后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的可行性及临床应用价值。方法:2002年10月~2005年12月行后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术56例。结果:56例均获成功,无中转开放者。手术时间80~210min,平均138min;出血量40~200ml,平均110ml;术后住院时间4~7天,平均6.5天;术中及术后无明显并发症。术后病检报告:肾透明细胞癌43例,肾颗粒细胞癌7例,肾梭形细胞癌3例,肾腺癌2例,肉瘤样腺癌1例。随访2~28个月,未见肿瘤复发及穿刺通道的种植转移。结论:后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术安全可行、疗效肯定。     

后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术32例临床体会

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的手术技巧及疗效。方法回顾分析2010-09—2015-10间行后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的32例患者的临床资料。结果患者均成功完成手术,手术时间75~190 min,平均105 min,出血量30~400 m L,平均75 m L。术后病理均是肾细胞癌,术后随访3~36个月,未见肿瘤复发转移。结论后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术是治疗肾癌的一种安全有效微创的手术方法。     

后腹腔镜分支肾动脉阻断肾部分切除术的临床分析(附13例报告)

目的:初步评估后腹腔镜分支肾动脉阻断肾部分切除术的可行性和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2011年2月~2013年2月对13例肾癌患者行后腹腔镜分支肾动脉阻断肾部分切除术的临床资料(肿瘤直径≤4.0cm)。观察手术时间、术中出血量、分支肾动脉阻断时间、术后住院时间和围手术期并发症。结果:全部患者手术均成功完成。手术时间120~170min,平均135min;分支肾动脉阻断时间14~40min,平均26min;术中出血量50~190ml,平均95ml;术后住院时间8~10d,平均9d,围手术期无并发症。术后病理诊断:肾透明细胞癌10例,嫌色细胞癌2例,乳头状癌1例,肿瘤切缘均阴性。随访5~24个月,所有患者均未见肿瘤局部复发、转移。结论:后腹腔镜分支肾动脉阻断肾部分切除术术中出血少、损伤小,术后恢复快,并最大限度保留肾功能单位。初步观察该手术安全可行,是后腹腔镜下肾动脉主干阻断肾部分切除术与开放手术的有益补充。     

后腹腔镜保留肾单位术治疗肾肿瘤

目的:探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位术治疗肾肿瘤的手术技巧。方法:采用后腹腔镜技术对9例肾错构瘤和2例局限性肾癌患者分别行肿瘤剜除术和肾楔形切除术。肿瘤直径1.5~3.0cm,平均2.5cm。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数和围手术期并发症及手术效果。结果:11例手术均获得成功。平均手术时间110min,平均出血量70ml,平均术后住院时间5天。围手术期无并发症。病理检查2例恶性肿瘤切缘阴性,平均随访10个月无局部复发。结论:后腹腔镜保留肾单位术治疗肾肿瘤安全可行,创伤小,恢复快,能有效切除肿瘤和保留肾功能。     

早期肾癌行后腹腔镜肾部分切除术11例报告

目的探讨早期肾癌行后腹腔镜肾部分切除术的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究2008年7月至2012年1月11例早期肾癌行后腹腔镜肾部分切除术的患者资料。结果11例手术全部成功,肿瘤直径为1．7～5．2cm,平均3．3cm;手术时间73～189rain,平均（135±27）rain;术中出血80～740ml,平均（260±50）ml;热缺血时间16～57min,平均（29±9）min;术后住院7～12d,平均（9．3±2．1）d。随访9～51个月,均无瘤生存,肾功能良好。结论早期‘肾癌行后腹腔镜肾部分切除术创伤小、疗效确切,可以有效保留肾脏功能。     

后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术与开放手术治疗局限性肾癌的疗效比较

目的比较后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术与开放手术治疗局限性肾癌的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院2006年1月～2009年1月行后腹腔镜根治性。肾切除术（后腹腔镜组）42例与开放根治性肾切除术（开放手术组）45例的临床资料,比较两种手术方法在手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道恢复时间、术后住院时间、并发症等方面的差异。结果两组手术均获成功。后腹腔镜组的术中出血量、术后肠道恢复时间、术后住院时间等均明显少于开放手术组（P〈0．05）,而手术时间两组差异无统计学意义。两组均无严重并发症发生,开放手术组2例输血。术后随访3～26个月,平均9个月,后腹腔镜组1例发生肝转移死亡,开放手术组2例出现远处转移而死亡。结论与开放手术相比,后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术具有创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点,是治疗T1～2 N0M0局限性肾癌患者的一种安全、有效的方法。     

经腹腹腔镜半肾切除术治疗成人重复肾畸形(附12例报告)

目的:探讨经腹腹腔镜半肾切除术治疗成人重复肾畸形的方法、可行性和临床疗效。方法:回顾我院2010年6月~2014年1月采用经腹腹腔镜行重复肾畸形上半肾切除术治疗12例患者,其中男4例,女8例,年龄18~56岁,平均36岁。左侧9例,右侧3例,12例重复肾畸形患者均为上半肾病变。结果:12例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间60~120min,平均90min;术中出血量20~150ml,平均50ml;术后肠道功能恢复时间1~3d,平均2d;术后24~72h进流食,3~4d拔除引流管;术后住院时间7~9d,平均8d;术后随诊6~15个月,平均9个月;术后3、6个月内均行IVU检查,下半肾功能均正常,原发症状消失。结论:经腹腹腔镜半肾切除术治疗成人重复肾畸形具有手术视野开阔、住院时间短、创伤小、恢复快等优点,是治疗成人重复肾畸形安全有效的手术方法。     

后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗小肾癌45例临床分析

目的 探讨后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗小肾癌的临床经验.方法 2009年7月到2011年08月,对本院45例小肾癌患者行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术,并进行随访观察,年龄24岁～ 82岁,平均55岁,肿瘤大小1.5cm ～4.0cm,平均3.1cm.结果 所有45例腹腔镜下肾部分切除术均成功完成,没有改为开放或肾全切.手术时间80min～190min,平均108min,肾动脉阻断时间19min～45min,平均26min,术中出血30ml ～ 400ml,平均130ml,术中未输血,术后住院时间6～12d,平均7d,发生继发性出血1例,术后病理证实为36例肾透明细胞癌,3例乳头状细胞癌,2例嫌色细胞癌,1例颗粒细胞癌.术后随访4 ～ 28个月,未见肿瘤复发及转移.结论 后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗小肾癌,出血少,恢复快,安全有效.     

精准解剖式肾前筋膜间平面腹腔镜肾癌根治手术的要点分析

目的介绍肾前筋膜间平面行腹腔镜根治性肾切除术（IpLRN）的解剖要点及手术技巧。 方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2017年5月在贵阳市第二人民医院及贵州医科大学附属医院泌尿外科收治的57例肾癌患者临床资料,术中采用基于层面外科肿瘤根治性切除的概念,评价IpLRN手术过程,总结该手术应遵循的解剖平面理论。 结果在IpLRN手术过程中存在七个重要的外科平面,在这些无血管平面中游离,57例手术均获成功,术中未出现严重并发症,手术时间55~180 min,平均68 min,出血量0~120 ml,平均19 ml,术后3~7 d出院,平均4 d。57例患者术后随访6~30个月,平均11个月,均无瘤生存。 结论肾前筋膜间平面是IpLRN手术的重要解剖层面,在肾癌根治术中解剖层次清晰,沿肾前筋膜间平面游离可避免解剖迷失,符合肿瘤学手术原则。     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术的体会（附58例报告）

目的：总结后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的经验。方法：回顾分析行后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术58例的临床资料。结果：58例腹腔镜肾癌根治手术均获成功,手术时间50～185min,平均120min。术中出血量50～400ml,平均150ml。随访0.5～5年,均无复发,穿刺孔种植转移1例。结论：后腹腔镜肾癌根治术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,应重视穿刺孔种植转移问题。     

长期血透患者获得性囊性肾病合并肾癌8例报告并文献复习

目的:学习长期血透患者获得性囊性肾病合并肾癌的筛查和诊治方法。方法:回顾性分析我院维持性血透获得性囊性肾病合并肾癌患者8例,均为B超和CT诊断为双肾多发性囊肿合并肾实质性占位,并行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术,术后维持规律性血透,并严密随访。结果:长期血透患者226例,获得性囊性肾病105例(46.5%),获得性囊性肾病合并肾癌8例(3.5%),在获得性囊性肾病中发生率为7.6%(8/105),其中男5例,女3例,年龄(58.6±16.4)岁,血透(12.2±6.9)年。8例患者(9次)行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术,手术均成功,出血(45.2±20.3)ml,手术时间(72.5±20.3)min,无严重手术并发症,术后病理3例为透明细胞癌和6例为乳头状癌。住院天数为(7.5±2.4)d。随访12～63个月,无瘤存活5例。结论:肾癌在获得性囊性肾病患者中发病率高,随着血透患者寿命的延长,血透3年后需重视和建立肾癌筛查机制,腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术安全有效、恢复快,并注重患者心脑血管疾病及糖尿病等并发症的积极治疗,有助于进一步延长血透患者寿命。     

后腹腔镜肾部分切除术与肾癌根治术治疗复杂性T1b期肾肿瘤的比较 #br#

目的对比分析后腹腔镜肾部分切除术（RLPN）与后腹腔镜肾癌根治术（RLRN）治疗复杂性T_1b期肾肿瘤的疗效。 方法回顾性纳入2014年11月至2015年11月西安市人民医院收治的68例复杂性T_1b期肾脏肿瘤患者的临床资料，根据手术方法将患者分为RLPN组和RLRN组，每组34例。RLPN组行后腹腔镜肾部分切除术，RLRN组行后腹腔镜肾癌根治术。比较两组患者的围术期相关指标、肾功能情况及生存情况。 结果两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、引流管留置时间、术后住院时间及术后并发症情况比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）；时间与方法在肾小球滤过率估算值上不存在交互作用（P>0.05），时间与方法在eGFR上主效应均显著（P<0.05）；RLPN组患者术后6个月时eGFR水平高于RLRN组；随访期间，Kaplan-Meier分析显示，RLRN组患者5年总生存率为88.2%，无病生存率为85.3%；RLPN组患者5年总生存率为91.2%，无病生存率为82.4%，两组患者总生存率与无病生存率比较差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.188、0.082，P=0.664、0.774）。 结论RLPN安全有效，可以最大限度地保留正常肾组织，保护肾功能，提高了术后生活质量，且具有与RLRN相当的远期疗效，值得临床推广应用。     

获得性肾囊性疾病合并肾癌11例临床分析

目的 探讨获得性肾囊性疾病(ACKD)合并肾癌的诊断治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析11例终末期肾衰竭、获得性肾囊肿合并肾癌患者的临床资料.男8例,女3例.平均年龄55(37～68)岁.行血液透析至发现肾脏病变时间平均为4.8(2.8～7.4)年.结果 11例均行肾癌根治术.术后病理报告:透明细胞癌3例,乳头状癌6例,嫌色细胞癌1例,乳头状腺瘤1例.病理分期T1a9例,T1b 2例.11例术后随访平均55(17～83)个月.1例术后24个月发现肺转移;1例单侧发病者术后22个月对侧复发,行肾癌根治术;1例死于心血管疾病;1例随访19个月后失访;无瘤生存7例.结论 ACKD与肾癌有较高的相关性.终末期肾衰竭患者透析前氮质血症时间较长或透析时间＞3年者,应排除ACKD.超声及CT检查对早期诊断存在价值.除关注ACKD恶性变倾向外,对长期肾衰竭患者的其他并发症如心脑血管疾病、糖尿病等也应足够重视并行积极治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of acquired cystic kidney disease complicated by kidney cancer. Methods Clinical data of 11 patients with acquired cystic kidney disease complicated by kidney cancer were analyzed retrospectively. Eight patients were male and three were female. The mean age was 55 years old (range 37 to 68). The time of hemodialysis ranged from 2.8 to 7. 4 years, mean 4. 8 years. Results Follow-up ranged from 17- 83 months, mean 55 months. One patient died of cardiovascular disease. Lung metastasis was detected in one patient two years after surgery. Seven patients survived free of tumor recurrence and there was no follow-up on one patient. Conclusions Increased incidence of cancer was observed in patients with end-stage renal disease who have undergone long-term dialysis. In particular, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) showed an excess incidence in ACKD patients. RCC showed an increased prevalence compared with the general population. Patients with predialysis azotemia or a dialysis duration of longer than 3 years should be screened for ACKD. Sonegraphy or CT scanning are useful for early diagnosis of ACKD. We should pay close attention to complications, including ACKD malignant tendency, in patients who have been taking long-term dialysis and positive therapy.     

The quality of hemodialysis in patients with mental retardation

BACKGROUND: Mentally retarded renal failure patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) comprise a small group of HD patients. There was no previous study describing how to manage these patients during HD and if they could achieve adequate dialysis quality. METHODS: We reported seven cases of mentally retarded patients with renal failure among 1224 patients receiving hemodialysis. Demographic and medical data were obtained from chart reviews and hospital information system. Parameters for dialysis quality were calculated. RESULTS: These mentally retarded patients ranged from 19 to 34 years of age (mean: 27.5 +/- 5.0 year-old), with six females and one male. The HD duration ranged from 24 to 84 months (mean: 54.6 +/- 27.2 months). The most common problem the medical stuff would encounter when they care mentally retarded dialysis patients is the maintenance of a smooth HD process due to the non-cooperation of these patients. Physical restriction or sedative agents such as diazepam, alprazolam, or chloral hydrate were prescribed in these patients for their irritability during HD session. All seven patients had good family support and care. The dialysis adequacy and nutritional parameters of these patients all met the guidelines suggested by the National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). CONCLUSION: Mentally retarded uremic patients can have good dialysis quality.     

Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis

This report describes three patients who underwent a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PpPD) and received maintenance hemodialysis due to chronic renal failure. The three cases were diagnosed to have bile duct cancer, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, respectively. They underwent chronic hemodialysis for 7.7 years. They all underwent a PpPD with lymph node dissection. The mean operation time was 373 min and mean blood loss was 647 ml. During the postoperative courses, hemodialysis was restarted on postoperative day 1 in all three cases. In the three patients, only minor complications were experienced and these were treated conservatively. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 48 days. Two patients are still alive 135 and 21 months after the operation, respectively, but the other patient died of another disease 21 months after the PpPD. A PpPD may therefore be safe and feasible even in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis.     

A case of bilateral renal cell carcinoma showing a rapid course of death in a long-term hemodialysis patient due to polycystic kidney

A case of bilateral renal cell carcinoma in a 42-year-old polycystic kidney male is reported. He had been treated with hemodialysis for 22 years. An abnormal small mass was found in one of the left renal cystic lesions by screening ultrasonography and CT scan at the 19th year of the hemodialysis. Left radical nephrectomy was performed and the histological diagnosis was a renal cell carcinoma (RCC). There was no evidence of recurrence and metastasis, however, he presented with asymptomatic macrohematuria two years after the operation. CT scan demonstrated the rapidly progressing right renal tumor and multiple para-aortic lymph node swelling. Right nephrectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed and pathological examination showed the advanced RCC with multiple lymph node metastasis. Eleven months after the second operation followed by interferon therapy. he died of multiorgan metastasis of the RCC. This is the first bilateral RCC case in polycystic kidney patient treated with hemodialysis in Japan.     

后腹腔镜保留肾脏手术治疗肾肿瘤

目的探讨后腹腔镜保留肾脏手术治疗肾肿瘤的手术方法和临床效果。方法采用后腹腔镜技术使用超声刀对13例肾良性肿瘤和5例肾恶性肿瘤患者分别行肿瘤剜除术和肾楔形切除术。男7例，女11例。平均年龄51岁。肿瘤直径1．5～4．0cm，平均2．8cm。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数和术中术后并发症及手术效果。结果18例手术均获得成功。平均手术时间87min，平均出血量55ml，平均术后住院时间5．8d。围手术期无并发症。病理检查5例恶性肿瘤切缘阴性，平均随访10个月无局部复发。结论后腹腔镜肾部分切除术安全可行，切除肿瘤精确彻底，创伤小，恢复快，值得临床有选择地推广使用。     

Partial nephrectomy for renal tumours: the Singapore General Hospital experience.

From January 1991 to August 1998, 220 radical nephrectomies were performed for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). During the same period, 27 patients underwent partial nephrectomy for their renal tumours. These included 19 male and 8 female (mean age, 54; range, 35-75). Their clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities and surgical outcome were evaluated. The lesions included 18 RCCs, 7 angiomyolipomas (AMLs), 1 oncocytoma and 1 dysoncogenetic renal tumour. Only 8 patients had specific urological symptoms. Computerised tomography (CT) scan was diagnostic in 78% of cases. Tumour size ranged from 15-50 mm for RCC and 30-190 mm for AML, respectively. Operative time averaged 92 minutes (range: 35-145). The hospital stay ranged from 3 to 25 days (mean 11). Complications occurred in four cases (14.8%); there was one death (3.7%). No tumour recurrence was detected during a mean follow up of 20 months. None of the patients developed significant renal impairment. Partial nephrectomy is feasible in small RCC and some large AML, and can be offered in selected patients.     

Cardiac surgery in patients with chronic renal disease

The combination of chronic renal failure and cardiovascular disease is identified frequently and results in high morbidity and mortality without appropriate medical and surgical therapy. Experience during the last eighteen years has shown that cardiac operations can be undertaken in this high-risk group with acceptable morbidity and mortality and with reasonable expectation of symptomatic improvement. In a six-year period, 17 patients with chronic renal disease underwent cardiac procedures at the Vanderbilt University Affiliated Hospitals. Ten patients were on long-term hemodialysis, and 7 had a functioning renal transplant. Thirteen patients had a coronary artery bypass procedure alone, 1 had a bypass procedure plus aortic valve replacement, 1 had a bypass procedure plus repair of the mitral valve, 1 had a bypass procedure and resection of a left ventricular aneurysm, and 1 had aortic valve and mitral valve replacement for endocarditis. Sixteen patients survived and were discharged. The hospital stay was shorter for patients with a renal transplant than for those on hemodialysis (mean, 11 days versus 22 days, respectively), and perioperative complications were less frequent in the transplant group. There has been 1 late death unrelated to the operative procedure. Fifteen long-term survivors have been followed a mean of 26 months (range 7 to 108 months). All have achieved symptomatic improvement and are in New York Heart Association Functional Class I or II. These results in this high-risk patient group provide a basis for cautious optimism and for a continued aggressive approach in patients with chronic renal disease who require cardiac operation.