低水平电离辐射与低剂量环磷酰胺合并使用的抑瘤效应研究

低水平电离辐射后荷瘤小鼠肺转移结节明显减少；与低剂量环磷酰胺（Ｃｙ）合并使用，也可使荷瘤小鼠的肺转移结节减少。对荷瘤小鼠的体内免疫功能研究表明，小鼠脾细胞ＮＫ活性，ＩＬ－２诱导的ＬＡＫ活性，ＬＴＲ及对ＩＬ－２的反应性均显著增强；当与低剂量Ｃｙ合用时，上述抗肿瘤免疫功能也提高。可见，低水平照射能通过有效地激活体内抗肿瘤免疫功能而具有显著的抗肿瘤转移效果，它为探讨小剂量照射临床应用可能性提供了较可靠的实验依据。     

正交设计氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定保健食品中的锗

本文采用正交设计法研究了氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法（ＨＧ－ＡＰＳ）测锗的最佳实验条件，建立了ＨＧ－ＡＰＳ测定保健食品中锗的方法。检出限为２．３ｎｇ／ｍｌ，相对标准偏差为３．３４％，加标回收率大于９７％。该法已用于保健食品中锗的测定，结果理想。     

锌、硒、锗对小鼠免疫功能的影响

采用灌胃法观察锌、硒、锗对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果显示 :锌 (8mg kg)、硒 (0 1mg kg)、锗(10 0mg kg)均可显著提高小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬百分率及吞噬指数 ,且加锌组较加锗组更为明显 (P <0 0 1) ;亦可显著提高小鼠E -花结形成、淋巴细胞增殖反应和白细胞介素 - 6活性 (P <0 0 1) ,而各实验组之间无明显差异。提示适量的锌、硒、锗可提高机体巨噬细胞吞噬功能 ,增强细胞免疫功能和白细胞介素 - 6活性     

营养

031912　锌、硒、锗对小鼠免疫功能的影响 /高　元…∥卫生研究 2 0 0 1,30 ( 4) 2 52～ 2 53采用灌胃法观察锌、硒、锗对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果显示 :锌 ( 8mg kg)、硒 ( 0 1mg kg)、锗 ( 10 0mg kg)均可显著提高小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬百分率及吞噬指数 ,且加锌组较加锗组更为明显 (P <0 0 1) ;亦可显著提高小鼠E 花结形成、淋巴细胞增殖反应和白细胞介素 6活性 (P <0 0 1) ,而各实验组之间无明显差异。提示适量的锌、硒、锗可提高机体巨噬细胞吞噬功能 ,增强细胞免疫功能和白细胞介素 6活性。图 0表 1参90 31913　解偶联蛋白的结构…     

锗元素与抗肿瘤药物(Ⅱ)(续上期)

综述了有机锗抗肿瘤药物，对β－羧乙基锗倍半氧化物（Ｇｅ－１３２）和螺锗在肿瘤学中的作用以及抗癌效应机制作出评价。自８０年代起至今，又有含硫杂、柠檬酸、氨基酸、苯基的锗化合物，以及锗酵母、含锗中草药等被先后合成出来。在几类具有生物活性的有机锗化合物中，仍首推Ｇｅ－１３２，螺锗及其衍生物为低毒有效抗肿瘤候选药物，然而对于锗导致的毒性及其机理仍需进一步加以探讨。     

锗元素与抗肿瘤药物（Ⅱ）

综述了有机锗抗肿瘤药物，对β－羧乙基锗倍半氧化物和螺锗在肿瘤党的作用以及抗癌效应机制作出评价。自８０年代起至今，又有含硫杂、柠檬酸、氨基酸、苯基的锗化合物，以及锗酵母、含锗中草药等先后合成出来。在几类具有生物活性的有机锗化合物中，仍首推Ｇｅ－１３２，螺锗及其衍生物为低毒有铲抗肿瘤候选药物，然而对于锗导致的互惠性及其人机理仍需进一步加以探讨。     

羧乙基锗倍半氧化物对大鼠血清与组织脂质含量的影响

本实验在建立高脂血症模型的同时，观察了羧乙基锗倍半氧化物对大鼠脂质代谢的影响。结果表明：Ｇｅ－１３２３００ｍｇ／ｋｇｗｔ，每周２次，能降低血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量，提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇／总胆固醇比值和高密度脂蛋白但固醇２（ＨＤＬ２－Ｃ）／ＨＤＬ－Ｃ比值；给锗组与高脂组比较，肝脏、动脉、大脑ＴＣ含量下降，Ｇｅ２组动脉ＴＣ值低于Ｇｅｌ组。     

锗元素与抗肿瘤药物(Ⅰ)

综述了有机锗抗肿瘤药物，对β－羧乙基锗倍半氧化物（Ｇｅ－１３２）和螺锗在肿瘤学中的作用以及抗癌效应机制作出评价。自８０年代起至今，又有含硫杂、柠檬酸、氨基酸、苯基的锗化合物，以及锗酵母、含锗中草药等被先后合成出来。在几类具有生物活性的有机锗化合物中，仍首推Ｇｅ－１３２、螺锗及其衍生物为低毒有效抗肿瘤候选药物。然而对于锗导致的毒性及其机理仍需进一步加以探讨。     

锗元素与抗肿瘤药物（I）

综述了有机锗抗肿瘤药物，对β－羧乙基锗倍半数（Ｇｅ－１３２）和螺锗在肿瘤学中的作用以及抗癌效应机制作出评价，自８０年代起至今，又有含硫杂，柠檬酸，苯基的锗化合物，以及锗酵母，含锗中草药等被先后合成出来，在几类具有生物活性的有机锗化合物中，仍首推Ｇｅ－１３２，螺锗及其衍生物为低毒有效抗肿瘤候选药物，然而对于猪导致的毒性及其机理的仍需进一步加以探讨。     

锗—132对氧自由基清除作用的研究

用ＦｅＳＯ４－ＮＡＤＰＨ引发大鼠肝微粒体产生羟自由基（ＯＨ），用黄嘌呤／黄嘌呤氧化酶（Ｘ／ＸＯ）系统产生超氧阴离子自由基（Ｏ２），分别用电子自旋共振技术（ＥＳＲ）和比色法研究了羧乙基锗倍半氧化物（锗—１３２）对ＯＨ和Ｏ２产生量的影响。结果表明分别向产生ＯＨ和Ｏ２的反应体系中加入锗—１３２后，可使ＯＨ和Ｏ２的产生量显著减少，且随加入锗—１３２剂量的增加，ＯＨ和Ｏ２的产生量减少也越显著。本研究结果说明锗—１３２对ＯＨ和Ｏ２具有直接清除作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.