40例慢性肾脏病并发急性肾衰竭患者的临床分析

急性肾衰竭（ARF）是一组由不同病因所导致的急性临床综合征，其发生率呈逐年上升趋势。慢性肾脏病（CKD）基础上的ARF（A／C）为ARF第三常见的原因，仅次于急性肾小管坏死（ATN）和肾前性因素。笔者回顾性分析浙江省中医院肾病科收治的40例A／C患者，分析其临床和病理资料，报道如下。[第一段]     

糖尿病肾病血液透析患者低血糖发生的原因及预防

糖尿病肾病（Diabeiic Nephropathy,DN）是糖尿病常见的微血管并发症之一,具有发病隐匿、进行性加重的特点,已成为终末期肾衰竭的主要原因。DN导致的慢性肾衰竭占慢性肾衰竭发病率的27．7％,血液透析治疗是DN的重要替代治疗。透析过程中反复低血糖而导致的各种并发症是影响患者生活质量的重要因素之一。现就糖尿病肾病血液透析患者低血糖发生的原因及预防措施综述如下。     

慢性肾脏病并发急性肾损害的病因和预后

目的:探讨慢性肾脏病并发急性肾损害的病因和预后。方法:回顾性分析我院2009年1月²014年1月收治的慢性肾脏病并发急性肾损害患者的临床资料,按年龄将其分为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,分析两组患者基础病因、诱发因素和转归。结果:Ⅰ组患者急性肾损害的基础病因以糖尿病肾病(23.2%)、高血压肾损害(18.8%)、慢性肾小球肾炎(17.4%)为主,Ⅱ组患者急性肾损害的基础病因以慢性肾炎(26.3%)、高血压肾损害(18.4%)、狼疮性肾炎(13.0%)为主,诱发因素以感染、高血压、药物性肾损害为主。结论:慢性肾脏病并发急性肾损害的基础病因危险因素在两组中是不同的,Ⅰ组中的老年人更应重视感染、各种药物肾损害等,及时发现病情变化,改善患者预后。     

糖尿病肾病所致终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析患者贫血的多中心临床研究

目的调查糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）所致终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析患者的贫血情况,从而为临床上制订更好的DN治疗策略提供依据。方法收集上海市39家血液透析中心因糖尿病。肾病所致终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析的558例患者的贫血相关的临床和实验室检查资料,并进行相关分析。结果558例患者中贫血患病率为90．1％,男女患者贫血的患病率无显著性差异（P=0．639）;各年龄段糖尿病肾病患者的血红蛋白有显著性差异（P=0．001）,各年龄组患者发生贫血率呈上升趋势（P=0．003）;红细胞生成素（EPO）治疗率为85．1％,使用EPO平均剂量为139．50±59．12（17．76～430．11）u／（Kg·W）;轻、中、重度贫血组EPO应用率无显著性差异（P=0．149）;各个不同贫血程度组EPO使用剂量之间有差别（P=0．006）,重度贫血组剂量最高,轻度贫血组剂量最低。结论糖尿病肾病所致终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析患者普遍存在贫血,其贫血的治疗率较高,但达标率低。     

慢性肾脏病基础上急性肾损伤相关因素分析

目的探讨慢性肾脏病（CKD）基础上急性肾损伤（AKI）的相关因素并加以分析。方法对79例慢性肾脏病基础上急性肾损伤（AZC）患者按年龄分组,其中〈60岁青壮年组34例,≥60岁老年组45例,就其病因、治疗、转归和预后等因素进行回顾性分析。结果导致青壮年组AKI的主要诱因为药物、高血压未控制、原发病加重。老年组主要诱因为血容量不足、严重感染、肾毒性药物。观察终点59例（74．7％）患者肾功能恢复,无效7例,需要肾脏替代治疗;死亡13例,青壮年组4例,老年组9例,多器官功能障碍（MODS）组11例。结论CKD患者易受多种因素影响,特别老年患者基础病多,并发AKI时病情重,预后差,重视A／C发生的高危因素并及早发现,争取在短时间内改善患者的肾功能,对延缓CKD的进展有重要的临床意义。     

腹膜透析治疗肾衰竭25例分析

目的：探讨腹膜透析治疗急慢性肾衰竭的疗效、病因及预后。方法：分析腹膜透析治疗肾衰竭患者的临床资料。结果：25例患者中9例急性。肾衰竭的病因多而复杂，合并MODS时病死率增高，而16例慢性肾衰竭病因以慢性肾小球肾炎为主。治疗前患者的GFR（7．32±5．31）ml／（min·1．73m^2）降低；治疗后肾功能明显改善（P均〈0．01）。结论：腹膜透析治疗急慢性。肾衰竭疗效显著，可提高患者生存率。     

原发性肾病综合征并发急性肾衰竭临床病因与病理分析

目的探索原发性肾病综合征（PNS）合并急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的临床病因及病理特点。方法对24例原发性肾病综合征合并急性肾衰竭患者的临床和病理改变进行回顾性分析。结果原发性肾病综合征合并急性肾衰竭的发生率为3．2％，其诱因为感染4例，药物中毒1例，无明显诱因为19例。肾脏病理检查肾小球以轻微改变为主，其中微小病变型13例，轻度系膜增牛型4例。所有患者均经强的松、利尿剂及去除诱因治疗，其中3例进行血液透析治疗，所有患者肾功能均恢复正常。结论原发性肾病综合征并发急性肾功能衰竭临床并不少见，多发生于肾小球轻微病变者，尽早明确诊断和去除诱因，并予相应治疗，患者一般预后良好，肾功能可恢复正常。     

改善糖尿病肾病血液透析患者预后的研究进展

糖尿病肾病(DN)是糖尿病常见微血管并发症,也是糖尿病患者的主要死亡原因之一.糖尿病现已成为美国、日本、欧洲等许多国家地区慢性肾脏病(CKD)和慢性肾衰竭的第一位原发病,也已经成为发达国家导致患者进入血液透析的首要原因[1].糖尿病终末期肾衰竭患者最主要的治疗方式仍然为血液透析,但随之带来一系列临床问题,如血管通路的维护,透析当中频繁低血压的发生.尽管血液透析技术不断发展,糖尿病终末期肾衰竭患者的死亡率仍较非糖尿病透析患者高.最近的数据显示高通量血液透析能显著提高糖尿病终末期肾衰竭患者的预后.透析当中钠离子模式的调整在减少透析当中低血压的发生和达到理想的体质量也至关重要.     

血清胰岛素与慢性肾脏病的相关研究及其应用价值

目的研究慢性肾脏病患者血清胰岛素水平变化及临床意义。方法以400例健康体检人员作为对照组,根据相应的病因将800例慢性肾脏病患者分为糖尿病肾病慢性肾衰竭组(425例)与非糖尿病肾病慢性肾衰竭组(375例),将糖尿病肾病慢性肾衰竭组分为1型糖尿病(105例)、2型糖尿病(135例)、妊娠期糖尿病(95例)、特殊糖尿病(90例),收集研究对象相关临床资料,测定尿素(Urea)、血肌酐(SCr)、空腹血糖(FPG)及空腹胰岛素(FIns),计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)和肾小球滤过率(GFR),处理分析数据。结果慢性肾脏病患者的Urea,Scr,FPG和FIns均显著高于正常健康人对照组(t=36.788,35.612,137.216,9.294,P值均为0.000)。三组研究对象的年龄、性别和BMI差异均不具有统计学意义(F=1,363,P=0.256;F=1.577,P=0.454;F=1.641,P=0.194)。比较不同类型糖尿病的慢性肾脏病患者,FIns较高和ISI较小的研究对象,GFR同样较小,各组间差异均具有统计学意义(F=12.01,P=0.000;F=3.891,P=0.009;F=3.774,P=0.011)。结论慢性肾脏病患者与血清胰岛素水平密切相关,检测患者的血清胰岛素水平能够更准确地把握疾病发展,预测治疗效果和预后情况。     

维持性血液透析患者与乙型肝炎病毒感染

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染是最严重危害人类健康公共卫生问题之一,全球约有3．5亿慢性HBV携带者,中国约占其中1／3左右,居世界第一位,其中15％～40％的慢性乙型病毒性肝炎（慢性乙型肝炎）患者将发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌。血液透析是治疗慢性肾衰竭的有效替代方法之一,维持性血液透析患者HBV感染率明显高于健康人群和慢性肾脏病非透析患者。     

Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: prognosis for recovery of kidney function after prolonged dialysis support

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the prognosis for eventual recovery of kidney function in patients who experience prolonged dialysis dependence after acute renal failure (ARF). DESIGN: Retrospective, chart review. SETTING: Inpatients of a large, referral-based hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-six consecutive survivors of ARF who required greater than 4 wk of dialysis support. RESULTS: All 26 patients were critically ill and developed ARF during treatment in an ICU. The clinical course of these patients was characterized by multiple episodes of renal ischemia or nephrotoxin exposure during dialysis dependence. However, despite multiple renal insults and prolonged dialysis support (mean duration 8.4 +/- 0.7 wk), 23 (88%) of the 26 patients recovered sufficient kidney function to discontinue dialysis. Preexisting renal impairment was associated with a greater risk of irreversible renal failure, and, in patients able to discontinue dialysis, renal recovery was often incomplete. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some renal damage, most critically ill patients who survive ARF requiring prolonged dialysis support recover life-sustaining kidney function.     

Role of renal sonography in the intensive care unit

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of portable renal sonography in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 402 ICU patients who underwent renal sonography. We recorded demographic data, underlying disease, type of ICU, renal function test results, etiology of renal failure, need for dialysis, and outcome for patients with acute renal failure (ARF). The indications for and results of sonography were analyzed. RESULTS: The most common indication for a renal sonographic examination was ARF (320/402, 79.6%). Hydronephrosis was found in 5 patients with ARF. Chronic renal failure was confirmed by sonography in 40% of the patients with an indeterminate cause of renal failure. In 33% of cases of complicated urinary tract infections, sonography revealed abnormalities. Renal sonography was also useful for follow-up assessment of patients treated with percutaneous nephrostomy and patients with a history of renal tumor, hydronephrosis, adrenal tumor, hematuria of unknown cause, or fever of unknown origin. CONCLUSIONS: Since renal disease is common in the ICU, renal sonography is a convenient and useful diagnostic tool in this setting.     

医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭原因分析及预防对策

目的分析医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭(HA-ARF)的各种易患因素,探讨其治疗及预防的特殊性,以提高HA-ARF的抢救成功率。方法回顾性分析在我院诊治及进行血液净化的HA-ARF 56例,其中进行血液透析30例,连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)5例,腹膜透析(CAPD)3例,内科保守治疗18例。结果所有患者均经积极治疗原发病、抗感染、输血、补液、利尿、控制血压等对症治疗,肾功能完全恢复32例(57%),部分恢复11例(20%),不能恢复需维持性血液透析5例(9%),死亡5例(9%),中途放弃治疗3例(5%)。结论HA-AHF病情变化快,早期积极治疗,根据病情需要选择不同的血液净化疗法可提高治疗成功率。     

广东省佛山市2007年度透析移植登记报告

目的:了解佛山地区各医院透析移植治疗现状.方法:佛山市所有开展透析单位共18家医院参加了登记工作,填写<佛山市医学会肾脏病分会透析移植登记表>,调查项目包括:医院情况、肾内科人员编制情况、血液净化开展情况、血液净化设备及管理状况、血液透析患者情况、腹膜透析患者情况、急性肾功能衰竭情况等.登记时间为2007-01-01/12-31,对资料进行汇总和统计分析.结果:18家医院均开展了血液透析,同时开展血液透析和腹膜透析6家,单纯开展血液透析12家.全市共有血液透析机155台,CRRT机6台,透析器复用机15台.透析器复用方式中,采用复用机、人工冲洗复用和未复用分别占61.1%、33.3%和5.6%.全年共有透析患者1 718例,血液透析、腹膜透析各占93.60%、6.40%.2007年新增加透析治疗患者866例,新增加血液透析、腹膜透析患者各占91.7%、8.3%.至2007-12-31尚有透析患者1011例,血液透析、腹膜透析患者各占90.60%、9.40%.血液透析患者原发病因中,原发性肾小球肾炎、糖尿病肾病、动脉硬化性肾病和梗阻性肾病分别占52.4%、18.9%、10.8%和6.4%.腹膜透析患者原发病因中,原发性肾小球肾炎、糖尿病肾病、梗阻性肾病和动脉硬化性肾病分别占47.3%、28%、9.7%和3.2%.全年有743例血液透析患者退出治疗,其中死亡、好转或痊愈、改腹膜透析、肾移植、转院透析、经济原因停透、失访等分别占20.3%、20.1%、7.2%、4.1%、21.5%、20.2%和6.6%;死亡原因中,脑血管疾病、心血管疾病、感染、营养不良、因透析剂量不足死于尿毒症综合因素、其他等分别占16.6%、28%、17.2%、3.2%、18.4%、16.6%.全年有16例腹膜透析患者退出治疗,其中死亡、好转或痊愈、改血液透析、失访等分别占68.7%、18.7%、6.3%和6.3%;死亡原因中,脑血管疾病、心血管疾病、感染、其他等分别占21.4%、7.1%、28.6%和42.9%.结论:目前佛山地区开展透析治疗的医院已达18家,同时开展了血液透析和腹膜透析.不管是血液透析患者还是腹膜透析患者中,原发性肾小球肾炎、糖尿病肾病、动脉硬化性肾病、梗阻性肾病是原发病因中前4位原因.心脑血管疾病和感染为死亡的主要原因.     

Acute renal failure in patients over 80 years old: 25-years' experience

Objective: To determine the epidemiological trends, spectrum of etiologies, morbidity and mortality of acute renal failure (ARF) in patients over 80 years old.¶Design: Historical cohort analysis.¶Setting: Intensive care unit (ICU) of nephrology, Tenon Hospital, Paris.¶Patients and participants: The criteria of inclusion was ARF, defined on the basis of a creatinine value over 120 μmol/l, in patients over 80 years of age admitted between October 1971 and September 1996. When moderate chronic nephropathy was pre-existing, ARF was defined by the increase of at least 50 % over the basal creatininemia.¶Measurements and results: Three hundred and eighty-one patients over 80 years of age were included. The etiology and mechanism of ARF are detailed. 29 % of the patients received dialysis. Global mortality at the hospital was 40 %. Factors significantly associated with a poor prognosis are identified. Mean survival after hospitalization was 19 months.¶Conclusion: The frequency of admission to ICUs for ARF in patients older than 80 years seems to be on the increase. Mortality is less severe than expected. These patients could benefit from the renal replacement therapy of modern intensive care medicine.     

Survivors of acute renal failure who do not recover renal function

Overall survival in 1095 with severe acute renal failure (ARF) between 1984 and 1995 was 59.5%. Of these, 107 (16.2%) remained dependent on long-term dialysis. The frequency of end-stage renal failure (ESRF) in survivors of ARF varied between 3% and 41% according to the cause of ARF, being highest in those with acute renal parenchymal disease (in whom survival was also among the highest at 84%) and lowest in ARF due to obstetrics and trauma. Patients failing to regain adequate renal function did not appear to differ on clinical grounds from survivors who became dialysis-independent. Survival in those requiring long-term dialysis was less good than for other patients with ESRF, partly due to excess mortality in those for whom vascular disease or surgery was the precipitating cause of ARF. Six patients recovered sufficient renal function to become independent of dialysis after 3-18 months on regular dialysis therapy (6-21 months after onset of ARF). ESRF resulting from ARF is more frequent than previously reported. This increase may be due to a changing case-mix, increasing age of patients (and hence reduced capacity for renal recovery), and an increase in aggressive surgery for patients with advanced vascular disease. This presents a significant and increasing problem, with implications for both clinical management and the provision of dialysis services.      

腹膜透析抢救急性肾功能衰竭并多器官功能障碍综合征48例分析

目的 探讨腹膜透析抢救急性肾功能衰竭并多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者的疗效。方法 48例急性肾功能衰竭并MODS患者在病因治疗的基础上采用持续性不卧床腹膜透析。结果 治疗后血肌酐、血尿素氯明显降低，血碳酸氢根离子、血钾离子及血钠离子全部得到纠正。结论 腹膜透析能有效地清除急性肾功能衰竭并MODS患者体内毒素，纠正酸碱平衡失调及电解质平衡紊乱，提高存活率，是抢救急性肾功能衰竭并MODS的有效治疗方法。     

End-stage kidney at the onset of nephrotic syndrome in a 4-year-old girl

A previously healthy Japanese girl aged 4 years suddenly developed idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) associated with acute renal failure (ARF). Despite prompt initiation of hemodialysis and prednisolone treatment, her ARF did not recover. A percutaneous renal biopsy performed within a month from the onset of INS revealed lesions of end-stage kidney, which is unusual for the acute stage of INS. Although the etiology of her ARF remains speculative, an acute exacerbation of an underlying chronic disease, such as non-nephrotic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis might be the cause.     

住院患者中急性肾功能衰竭的流行病学和病因学分析

目的　探讨近年来住院患者中急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)流行病学、病因学变化以及导致这些变化的相关因素。方法　收集北京大学第三医院 1994年 1月— 2 0 0 4年 3月近 10年出院病例中诊断有 ARF患者的临床资料 ,分析其年龄、性别、获得性、发病科室以及病因或诱因等的变化情况。结果　共搜集 ARF病例 2 11例 ,占同期住院患者的 0 .12 % ,逐年比较呈增高趋势 ;男性占 5 9.7% ,女性占 4 0 .3% ;发病年龄呈现 35～ 4 5岁和 6 0～ 80岁两个高峰 ;84 .4 % (178/ 2 11例 )患者既往无肾脏病史 ,39.8% (84 / 2 11例 )为明确的医院获得性ARF(HA ARF)患者 ,HA ARF同期患者的构成比在 2 0 0 0年后显著增高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,内、外科ARF患者比例约为 3∶ 2 ,2 0 0 0年后后者所占构成比显著增加 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,尤其外科重症监护治疗病房 (SICU )患者发病率增加 1.89倍。药物、感染和手术是 ARF的主要诱因 ,6 1例 (占 2 8.9% )、4 6例 (占 2 1.8% )和 4 1例 (占 19.4 % )患者 ARF的发病分别与之相关。肾前性 ARF 4 1例 (占 19.4 % ) ;肾性 ARF15 6例 (占 73.9% ) ,其中 72例 (占4 6 .2 % )是由明确的肾前性 ARF发展而来 ;急性肾小管间质病变占 85 .9% (134/ 15 6例 ) ;肾后性 ARF14例(占 6 .6 % )。结论　近 10年来 ,ARF在住院     

床边置管腹膜透析治疗特殊人群急性肾功能衰竭的护理

总结床边置管腹膜透析(PD)治疗特殊人群急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的临床护理.PD过程各环节的精心护理和对病人或家属详细的宣教,是确保PD顺利进行的前提,是提高ARF抢救成功率的关键.