环扫超声内镜术前评估对食管上皮下肿物内镜治疗的意义

目的探讨环扫超声内镜(EUS)术前评估对食管上皮下肿物内镜治疗的意义。方法选取内镜发现食管上皮下肿物并行内镜下或外科手术治疗的患者30例,麻醉状态下行环扫EUS术前评估。食管上皮下肿物内镜下治疗可选择不同内镜下手术方式,黏膜肌层病变非气管插管麻醉行内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR);黏膜下层、固有肌层病变气管插管麻醉行内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection,STER)或外科手术。结果20例术后诊断为黏膜肌层病变中,19例术前环扫EUS明确诊断,1例术前诊断为固有肌层病变;8例术后诊断为固有肌层病变及2例黏膜下层病变中,术前环扫EUS均明确诊断。Weighted Kappa评价显示,点估计0.92268,95%CI估计0.77431~1.00000,提示环扫EUS诊断与术后内镜下诊断一致性优秀。结论环扫EUS对食管上皮下肿物层次定位有较高的可靠性,对手术方式及麻醉方式的选择有指导意义。检查可在患者麻醉状态下完成,检查过程较舒适。     

内镜超声在诊治食管静脉曲张中的价值

内镜超声检查(EUS)能清晰地显示食管壁及其邻近的周围结构。近年来国外众多学者对EUS在食管静脉曲张(EV)中的诊断与治疗价值进行了深入的探讨,现就其研究进展加以综述。     

Barrett食管临床及内镜特点与病理关系分析

目的分析Barrett食管（Barrett’s esophagus,BE）临床症状、镜下表现及病理特点,并对BE黏膜发生肠上皮化生（IM）及异型增生的相关因素作初步探讨。方法回顾分析经胃镜下诊断的547例BE患者的临床和镜下特点,其中经病理确诊59例,分析其临床资料、胃镜表现、病理类型与IM及异型增生的关系。结果BE患者以男性居多,随年龄增长有增多趋势。部分患者存在不同程度的胃食管反流症状（GERD）,少数患者镜下有反流性食管炎（RE）表现。黏膜形态以岛状型多见,柱状上皮长度以短段为主。病理类型以胃底型及贲门型多见,显著高于特殊肠化生型。肠化生型BE上皮异型增生发病率显著高于另外两种病理类型。IM及异型增生在两性别间的发病率无统计学差异,30岁以上发病率显著高于30岁以下组。长段BE的IM及异型增生发生率高于短段BE,全周型及舌型发生率高于岛状型,但均无显著性差异。结论BE多发于男性、年长患者,是独立于RE及GERD的疾病。BE镜下以短段、岛状型多见。肠上皮化生少见,但此种类型的异型增生率高,是癌变的危险因素,需提高其检出率。     

食管早癌的内镜诊断

食管癌的死亡率较高,其预后与早期发现、早期诊断密切相关.通常将食管鳞状上皮重度异型增生和原位癌定义为癌前病变,无淋巴结转移的黏膜内癌和黏膜下癌（即T1 N0M0期）定义为早期食管癌.根据食管、胃肠上皮性肿瘤Vienna分类,将原位癌和重度异型增生归类于高级别黏膜内瘤变,轻度和中度异型增生归类于低级别黏膜内瘤变.     

Barrett食管的光动力治疗

目前Barrett食管(BE)的治疗主要有几种方式:改变生活方式;内科药物治疗;手术则安全性较差,副作用较多,患者不易接受。随着内镜技术的发展,内镜介入治疗BE,收到较为理想的效果,方法主要包括内镜下黏膜切除术、激光、电凝、热探头、液氮冷冻治疗、光动力疗法(PDT)等。其中PDT 因疗效较佳、并发症较少而受到重视,国外近几年应用较多, 特别是对伴有异型增生或食管早癌的BE,认为PDT对不能或不愿手术患者来说是一个很好的选择。     

胃镜及内镜超声在食管乳头状瘤诊治中的价值

目的:探讨胃镜及内镜超声在食管乳头状瘤(esophageal papillomas,EP)诊治中的价值.方法:我院消化内镜中心2003-07/2008-10经内镜电切或活检标本病理证实EP患者49例,均行胃镜检查,其中24例行内镜超声检查,分析其常规胃镜表现、内镜超声声像图特征及其与病理和临床的关系.结果:49例行胃镜检查的EP病例多位于食管中下段(占89.8%),呈羽毛状或乳头状隆起,表面呈絮状或细颗粒状,色灰白,多为单发,大小0.3-0.6 cm;24例行超声内镜检查的EP患者中有17例EUS诊断为食管乳头状瘤(占70.8%),6例EUS诊断为炎性增生或息肉(25%);其典型EUS声像图特征为起源于黏膜层的均匀等回声,边界清晰,向腔内突出.结论:EUS能清晰显示EP起源层次和侵犯深度,可用于判断其是否适合内镜下治疗.     

内镜超声对消化道黏膜下肿瘤内镜术前评估的价值和局限性

目的探讨内镜超声检查术（EUS）对消化道黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）层次来源与性质的诊断能力及局限性。方法2016年1月至2018年12月，收治于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院消化科，术前EUS诊断为消化道SMT，接受内镜下切除术治疗，术后病理资料完整的211例病例纳入回顾性研究，以手术病理为参照，分析术前EUS诊断SMT的准确率以及EUS对SMT的诊断局限性。结果病灶位于食管66例、胃108例、十二指肠2例、直肠35例。EUS对病变层次来源的诊断准确率达99.5%（210/211）。就病变性质而言，160例EUS诊断准确（75.8%，160/211）。就不同部位的病变而言，EUS对食管黏膜-黏膜下层来源、食管固有肌层来源、胃黏膜-黏膜下层来源、胃固有肌层来源、十二指肠黏膜下层来源、直肠黏膜-黏膜下层来源病变的诊断准确率分别为90.0%（54/60）、83.3%（5/6）、31.0%（13/42）、89.4%（59/66）、50.0%（1/2）、82.9%（29/35）。对于EUS显示为低回声为主的病变，平滑肌瘤、平滑肌瘤/胃肠间质瘤、神经内分泌肿瘤分别是食管黏膜来源、消化道固有肌层来源和直肠黏膜-黏膜下层来源病变的较常见肿瘤类型。结论尽管EUS对消化道SMT的诊断具有不可替代的重要作用，但其对胃黏膜-黏膜下层来源的各类病变缺乏特异的鉴别手段。由于其中部分病变可能存在恶性潜能，因此在作出诊断时需要更加谨慎。     

Barrett食管肥大细胞变化及意义

Barrett食管(BE)与食管腺癌密切相关.近年来,有关肥大细胞与胃肠道疾病间的关系受到越来越多的关注.BE存在食管黏膜细胞的化生、异型增生[1],而肥大细胞所含的多种介质能影响胃肠黏膜炎性反应和细胞生长调控[2].本研究观察了BE黏膜肥大细胞变化,旨在探讨肥大细胞在其发病机制中的作用.     

内镜黏膜切除术在胃食管癌前病变治疗中的应用

目的 探讨内镜黏膜切除术在胃食管癌前病变治疗中的应用价值,并就适应证和操作方法等问题进行讨论.方法 选取内镜黏膜切除术后病理诊断为异型增生的49例患者,对手术前后病理结果进行对照,同时对手术并发症进行观察和处理.结果 切除病变56处,病变首次完全切除者52处(92.9%),术后病理诊断轻度异型增生7处,中度异型增生20处,重度异型增生29处.手术前后病理诊断相符者46处占82.1%,10处不相符的病变中有9处术前活检病理级别低于术后病理级别.并发症出血15例占30.6%,均经处理后停止出血,无一例发生穿孔.结论 对于术前活检病理为异型增生(即使为轻、中度异型增生)的病变均应积极行内镜黏膜切除治疗;内镜黏膜切除术是治疗胃食管癌前病变的有效方法,值得推广应用;术前黏膜染色和超声内镜检查对于病例的选择和手术安全性的判断具有重要意义.     

福建地区Barrett食管的发病情况和内镜及临床特点

目的研究福建地区Barrett食管(BE)的发病情况和内镜、临床特点及其与反流性食管炎(RE)的关系。方法根据新标准诊断BE,研究BE患者的内镜下检出率、内镜表现、分型及病理检查结果,分析患者的年龄、性别、症状、幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染情况及其与RE的关系。结果检出BE为总胃镜检查人数的7.90%,男女之比为1.98,平均年龄(45.1±14.8)岁,仅19.15%有典型反流症状。BE中短节段占81.20%,多为舌状、岛状或包含这2种形状的混合型。食管活检组织病理诊断为肠化型占BE的34.83%,9.88%伴异型增生,胃窦Hp阳性率为39.94%。RE检出率为2.07%,比BE显著降低(P<0.01)。8.42%的BE伴RE,32.11%的RE伴BE。结论福建地区BE患病率较高,多为短节段舌状或岛状,约1/3为肠化型,以中年男性多见,常无症状,与RE无明显相关性,部分伴异型增生。BE的临床意义和预后有待于进一步研究。     

Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Barrett's Esophagus: A Preliminary Report

Objective: Endoscopic screening of Barrett's esophagus (BE) for dysplasia is imprecise and controversial. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) allows a detailed circumferential image of the esophageal wall. Our objective in this study was to assess the utility of EUS for surveillance in Barrett's esophagus. Methods: Consecutive patients with proven BE undergoing endoscopy were evaluated with EUS. Esophageal wall thickness (KWT) was measured as the distance from the balloon-mucosal interface to the outermost hyperechoic line. EWT was determined as the average of all measurements done every 2–3 cm along the esophagus. Identical measurements were performed in a series of controls. Results: Fifteen patients with BE and 13 control patients were studied. Two patients had focal submucosal thickening on EUS with EWTs of 10 mm and 7 mm. Surgical resection of the esophagus in these two cases with high-grade dysplasia revealed submucosal carcinoma at the area of EUS-documented thickening. The mean EWT of controls measured 2.6 mm, nondysplastic BE measured 3.3 mm, and BE with dysplasia measured 4.0 mm. The EWT of both dysplastic and nondysplastic Barrett's was significantly greater than that of the controls ( P < 0.02, Student's t test). Conclusions: 1 ) As measured by EUS, the esophageal wall is significantly thickened in the columnar-lined portion of Barrett's esophagus. 2 ) EUS-de-tected focal thickening may represent submucosal carcinoma in areas of dysplasia and guide early surgery. Thus, EUS may play a role in evaluating the patients with dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus.     

Barrett''s esophagus: current and future role of endosonography and optical coherence tomography

This paper reviews the role of endosonography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for imaging of Barrett's esophagus (BE). The routine use of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to screen patients with BE is neither justified nor cost effective. EUS does appear to have a role in patients who have BE and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma, in whom a non-operative therapy is being contemplated. For patients with a diagnosis of esophageal cancer with or without BE, EUS is superior to computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging for assessing esophageal wall penetration and for detecting regional lymph node involvement. In its current state, OCT is not yet ready for application in clinical practice. However, given its superior resolution compared with other modalities such as EUS, OCT has great potential as a powerful adjunct to standard endoscopy in surveillance of BE and may enhance the ability of endoscopists to detect high-grade dysplasia at an early stage. With further technical refinement, this technique may become a mainstay in the surveillance of BE and other premalignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.     

High rate of over-staging of Barrett's neoplasia with endoscopic ultrasound: Systemic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe use of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to stage patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) with suspected neoplasia is controversial due to high rates of over-staging. However, this rate of over-staging has not been adequately investigated or quantified.AimTo determine the rate of over-staging related EUS in this population.MethodsSearch included Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central ending on 9/30/2016. The primary effect-estimate of interest was the false positive rate of advanced disease on EUS at the tumor level (T1a vs. T1b). Secondary outcomes included false detection rate, false negative rate, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 and Cochrane's Q.ResultsOf 1872 studies, 11 met our inclusion criteria totaling 895 patients. Based on random effects models, the pooled FPR for advanced disease was 9.1% ([6.5–12.5%], p < 0.001). Tests of heterogeneity showed no significant heterogeneity for this outcome. The pooled false negative rate was 9.2% [95%CI: 4.7–17.3%], p < 0.01. Overall, the pooled accuracy of EUS results in BE neoplasia patients was low at 74.6% [58.7–85.8%], p = 0.004.ConclusionsThe use of EUS in BE patients with dysplasia and early neoplasia results in a large proportion of patients falsely over-staged and under-staged.     

从循证医学角度看Barrett＇s食管诊治进展

近十年,胃食管反流病（gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD）、Barrett＇s食管（Barrett＇s esophagus,BE）、食管腺癌（esophageal adenocarcinoma,EAC）的流行病学发生了显著的变化,尤其是在西方国家,EAC的发病率持续迅速增长,BE是食管腺癌最重要的危险因素,因此越来越受到人们关注.然而,以循证医学为基础的BE的临床诊断和治疗尚未得到开展,现总结相关指南、系统评价与 Meta分析及发表的该领域重要的研究以评估不同的诊断及治疗方法来指导BE的临床诊治.     

Endoscopic eradication therapy for Barrett’s esophagus: Adverse outcomes,patient values,and cost-effectiveness

Endoscopic therapy for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) aims to replace dysplastic BE epithelium with neosquamous epithelium to prevent and reduce the risk of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and treat early-stage EAC. Various modalities of endotherapy of dysplastic BE are described. Although endoscopic therapy is safe and effective in treating subjects with intramucosal carcinoma (IMCa), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and confirmed low-grade dysplasia (LGD), challenges to successful treatment are being recognized. Though adverse outcomes of endotherapy such as bleeding, perforation, pain, and stricture formation are observed, they are not common and can usually be treated medically or endoscopically. Patient values and preferences toward endoscopic therapy and the cost-effectiveness of these endoscopic approaches also have crucial implications for the selection of appropriate treatment and subsequent outcomes in patients with BE.     

中国人Barrett食管临床特点分析

目的 研究中国人Barrett食管（Barrett’s esophagus，BE）的临床特点。方法以“Barrett食管”为检索词，电脑检索1989年～2007年国内公开发表的中文文献，以“Barrett esophagus”和“China”为检索词，电脑在MEDLINE上检索1989年-2007年公开发表有关中国Barrett食管临床研究英文文献，统一纳入标准和排除标准，所得资料进行荟萃分析。结果共41项研究中的4132例BE患者进入本研究：①BE的内镜检出率为2．39％，男女比为2．08：1，平均发病年龄为53．27岁，有典型胃食管反流病（GERD）症状的51．00％；②内镜下形状以岛状居多，为56．81％；特殊肠化生型为36．58％；舌型BE的特殊肠化生检出率较全周型、岛状均显著增高（均P〈0．001）；长段Barrett食管的特殊肠化生型检出率高于短段Barrett食管（P〈0．001）；③492例BE患者平均2年随访，癌变发生率为0．61％。结论我国人内镜BE检出率低于西方人，平均发病年龄低于西方国家报道，癌变发生率与国外报道接近，男性多发、临床症状、特殊肠化生型检出率等与国外报道一致。     

Endoscopic mucosal resection of large hyperplastic polyps in 3 patients with Barrett＇s esophagus

AIM: To report the endoscopic treatment of large hyperplastic polyps of the esophagus and esophago-gastric junction (EGJ) associated with Barrett's esophagus (BE) with low-grade dysplasia (LGD), by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). METHODS: Cap fitted EMR (EMR-C) was performed in 3 patients with hyperplastic-inflammatory polyps (HIPs) and BE. RESULTS: The polyps were successfully removed in the 3 patients. In two patients, with short segment BE (SSBE) (<= 3 cm), the metaplastic tissue was completely excised. A 2 cm circumferential EMR was performed in one patient with a polyp involving the whole EGJ. A simultaneous EMR-C of a BE-associated polypoid dysplastic lesion measuring 1 cm multiply 10 cm, was also carried out. In the two patients, histologic assessment detected LGD in BE. No complications occurred. Complete neosquamous re-epithelialization occurred in the two patients with SSBE. An esophageal recurrence occurred in the remaining one and was successfully retreated by EMR. CONCLUSION: EMR-C appears to be a safe and effective method for treating benign esophageal mucosal lesions, allowing also the complete removal of SSBE.     

共聚焦显微内镜下Barrett食管上皮的分布特点

目的 探讨共聚焦显微内镜下Barrett食管(BE)上皮类型的分布特点.方法 选取胃镜检查疑诊为BE的112例患者纳入研究,对食管下段柱状上皮进行共聚焦内镜检查,实时预测BE上皮类型、判断肠上皮化生的累及范围,随后对所检查部位黏膜行活组织病理检查,分析普通内镜和共聚焦显微内镜表现与病理组织学诊断结果的关系.结果 共计94例患者被确诊为BE,普通内镜下以岛型最为常见(54.3％),短段BE比例显著高于长段BE(86.2％比13.8％),共聚焦显微内镜下可分辨特殊肠上皮化生、贲门腺和胃底腺上皮,其准确度分别为94.7％、89.4％和91.5％.靶向活组织病理检查发现长段BE中的肠上皮化生比例(9/13)高于短段BE(33.3％,x2=4.684,P=0.039),环周型和舌型BE的肠上皮化生比例(11/17和65.4％)均显著高于岛型(15.7％,x2值分别=15.217和19.399,P值均＜0.01).短段BE与长段BE间,岛型、环周型和舌型BE间的肠上皮化生范围均无明显差异.结论 共聚焦显微内镜可准确分辨BE上皮的组织类型,镜下形态以岛型多见,但环周型和舌型的肠上皮化生比例更高,长段BE中的肠上皮化生比例高于短段BE.     

Role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of Barrett's-associated carcinogenesis

Barrett's esophagus(BE), a premalignant condition to Barrett's adenocarcinoma(BAC), is closely associated with chronic inflammation due to gastro-esophageal reflux. Caudal type homeobox 2(CDX2), a representative marker of BE, is increased during the metaplastic and neoplastic transformation of BE. Nitric oxide(NO) has been proposed to be a crucial mediator of Barrett's carcinogenesis. We previously demonstrated that CDX2 might be induced directly under stimulation of large amounts of NO generated around the gastroesophageal junction(GEJ) by activating epithelial growth factor receptor in a ligand-independent manner. Thus, we reviewed recent developments on the role of NO in Barrett's carcinogenesis. Notably, recent studies have reported that microbial communities in the distal esophagus are significantly different among groups with a normal esophagus, reflux esophagitis, BE or BAC, despite there being no difference in the bacterial quantity. Considering that microorganism components can be one of the major sources of large amounts of NO, these studies suggest that the bacterial composition in the distal esophagus might play an important role in regulating NO production during the carcinogenic process. Controlling an inflammatory reaction due to gastro-esophageal reflux or bacterial composition around the GEJ might help prevent the progression of Barrett's carcinogenesis by inhibiting NO production.     

Endoscopic treatment of Barrett’s esophagus:From metaplasia to intramucosal carcinoma

The annual incidence of adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is approximately 0.5%. Through a process of gradual transformation from lowgrade dysplasia to high-grade dysplasia (HGD), adenocarcinoma can develop in the setting of BE. The clinical importance of appropriate identifi cation and treatment of BE in its various stages, from intestinal metaplasia to intramucosal carcinoma (IMC) hinges on the dramatically different prognostic status between early neoplasia and more advanced stages. Once a patient has symptoms of adenocarcinoma, there is usually locally advanced disease with an approximate 5-year survival rate of about 20%. Esophagectomy has been the gold standard treatment for BE with HGD, due to the suspected risk of harboring occult invasive carcinoma, which was traditionally estimated to be as high as 40%. In recent years, the paradigm of BE early neoplasia management has recently evolved, and endoscopic therapies (endoscopic mucosal resection, radiofrequency ablation, and cryotherapy) have entered the clinical forefront as acceptable non-surgical alternatives for HGD and IMC. The goal of endoscopic therapy for HGD or IMC is to ablateall BE epithelium (both dysplastic and non-dysplastic) due to risk of synchronous/metachronous lesion development in the remaining BE segment.