智能材料在药剂学中的分类与应用

目的为智能材料在药剂学中的应用提供理论依据。方法通过查阅近年国内外文献,对物理、化学和生物化学刺激敏感型智能材料的分类、各类材料构建相应智能给药系统的设计原理及其在药剂学中的应用进行详细的阐述。结果应用智能材料可制备出各种智能给药系统,通过感应病变部位各种环境信息的变化,实现药物的定点、定时、定量释放。结论虽然智能材料的应用迄今为止多数仍停留在实验研究阶段,但可以预见智能材料在药剂学领域中的应用会显现出更大的优势。     

用于药物载体的刺激响应性聚合物及微凝胶的研究进展

在癌症治疗中,目前传统的化疗都是应用一些小分子制剂,不但能杀死肿瘤细胞,对正常的组织也会产生危害。因此,人们发展了一系列药物载体,在其表面连接一些靶向基团,可以特异性的识别并进入到肿瘤细胞内。除了这种基于主动靶向的药物载体,另外一类利用被动靶向的药物载体也越来越受到人们重视。为了使进入肿瘤部位的药物能够快速可控释放,人们发展了一系列刺激响应性高分子,利用肿瘤部位环境的不同而释放药物。常见的刺激响应性聚合物［1-3］包括：温度、pH、氧化还原以及光响应性的聚合物等,其中温度和酸敏感的聚合物是研究最为广泛的药物载体。这类聚合物载体包裹药物,在血液循环中比较稳定,当进入的到肿瘤组织中后,由于一些外部刺激,使聚合物解散,其中包裹的药物被迅速释放出来。此外,刺激响应性聚合物微凝胶在作为药物载体的方面的应用也越来越受到人们重视。下面主要介绍一下各种刺激响应性聚合物及微凝胶在药物传递方面的研究进展。     

智能给药系统的研究概况

目的:介绍智能给药系统的研究概况。方法:依据近年来国内外相关文献资料,进行分析、归纳和总结。结果:从生物传感器、物理刺激响应型、化学刺激响应型和生物分子识别响应型智能给药系统四个方面,综述了智能给药系统的研究概况。结论:智能给药系统作为一种新型给药系统,具有良好的潜在应用前景,值得深一步研究。     

智能药物释放体系的应用及研究进展

智能药物释放体系能按病灶信号实现药物释放的开-关控制,由高分子包囊药物所构筑。智能型聚合物在环境发生变化时,其微结构发生可逆变化,即从亲水状态转变成疏水状态,据此可构筑响应不同刺激信号的药物释放体系。本文概述了智能药物释放体系的应用现状及研究进展。     

新型脂质体的研究概况

新型脂质体的研究概况吴传斌，石庭森（军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所北京１００８５０）脂质体具有使药物靶向性、延效、缓和毒性、提高疗效、避免耐药性，改变给药途径等优点，国内外对此进行了广泛的研究。特别是作为靶向给药系统的研究进展比较迅速［１，２］，如脂质...     

温度敏感原位凝胶在眼部给药系统中的研究进展

温度敏感原位凝胶可随温度变化发生凝胶反应,从而缓慢持久地释放药物,提高药物的生物利用度,是一种很有开发价值的新型药物传递系统.本文主要对温度敏感原位凝胶中聚合物的种类及应用,以及该剂型在眼部给药系统中的应用进行了综述.     

pH敏感性生物医用材料在药物传递中的研究与进展

目的：概述几类常见的pH敏感性生物医用材料在药物传递中的研究与进展,为其在后续pH敏感性生物材料的研究与开发提供参考。方法：通过文献研究,总结归纳常见的四类pH敏感性生物材料的作用机理和在药物传递中的应用,探讨其在临床转化上存在的挑战与研究方向。结果与结论：pH敏感性生物医用材料可根据人体内不同组织器官环境的酸碱性来使药物到达并作用于病灶部位,达到治疗的效果。但其在产品的研究与开发中还存在很多问题,而面临最大的挑战即是选择、修饰以及整合相应材料,设计并制备出安全有效的pH敏感性生物医用材料。解决因不同生物材料结构特点而产生的技术难题,才能实现真正的产品化和临床化。     

pH敏感型原位凝胶的研究进展

pH敏感型原位凝胶随pH的变化而发生胶凝反应,缓慢持久地释放药物,可提高药物的生物利用度,是一种很有开发价值的新型药物传递系统。     

金属纳米材料在三阴性乳腺癌精准治疗中的研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌属于高度恶性的乳腺癌亚型。由于肿瘤细胞增殖和生长不依赖于雌激素、孕激素和人类表皮生长因子,因此激素受体阻断剂和人类表皮生长因子受体2 (HER2)阻断剂治疗三阴性乳腺癌无效。随着精准医学的发展,越来越多的新型金属纳米材料应用到三阴性乳腺癌的精准治疗中。金属纳米材料药物传递系统通过增强药物的细胞毒作用、光热消融效应、免疫改善作用、干扰肿瘤细胞增殖信号传导等作用抑制和杀灭肿瘤细胞。     

智能响应型介孔二氧化硅抗肿瘤纳米递药系统的设计策略与研究应用

恶性肿瘤是危害人类健康的重大疾病,由于其微环境复杂多变,导致大多数抗肿瘤药物不能精准地到达病灶组织并可控释放。智能响应型纳米载体已成为抗肿瘤递药系统研究领域的热点。介孔二氧化硅作为一种优良的纳米材料,具有无毒、稳定、孔容孔径可调及表面易于功能化修饰等优势,凭借其对机体肿瘤微环境或生理变化的感知响应、实现递药系统在病灶组织定位释药或控制释药,使其成为智能响应型递药系统的理想载体。本文基于介孔二氧化硅的智能响应型递药系统的设计策略及研究应用展开综述,以期为抗肿瘤药物纳米制剂的研发提供参考。     

The optimized drug delivery systems of treating cancer bone metastatic osteolysis with nanomaterials

Some cancers such as human breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer easily metastasize to bone, leading to osteolysis and bone destruction accompanied by a complicated microenvironment. Systemic administration of bisphosphonates (BP) or denosumab is the routine therapy for osteolysis but with non-negligible side effects such as mandibular osteonecrosis and hypocalcemia. Thus, it is imperative to exploit optimized drug delivery systems, and some novel nanotechnology and nanomaterials have opened new horizons for scientists. Targeted and local drug delivery systems can optimize biodistribution depending on nanoparticles (NPs) or microspheres (MS) and implantable biomaterials with the controllable property. Drug delivery kinetics can be optimized by smart and sustained/local drug delivery systems for responsive delivery and sustained delivery. These delicately fabricated drug delivery systems with special matrix, structure, morphology, and modification can minimize unexpected toxicity caused by systemic delivery and achieve desired effects through integrating multiple drugs or multiple functions. This review summarized recent studies about optimized drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer metastatic osteolysis, aimed at giving some inspiration in designing efficient multifunctional drug delivery systems.     

Molecular diagnostic and drug delivery agents based on aptamer-nanomaterial conjugates

Recent progress in an emerging area of designing aptamer and nanomaterial conjugates as molecular diagnostic and drug delivery agents in biomedical applications is summarized. Aptamers specific for a wide range of targets are first introduced and compared to antibodies. Methods of integrating these aptamers with a variety of nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, each with unique optical, magnetic, and electrochemical properties, are reviewed. Applications of these systems as fluorescent, colorimetric, magnetic resonance imaging, and electrochemical sensors in medical diagnostics are given, along with new applications as smart drug delivery agents.     

Smart drug delivery systems for precise cancer therapy

Nano-drug delivery strategies have been highlighted in cancer treatment, and much effort has been made in the optimization of bioavailability, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics profiles, and in vivo distributions of anticancer nano-drug delivery systems. However, problems still exist in the delicate balance between improved anticancer efficacy and reduced toxicity to normal tissues, and opportunities arise along with the development of smart stimuli-responsive delivery strategies. By on-demand responsiveness towards exogenous or endogenous stimulus, these smart delivery systems hold promise for advanced tumor-specificity as well as controllable release behavior in a spatial-temporal manner. Meanwhile, the blossom of nanotechnology, material sciences, and biomedical sciences has shed light on the diverse modern drug delivery systems with smart characteristics, versatile functions, and modification possibilities. This review summarizes the current progress in various strategies for smart drug delivery systems against malignancies and introduces the representative endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive smart delivery systems. It may provide references for researchers in the fields of drug delivery, biomaterials, and nanotechnology.     

Smart linkers in polymer–drug conjugates for tumor-targeted delivery

To achieve effective chemotherapy, many types of drug delivery systems have been developed for the specific environments in tumor tissues. Polymer–drug conjugates are increasingly used in tumor therapy due to several significant advantages over traditional delivery systems. In the fabrication of polymer–drug conjugates, a smart linker is an important component that joins two fragments or molecules together and can be cleared by a specific stimulus, which results in targeted drug delivery and controlled release. By regulating the conjugation between the drug and the nanocarriers, stimulus-sensitive systems based on smart linkers can offer high payloads, certified stability, controlled release and targeted delivery. In this review, we summarize the current state of smart linkers (e.g. disulfide, hydrazone, peptide, azo) used recently in various polymer–drug conjugate-based delivery systems with a primary focus on their sophisticated design principles and drug delivery mechanisms as well as in vivo processes.     

Mesoporous carbon nanomaterials in drug delivery and biomedical application

Abstract

Recent development of nano-technology provides highly efficient and versatile treatment methods to achieve better therapeutic efficacy and lower side effects of malignant cancer. The exploration of drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nano-material shows great promise in translating nano-technology to clinical use to benefit patients. As an emerging inorganic nanomaterial, mesoporous carbon nanomaterials (MCNs) possess both the mesoporous structure and the carbonaceous composition, endowing them with superior nature compared with mesoporous silica nanomaterials and other carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotube, graphene and fullerene. In this review, we highlighted the cutting-edge progress of carbon nanomaterials as drug delivery systems (DDSs), including immediate/sustained drug delivery systems and controlled/targeted drug delivery systems. In addition, several representative biomedical applications of mesoporous carbon such as (1) photo-chemo synergistic therapy; (2) delivery of therapeutic biomolecule and (3) in vivo bioimaging are discussed and integrated. Finally, potential challenges and outlook for future development of mesoporous carbon in biomedical fields have been discussed in detail.     

External-stimuli responsive systems for cancer theranostic

The upsurge of novel nanomaterials and nanotechnologies has inspired the researchers who are striving for designing safer and more efficient drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Stimuli responsive nanomaterial offered an alternative to design controllable drug delivery system on account of its spatiotemporally controllable properties. Additionally, external stimuli (light, magnetic field and ultrasound) could develop into theranostic applications for personalized medicine use because of their unique characteristics. In this review, we give a brief overview about the significant progresses and challenges of certain external-stimuli responsive systems that have been extensively investigated in drug delivery and theranostics within the last few years.     

Recent trends in oral transmucosal drug delivery systems: an emphasis on the soft palatal route

INTRODUCTION: The oral mucosa is an appropriate route for drug delivery systems, as it evades first-pass metabolism, enhances drug bioavailability and provides the means for rapid drug transport to the systematic circulation. This delivery system offers a more comfortable and convenient delivery route compared with the intravenous route. Although numerous drugs have been evaluated for oral mucosal delivery, few of them are available commercially. This is due to limitations such as the high costs associated with developing such drug delivery systems. AREAS COVERED: The present review covers recent developments and applications of oral transmucosal drug delivery systems. More specifically, the review focuses on the suitability of the oral soft palatal site as a new route for drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION: The novelistic oral soft palatal platform is a promising mucoadhesive site for delivering active pharmaceuticals, both systemically and locally, and it can also serve as a smart route for the targeting of drugs to the brain.     

Nasal-nanotechnology: revolution for efficient therapeutics delivery

Context: In recent years, nanotechnology-based delivery systems have gained interest to overcome the problems of restricted absorption of therapeutic agents from the nasal cavity, depending upon the physicochemical properties of the drug and physiological properties of the human nose.

Objective: The well-tolerated and non-invasive nasal drug delivery when combined with the nanotechnology-based novel formulations and carriers, opens the way for the effective systemic and brain targeting delivery of various therapeutic agents. To accomplish competent drug delivery, it is imperative to recognize the interactions among the nanomaterials and the nasal biological environment, targeting cell-surface receptors, drug release, multiple drug administration, stability of therapeutic agents and molecular mechanisms of cell signaling involved in patho-biology of the disease under consideration.

Methods: Quite a few systems have been successfully formulated using nanomaterials for intranasal (IN) delivery. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), chitosan, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and PLGA-based nanosystems have also been studied in vitro and in vivo for the delivery of several therapeutic agents which shown promising concentrations in the brain after nasal administration.

Results and conclusion: The use of nanomaterials including peptide-based nanotubes and nanogels (NGs) for vaccine delivery via nasal route is a new approach to control the disease progression. In this review, the recent developments in nanotechnology utilized for nasal drug delivery have been discussed.     

Nanotechnology controlled drug delivery for treating bone diseases

Rapid developments at the intersection of nanotechnology and controlled drug delivery have triggered exceptional growth in treating various bone diseases. As a result, over the past decade, nanotechnology has contributed tremendously to controlling drug delivery for treating various bone diseases, and in many cases, has led to increased bone regeneration. In this review paper, the recent experimental progress towards using nanotechnology to treat bone-specific diseases is reviewed. Novel applications of different types of nanomaterials (from nanoparticles to 3D nanostructured scaffolds) for treating bone diseases are summarized. In addition, fundamental principles for utilizing nanomaterials to create better drug delivery systems, especially for treating bone diseases and regenerating bone, are emphasized.     

Smart polymers for the controlled delivery of drugs – a concise overview

Smart polymers have enormous potential in various applications. In particular, smart polymeric drug delivery systems have been explored as “intelligent” delivery systems able to release, at the appropriate time and site of action, entrapped drugs in response to specific physiological triggers. These polymers exhibit a non-linear response to a small stimulus leading to a macroscopic alteration in their structure/properties. The responses vary widely from swelling/contraction to disintegration. Synthesis of new polymers and crosslinkers with greater biocompatibility and better biodegradability would increase and enhance current applications. The most fascinating features of the smart polymers arise from their versatility and tunable sensitivity. The most significant weakness of all these external stimuli-sensitive polymers is slow response time. The versatility of polymer sources and their combinatorial synthesis make it possible to tune polymer sensitivity to a given stimulus within a narrow range. Development of smart polymer systems may lead to more accurate and programmable drug delivery. In this review, we discuss various mechanisms by which polymer systems are assembled in situ to form implanted devices for sustained release of therapeutic macromolecules, and we highlight various applications in the field of advanced drug delivery.KEY WORDS: Smart polymers, Temperature responsive polymers, pH responsive polymers, Field sensitive polymers, Glucose responsive polymers