固相萃取-GC-MS联用法测定何首乌中有机氯农药残留量

目的:测定何首乌中9种有机氯农药残留量。方法:样品用乙酸乙酯超声提取并经Florisil固相萃取柱净化后,采用毛细管气-质联用仪测定有机氯农药残留量:色谱柱为DB-5MS弹性石英毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm),进样口温度为230℃,程序升温(初始温度100℃,以8℃·min-1升温至220℃,再以5℃·min-1升温至250℃,保持10min),载气流速为1mL·min-1,进样量为1μL。结果:9种有机氯农药能在30min内完全分离;平均回收率为80.4%～97.2%,RSD为3.5%～7.4%(n=6)。结论:本方法灵敏、准确,符合多种有机氯农药残留的检测要求。     

艾拉莫德原料药中残留溶剂检测方法的研究

目的:检查艾拉莫德原料药中的有机溶剂残留量。方法:采用气相色谱法测定,色谱柱为HP-5弹性石英毛细管柱(以5％苯基-95％甲基聚硅氧烷为固定液,1.5μm,30 m×0.53 mm);进样口温度:200℃;氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),检测器温度:300℃;柱温:程序升温,初始温度30℃,保持13 min,以5℃·min-1升温至35℃,保持7 min,再以10℃·min-1升温至230℃,保持5 min;载气:氮气;流速:1.5 mL·min-1;以N-甲基吡咯烷酮为溶剂,正丙醇为内标物。结果:被测物均能得到很好的分离,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,精密度良好。结论:该法可用于艾拉莫德原料药中有机溶剂残留量检测。     

GC-ECD法测定5种保健食品中六六六和滴滴涕的农药残留

目的：建立毛细管气相色谱法测定保健食品中六六六和滴滴涕残留的方法。方法：样品中的六六六、滴滴涕经过石油醚（30 ℃~60 ℃）提取、浓硫酸净化以及浓缩后,采用毛细管气相色谱法进行分离。色谱条件：DM-5弹性石英毛细管柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm);电子捕获检测器（ECD）;载气为高纯氮气,柱流量为1.0 mL·min^-1;进样口温度为230 ℃;检测器温度为300 ℃;进样量为1 μL;程序升温：初始温度150 ℃,以10 ℃·min^-1升至250 ℃,保持5 min。结果：六六六、滴滴涕测定的线性关系良好,回收率为72.6%~96.5%,六六六的检测限为1.1 μg·kg^-1,滴滴涕的检测限为1.8 μg·kg^-1。结论：该法操作简便,准确,灵敏度高,可以满足保健食品中六六六、滴滴涕农药残留检测的需要,为保健食品的质量控制提供依据。     

GC／MS法检测头发中3，4-亚甲基二氧甲基安非他明

目的:建立了用GC/MS法检测吸毒嫌疑人头发中摇头丸主要成分3,4-亚甲基二氧甲基安非他明。方法:取头发约100 mg洗净、剪碎,以乙基吗啡为内标,0.1 mol·L-1盐酸水解,氯仿-异丙醇(3:2)混合溶剂提取。提取物经MSTFA衍生化后采用GC/MS分析。采用HP-1色谱柱(12 m×0.25 mm,0.33μm),柱温为100℃,保持2 min后以40℃·min-1升至260℃,继续以10℃·min-1升至280℃,保持2 min,载气为氦气(99.999％)。进样口温度为250℃,检测器温度为280℃,能量为70 eV。结果:3,4-亚甲基二氧甲基安非他明在1-75 ng·mg-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数0.998,回收率79.7％,日内误差RSD为6.5％,最低检测限为1 ng。结论:本法快速、可行,为获得关于长期药物滥用史的资料提供了一种检测技术。     

毛细管气相色谱法同时检测丙酸氯倍他索原料药中4种有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立丙酸氯倍他索原料药中4种有机溶剂(甲醇、乙醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜)残留量的检测方法。方法:采用毛细管气相色谱法。色谱柱为HP-INNOWAX石英毛细管柱;溶剂为1,6-二氧六环;程序升温,初始温度60℃,保持5min,并以30℃·min-1速率升温至160℃,保持5min;载气为高纯氮气,流速为1.0mL·min-1;氢火焰离子化检测器温度为250℃;进样口温度为160℃;进样方式为分流进样,分流比为5.0∶1;燃气为氢气,30mL·min-1;助燃气为空气,450mL·min-1;尾吹气为氮气,25mL·min-1;进样量为1μL。在同一条件下检测5批样品中4种溶剂残留量。结果:甲醇、乙醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜均能达到完全分离,检测浓度线性范围均为0.02～1.0g·L-1(r=1.000);平均回收率为97.6%～102.5%,RSD小于2.88%;最低定量限分别为0.60、0.98、0.38、0.85μg·mL-1;5批样品中有1批检测出甲醇,2批中检测出乙醇,其余均未检测出有机溶剂。结论:该方法灵敏、准确,可同时检测丙酸氯倍他索原料药中4种残留有机溶剂。     

气相色谱法测定保济丸中百秋李醇的含量

目的:建立以气相色谱法测定保济丸中百秋李醇含量的方法,制定并完善保济丸的质量标准。方法:采用非极性毛细管柱AT.SE-54(15m×0.25mm×0.33μm),柱温采用程序升温:起始150℃,保持23min,以8℃·min-1速率升至230℃,保持2min,进样口温度为280℃,检测器(FID)温度为280℃,载气为氮气,流速为1.0mL·min-1。结果:百秋李醇进样量在0.12～0.36μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为98.62%,RSD=4.69%。结论:该方法稳定、结果可靠、重复性好,可作为保济丸质量控制标准之一。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定海狗油胶丸中ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的含量

目的:用毛细管气相色谱法测定海狗油中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的含量。方法:采用HP-INNOWAX毛细管柱(30 m×0.320 mm,0.25 μm),柱温150℃,保持5 min后,以10℃·min-1升至200℃后,继续以5℃·min-1升至240℃,保持7 min,载气为氮气(99.999％)。进样口温度为240℃,检测器温度为270℃,FID检测器。结果:EPA甲酯平均回收率为99.5％,RSD为1.2％;DPA甲酯平均回收率为98.8％,RSD为1.1％;DHA甲酯平均回收率为98.5％,RSD为0.9％。结论:此法操作简单、准确,重复性、稳定性好,是一种可行的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量测定方法。     

黄芪中41种有机磷农药残留测定

目的:建立同时测定黄芪中41种有机磷农药残留的方法。方法:采用毛细管气相色谱法。样品用40mL乙腈冰浴超声提取30min,用气相色谱配备火焰光度检测器进行测定:色谱柱为ZB-1701毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm),进样口温度为250℃,检测器温度为250℃,不分流进样。结果:41种有机磷农药最小检出限在0.9～22.5μg.kg-1之间,平均回收率在70.6%～113.9%之间,RSD在0.2%～14.1%之间。结论:本方法操作简便,回收率、准确度、精密度均符合农药残留分析的要求,可用于黄芪中41种有机磷农药残留的快速检测。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定长春西汀原料药中乙酸乙酯残留量

目的:建立测定长春西汀中残留溶剂乙酸乙酯含量的方法。方法:采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法检测6批长春西汀原料药中乙酸乙酯残留量。以二氧六环为溶剂,丙酮为内标;色谱柱为Ailgent DB-624弹性石英毛细管柱;程序升温:初始温度55℃,保持6 min,并以40℃·min-1的速率升温至180℃,保持2 min;进样口温度200℃,氢火焰离子化检测器检测口温度250℃;氮气流速1.0 mL·min-1;分流进样,分流比为5∶1;顶空温度85℃;平衡时间30 min;进样时间1 min。结果:乙酸乙酯与内标分离良好,乙酸乙酯检测浓度线性范围为0.025～0.25 mg·mL-1(r=0.999 8);加样回收率为102.2%(RSD=1.82%,n=6);最低定量浓度为0.10μg·mL-1。6批样品中只有1批检出乙酸乙酯(0.023%),其余5批均未检出。结论:该法简单、灵敏、准确,可用于长春西汀原料药中乙酸乙酯残留量检测。     

GC法同时测定冰珍去翳滴眼液中冰片和苯氧乙醇的含量

目的：建立气相色谱法同时测定冰珍去翳滴眼液中冰片及苯氧乙醇的含量。方法： 采用DB-WAX毛细管色谱柱（30 m × 0.32 mm,0.25 μm）;FID检测器;进样口温度200 ℃,检测器温度为250 ℃;载气为氮气,流速为1 mL·min-1。采用程序升温法：起始温度130 ℃,保持10 min,以25 ℃·min-1升至200 ℃,保持5 min。结果：天然冰片、苯氧乙醇的质量浓度分别在0.011 54～0.115 4 mg·mL-1（r=0.999 9）、0.064 87～0.648 7 mg·mL-1（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为96.3%（RSD=1.65%）、95.1%（RSD=1.62%）。结论：该方法专属性好,准确度高,重复性好,可用于冰珍去翳滴眼液的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.