的临床特征和预后。方法 纳入2007年1月1日至2018年12月31日北京大学人民医院儿科收治的非复发AML患儿，分析-5/5q-AML患儿的临床特征、实验室检查、治疗方案和预后。结果 584例非复发AML患儿中检出12例（2.05%）-5/5q-，男4例，中位年龄7.5岁，中位随访时间28个月。-5/5q-AML患儿中，3例（25.0%）由MDS转化而来，显著高于无-5/5q-AML患儿（14例，2.4%），P=0.004。-5/5q-与无-5/5q AML患儿在性别构成、发病年龄、初诊时血常规、髓外浸润情况（肝、脾、淋巴结肿大）、诊断前有症状时间、诱导化疗结束后骨髓抑制解除时间方面，差异均无统计学意义。-5/5q-AML患儿诱导化疗采用DAH或ADE方案，7例（583%）达完全缓解，2例（16.7%）达部分缓解，3例（25.0%）未缓解。随访至2019年7月1日，1例失访，6例死亡，5例存活。-5/5q-AML患儿的生存时间为（23.3±26.0）个月，显著短于无-5/5q-AML患儿的生存时间（63.0±10.5）个月，P=0023。-5/5q-AML患儿1年累积生存率和2年累积生存率分别为61.9%和30.9%，显著低于无-5/5q-AML患儿相应的81.6%和77.0%（P＜0.001）。结论 儿童AML中-5/5q-染色体异常的检出率较低，-5/5q-AML患儿中由MDS转化而来者比例高，预后差。     

儿童近四倍体急性髓系白血病的实验室研究

近四倍体在儿童髓系恶性肿瘤中是一种少见的遗传学异常,其意义还不清楚。该文就1例近四倍体的儿童急性髓系白血病（AML-M4）分析其特点。采用骨髓涂片方法分析骨髓细胞形态,收集骨髓标本做流式细胞术分析,24 h培养R显带做常规核型分析。该病例骨髓细胞形态学分析显示大而突出的胞核,染色体分析显示近四倍体核型,结合骨髓形态和免疫分型结果诊断为AML-M4。患儿经过4个疗程的化疗治疗,最终获得了临床缓解, 但该患儿达到缓解的时间比正常核型患儿要长。我们认为近四倍体核型是影响儿童AML治疗与预后的重要因素。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（4）：263-266］     

小儿CD56^＋急性髓系白血病临床生物学特征

目的 研究CD56^＋小儿急性髓细胞白血病（AML）的生物学特征及临床意义。方法 对80例初治小儿AML进行细胞形态学、免疫表型、多药耐药P糖蛋白（P170）检测、临床观察、并常规采用HAE方案诱导治疗，判定疗效。结果 综合我中心8年间小儿急性髓系白血病资料分析，CD56阳性率20．69％（30／145）。CD56^＋患儿在FAB分型中以M2b、M5、M7多见，CD56^＋组中免疫表型特征为多表达CD34（85．00％和44．11％P=0．01）。HLA—DR（76．66％和42．00％P=0．003）。和PgP（85．71％和25．58％P=0．001）。此外，CD56^＋AML患儿髓外浸润现象明显（77．27％和45．00％P=0．017），尤其是淋巴结（59．09％和22．50％P=0．006）和脾脏（63．63％和22．50％P=0．002）受累显著，CD56表达与年龄、性别、白细胞计数、血红蛋白含量、血小板计数、及外周血幼稚细胞数无关，也不影响CR率和无病生存时间（DFS），但达首次缓解时间较长，中位时间56天。结论 CD56^＋AML具有独特的，临床生物学特征，生物学侵袭性较强，多表达耐药蛋白P170，预后较差。建议初诊时监测CD56分子表达以判断预后。     

基于流式细胞术的可测量残留病对儿童急性髓系白血病预后意义的前瞻性研究

目的 通过分析以可测量残留病（measurable residual disease,MRD）为导向的风险分层治疗,评估MRD在儿童急性髓系白血病（acute myeloid leukemia,AML）治疗过程中的预后价值。 方法 前瞻性纳入93例AML患儿,按照初诊时遗传学异常、诱导治疗Ⅰ后MRD及骨髓细胞学决定的风险分层完成2015-AML-03方案化疗。以多参数流式细胞术动态监测MRD,分析MRD对3年累积复发（cumulative recurrence,CIR）率、无事件生存（event-free survival,EFS）率、总生存（overall survival,OS）率的影响。 结果 93例AML患儿中,3年CIR率为48%±6%,中位复发时间是11（范围：2~32）个月,3年OS率为65%±6%,3年EFS率为50%±5%。诱导治疗Ⅰ和强化治疗Ⅰ后MRD阳性患儿的3年CIR率均高于MRD阴性患儿,3年EFS率、OS率均低于MRD阴性患儿（P<0.05）。初诊时低危的MRD阳性患儿调整化疗强度后的3年CIR率、EFS率、OS率与MRD阴性患儿相比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。多因素分析表明,强化治疗Ⅰ后MRD阳性是AML患儿3年OS率的危险因素（P<0.05）。 结论 MRD对儿童AML预后有预测价值;利用基于MRD的风险导向治疗,合理应用化疗可能改善儿童AML患儿的整体预后。 引用格式:     

ras基因与儿童急性髓细胞性白血病关系研究

目的探讨ras基因在儿童急性髓细胞性白血病（AML）中的表达及其与治疗和预后的相关性。方法用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）半定量方法检测ras基因家族（K—ras，N—ras，H—ras）的表达水平，结合细胞形态学、流式细胞仪免疫分型检测、染色体R带显带核型分析，对36例初诊AML及部分病例进行跟踪。同期采集30例特发性急性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）患儿骨髓标本作为对照。结果实验组与对照组相比。N-ras、K—ras的平均表达水平明显升高，差异有统计学意义，其中N—ras更具显著意义。AML患儿中ras基因突变多见于M2、M4及M5型。对2例M2患儿进行跟踪检测（1例为不同时期包括初诊和缓解期及复发前的测定，另1例为长期无病生存），ras基因水平异常活化可见于复发前，也可见于长期缓解患儿。结论初诊儿童AMLras基因表达水平异常增高。ras检测可作为判断儿童AML疗效、预后及随访指标之一。     

AML-XH-99方案治疗婴幼儿急性髓系白血病临床总结

目的探讨婴幼儿急性髓系白血病(AML)的临床特征及采用AML-XH-99方案的疗效。方法 1998年5月至2009年4月诊断的0～3岁AML(除外M3)26例,采用AML-XH-99方案化疗。应用SPSS13.0软件统计,采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析法进行无事件生存(EFS)分析。结果 26例患儿中M5居首(61.54%),其次为M2(26.92%)。年龄>12个月22例,<12个月4例,7例(26.92%)起病时外周血白细胞>50×109/L,5例(19.23%)染色体核型异常,5例(19.23%)在诱导治疗结束后48 h的骨髓涂片中幼稚细胞比例>15%。24例(92.31%)第1疗程获完全缓解(CR),总缓解率为96.15%。5例(19.23%)骨髓复发,中位复发时间为完全持续缓解(CCR)15.8个月。3例在强化疗后接受异体造血干细胞移植。26例中1例失访,7例死亡(5例死于疾病复发,2例死于治疗相关并发症)。中位CCR时间为4.08年,7年EFS为60.72%。结论 AML-XH-99方案治疗婴幼儿急性髓系白血病缓解率高,预后良好。     

Stem cell transplantation as consolidation therapy for children in first-remission AML: a single-center report

A large number of patients affected by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) achieve complete remission following induction chemotherapy based on high-dose aracytin and anthracyclines. However, a postremission consolidation treatment appears to be essential to maintain the remission status. Sixteen patients with newly diagnosed AML received induction chemotherapy according to the AIEOP LAM 92P/Mod protocol. All patients were HLA-typed, and if no donor was identified within the family, patients underwent autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT) with mafosfamide-purged bone marrow. Patients with very high-risk AML (cytogenetics with t(9;22), hyperleukocytosis (540 × 10⁹/L), and AML-M7 with trilineage myelodysplasia) underwent unrelated donor transplantation. One patient relapsed before autoSCT. Eleven patients underwent autoSCT with purged bone marrow, 3 patients underwent unrelated donor transplantation (UD), and 1 patient underwent HLA-identical, matched familiar donor transplantation (MFD). All patients achieved complete remission following one course. No treatment-related deaths occurred during first-line treatment. The median interval between diagnosis and transplant was 175 days (129-277). Three patients relapsed following autoSCT; none relapsed after alloSCT. Taking stem cell transplantation as the starting point, overall survival was 93%, disease-free survival (according to the chosen treatment) was 80%, the relapse rate was 20%, and transplant-related mortality was 0%.     

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??Objective??To analyze the effectiveness and the practicability of Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology??NOPHO?? AML 2004 protocol combined with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation??HSCT?? in treating childhood acute myeloid leukemia??AML?? in China. Methods??The clinical data of 53 children??aged under 14?? with AML??not including acute promyelocytic leukemia?? treated with NOPHO AML 2004 protocol??some children followed by HSCT?? between Dec. 2009 and Dec. 2015 was retrospectively analyzed. Survival was evaluated by Kaplan Meier analysis and Log-Rank test. Results??Complete remission??CR?? rate reached 86.8%. Totally 36 patients??67.9%?? finished 6 courses of chemotherapy??14 patients??26.4%??underwent HSCT after 1-3 courses of consolidation chemotherapy??3 patients gave up treatment after 1-3 courses of chemotherapy. The proleptic overall survival??pOS?? at 5 years and leukemia-free survival??pLFS?? was 72% and 56% respectively during a follow-up period of 12 to 82 months??median 29 months??. For standard-risk patients??the pLFS at 5 years reached 58%?? while high-risk patients had 46%??P??0.779??. The pLFS at 5 years in patients who only underwent chemotherapy and those with additional hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 48% and 77% respectively??P??0.1268??. The pLFS in patients with good response??intermediate response and poor response on day 15 bone marrow examination was 75%??29% and 53% respectively??P??0.0071??. Conclusion??NOPHO AML 2004 protocol is effective and feasible for Chinese patients with childhood AML. The evaluation of blast in bone marrow on day 15 can be used as an important prognostic indicator.     

Outcomes in childhood AML in the absence of transplantation in first remission--Children's Cancer Group (CCG) studies 2891 and CCG 213

Background

The majority of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients lack a matched‐related bone marrow transplant (BMT) donor in first remission.

Procedure

Disease‐free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), relapse‐free survival (RFS), and post‐relapse outcome were evaluated for children with de novo AML on CCG 213 and the standard timing (ST) and intensive timing (IT) induction arms of CCG 2891 who were randomized to (intent‐to‐treat, ITT) or who received (as‐treated, AT) only chemotherapy intensification.

Results

Outcomes at 8 years post‐induction in ITT analysis of chemotherapy intensification were as follows: 31% DFS, 43% OS on CCG 213; 34% DFS, 51% OS on CCG 2891 ST; 48% DFS, 56% OS on CCG 2891 IT. All toxic deaths during and following Capizzi II chemotherapy intensification on both protocols were in patients >3 years of age (P ≤ 0.001). Black race was a significant poor prognostic factor for OS (P = 0.008, hazard ratio: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.15–2.61). Overall 48% of patients on both trials relapsed and 19.1% of patients who relapsed on these trials survived. CR1 >12 months portends a much better OS for patients who relapse. Post‐relapse treatment included BMT in 47% of patients.

Conclusions

OS on CCG 2891 was superior to CCG 213 but equivalent between ST and IT arms due to better salvage rates post‐relapse in ST patients. Overall survival for childhood AML in the absence of BMT in CR1 is influenced by duration of CR1 and by race. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:9–16. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Improved outcome in childhood acute myeloid leukemia in Singapore with the MRC AML 10 protocol

BACKGROUND: The introduction of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council's 10th AML trial (MRC AML 10) protocol incorporating high-dose anthracycline therapy has improved outcome of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we review the results of childhood AML therapy in a Singapore university hospital over the last 17 years emphasizing toxicity and outcome. PROCEDURE: Retrospective analysis revealed 34 children with AML between 1988 and 2003. Prior to September 1996, therapy consisted of: POG-8498 (n = 10), others (n = 9). From September 1996, all but one of 15 children received MRC AML 10 treatment. RESULTS: At the time of analysis, 17 had died from disease, and 17 patients were alive among whom 2 had relapsed. MRC AML 10-treated patients (n = 14) had significantly better 3-year overall, event-free, and disease-free survival (74% vs. 35%, 77% vs. 20%, 83% vs. 31%; P = 0.019, P = 0.002, and P = 0.010, respectively) and were likelier to achieve complete remission (CR) than non-MRC AML 10 patients (P = 0.102). Among patients who achieved CR, MRC AML 10-treated patients were significantly more likely to achieve CR after only one cycle of chemotherapy (P = 0.016). Hematologic toxicity was similar among the different regimens (P = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that MRC AML 10 treatment results in significantly superior survival, without excess toxicity. Future studies should attempt to elucidate the relative importance of individual MRC AML 10 components and reduce the high cumulative anthracycline dose without compromising outcome.     

BCH-AML05方案治疗儿童急性髓细胞性白血病的疗效评估

目的 总结BCH-AML05方案分层治疗儿童急性髓细胞性白血病（AML）的临床疗效，探讨如何进一步提高儿童AML无事件生存（EFS）率。方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2005年1月至2014年6月收治的初治AML患儿的临床特点及治疗疗效。采用Kaplan-Meier方法评估患儿的总体生存（OS）率及EFS率。结果 185例初治AML（除M3外）患儿纳入分析，均接受了BCH-AML05方案治疗，其中标危47例、中危90例、高危48例。中位随访时间24（0.5~129）个月。①第一疗程达完全缓解(CR)者106例(57.3%)，第二疗程达CR者45例（24.3%），总CR率为81.6%。②8年OS率和EFS率分别为(66.2±4.2)%和(54.1±5.5)%，标危组分别为(65.7±10.4)%和(57.2±8.5)%，中危组分别为(70.3±5.2)%和(60.2±7.4)%，高危组分别为(51.6±10.1)%和(31.3±14.5)%。③34例（18.4%）接受了造血干细胞移植，8年OS率及EFS率分别为(73.5±9.5)%和(67.7±9.9)%。④复发36例(19.5%)，中位复发时间12(3.5~ 53)月。死亡52例（28.1%），其中化疗相关死亡20例（10.8%）；诱导失败死亡11例（5.9%），复发相关死亡18例（9.7%）；早期死亡率为5.4%。⑤154例行Flt3基因突变检测，Flt3-ITD阳性16例（10.4%），其中6例（37.5%）诱导化疗后达CR，11例（68.8%）死亡。结论 BCH-AML05方案为儿童AML有效的化疗方案，精准的危险度分层更能提高AML患儿的长期生存率。高危患儿应尽早接受造血干细胞移植。     

CCLG-ALL2008方案治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病复发患儿的特征分析

目的 了解CCLG-ALL2008 方案治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)复发患儿的临床特征。方法 选取2008 年4 月至2013 年6 月间初诊为儿童ALL,并接受CCLG-ALL2008 方案治疗的591 例患儿,回顾性分析并随访观察其中80 例复发患儿的临床特征。结果 CCLG-ALL2008 方案治疗后标危组、中危组、高危组复发率分别为7.0%、10.7%、28.7%(P<0.05)。TEL/AML1 阳性ALL 患儿复发率为8.0%,其复发患儿5 年预期总生存率(OS)为37.04%;MLL 阳性与BCR/ABL 阳性ALL 患儿复发率分别为35.0% 和24.2%,5 年OS 为0。复发者以超早期为主,占53%,超早期复发者5 年OS 为0;早期和晚期复发分别占34% 和14%,其5 年OS 分别为11.44% 和60.00%。复发部位以单纯骨髓复发为主(83%),单纯骨髓复发患儿5 年OS 为9.23%;骨髓伴有骨髓外复发患儿占11%,其5 年OS 为25.00%;单纯骨髓外复发患儿占6%,其5 年OS 为100%。T 细胞型ALL 患儿复发率为9.5%,其复发患儿5 年OS 为0;B 细胞型ALL 患儿复发率为14.3%,其复发患儿5 年OS 为15.52%。结论 CCLG-ALL2008 方案治疗后高危组患儿复发率较高;MLL、BCR/ABL 等基因阳性是高危复发因素。免疫分型与复发率无明显相关性。早期复发、单纯骨髓复发、T 细胞型ALL 复发及伴有BCR/ABL、MLL 等基因异常者复发后生存率极低。     

The development of a novel protocol for the treatment of de novo childhood acute myeloid leukemia in a single institution in Taiwan

From November 1, 1995 to July 31, 2004, 49 children with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were treated at our institution. One patient who was treated by a different protocol was excluded. In total, 48 patients with de novo AML were enrolled in this study. Forty-two patients with AML other than acute promyelocytic leukemia (non-APL) were treated consecutively with 2 novel protocols: Mackay Memorial Hospital (MMH)-AML-96, designed as a pilot phase, and Taiwan Pediatric Oncology Group (TPOG)-AML-97A, on the basis of MMH-AML-96 with minor modifications. Six patients with APL were treated consecutively with 2 protocols, TPOG-APL-97 and APL-2001. As of July 31, 2006, the remission rates were 79%, 92%, and 98% after 1, 2, and 3 courses of induction therapy, respectively. The 5-year overall survival was 64%+/-6.9% (SE), and the 5-year event-free survival was 60%+/-7.1%; for non-APL AML, the rates were 62%+/-7.5% and 59%+/-7.6%; for APL, 83+/-15.2 and 67+/-19.3%. Among the factors analyzed, a complete remission achieved after 1 course of induction therapy, lactate dehydrogenase <500 IU/L at diagnosis, patients without invasive fungal infection during chemotherapy, and male sex were associated with a favorable outcome.