早期妊娠瘢痕子宫胎盘绒毛植入10例临床分析

目的探讨早期妊娠瘢痕子宫胎盘绒毛植入的诊断和治疗。方法对10例妊娠瘢痕子宫胎盘绒毛植入病例的临床资料进行分析，总结诊断和治疗方法。结果10例均有剖官产史，临床表现为停经后不规则阴道流血，刮宫术中发生阴道大出血。10例中4例行次全子宫切除术，2例行局部病灶切除，4例采用甲氨蝶呤（MTX）保守治疗。结论 早期妊娠瘢痕子宫胎盘绒毛植入是剖官产远期并发症之一，选择保守治疗或手术治疗。     

胎盘植入子宫剖宫产切口疤痕诊治分析附3例病例回顾

近年来随着剖宫产率的上升,剖宫产术后再次妊娠的不断增多,疤痕子宫再次妊娠并发症亦不断增加,对于有剖宫产史的患者,子宫下段疤痕是胎盘绒毛植入的危险因素,易出现早期绒毛胎盘植入,在误诊早孕行人流时往往发生严重出血,在中孕引产后常有胎盘滞留、清宫术会发生致命性大出血,以及晚孕产后或剖宫产术时剥离胎盘困难并迅猛出血,均可能导致子宫切除等后果。本文通过对我院发生的三例胎盘植入子宫剖宫产疤痕的诊治经过进行分析,以总结胎盘植入子宫剖宫产疤痕的早期诊断方法及治疗方法。     

细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子在绒毛和胎盘组织中的表达

目的 探讨细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMMPRIN)在绒毛及胎盘组织中的表达以及表达部位。方法 分别取36例妊娠6～9周妇女的早孕绒毛组织、7例因病理指征行中期引产妇女的胎盘组织和11例足月妊娠妇女的胎盘组织,免疫组化方法检测绒毛组织和胎盘组织中EMMPRIN的表达部位变化特点。结果 (1)表达部位：EMMPRIN在早孕绒毛组织、中期和足月妊娠的胎盘组织中均有高度表达。在早孕绒毛组织中的表达部位主要集中在绒毛内细胞滋养细胞、合体滋养细胞及细胞滋养层柱细胞;在中期和足月妊娠的胎盘组织中,主要表达于底蜕膜的绒毛外细胞滋养细胞。(2)表达特点：在早孕绒毛组织中细胞滋养细胞、合体滋养细胞和细胞滋养层柱细胞的。EMMPRIN阳性率随妊娠进展逐渐下降。在妊娠中期的胎盘组织中,细胞滋养细胞、合体滋养细胞和细胞滋养层柱细胞的EMMPRIN阳性率分别为5／7、3／7、5／7;在足月妊娠的胎盘组织中,细胞滋养细胞、合体滋养细胞和细胞滋养层柱细胞的EMMPRIN阳性率分别为73％、18％和82％。在中期和足月妊娠的底蜕膜中的EMMPRIN阳性率较弱,且趋于稳定。而早期妊娠阶段,侵入到底蜕膜的绒毛外细胞滋养细胞中。EMMPRIN阳性表达则随孕周进展逐渐增强。结论 EMMPRIN在妊娠早期与胚胎植入有关,在妊娠的中晚期则可能参与妊娠维持。     

Notch1蛋白在正常妊娠早中晚期胎盘绒毛中的表达变化及其意义

目的:检测Notch1蛋白在正常妊娠早、中、晚期胎盘绒毛中的表达水平变化,探讨Notch1在胎盘形成中的作用及意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学SP法、Real-timePCR、Western blot分别检测20例正常早期绒毛组织、15例中期妊娠和20例晚期妊娠胎盘组织中Notch1 mRNA及蛋白的表达水平。结果:Notch1蛋白在正常早、中、晚期妊娠过程中均有不同程度的表达,随着妊娠的进展其表达水平呈下调趋势,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。正常早期绒毛组织中Notch1 mRNA的表达水平显著高于妊娠中、晚期胎盘组织(P<0.05)。结论:Notch1蛋白可能参与正常妊娠早期绒毛的分化及胎盘的形成过程,有利于维持妊娠的正常发展。     

双胎妊娠胎盘特征及其临床预后

双胎妊娠较单胎妊娠更容易发生胎儿异常及胎盘异常。双胎妊娠中的一些胎盘异常在单胎妊娠中也可发生,如前置胎盘、胎盘早剥等。然而,有些胎盘异常是双胎妊娠所特有的,且主要与单绒毛膜双胎有关,如胎盘内血管异常融合等。这些情况大多数可以用超声诊断,包括测定绒毛膜性、羊膜性以及胎盘异常的识别。分娩后胎盘病理检查可以帮助评估胎盘异常的存在,提供关于绒毛膜性的信息,了解双胎妊娠疾病的胎盘相关发病机制。     

彩色和能量多普勒超声对高危妊娠胎盘绒毛动脉的血流监测及与妊娠结局的关系

目的　研究高危妊娠胎盘循环的病理生理变化及与其妊娠结局的关系。方法　将研究对象根据脐血流S/D值和临床症状将 1 0 2例研究对象分为三组 :脐血流S/D≥ 95 th%者 37例为胎儿 -胎盘供血不足组 ;脐血流S/D <95 th%者同时有妊娠合并症及并发症者 4 2例为妊娠合并症和并发症组 ;无任何妊娠合并症和并发症2 3例作为正常妊娠对照组。经彩色和能量多普勒超声检测三组脐动脉、胎盘内绒毛动脉的阻力及计数胎盘内绒毛血管的条数并与妊娠结局相比较。结果　脐血流S/D≥ 95 th%的孕妇胎盘内绒毛血管的数量明显低于正常妊娠组和妊娠合并症、并发症组 ,胎盘内绒毛动脉的S/D值均显著高于其他两组。虽然正常组和妊娠合并症及并发症组脐动脉血流S/D值均小于 95 th% ,但妊娠合并症和并发症组胎盘内绒毛血管的数量显著低于正常组 ,胎盘内绒毛动脉S/D值显著高于正常组。三组中胎儿 -胎盘供血不足组妊娠结局最差 ;妊娠合并症和并发症组胎儿体重和胎盘重量居中 ;正常妊娠无不良围产儿结局。结论　彩色和能量多普勒超声可监测胎盘内绒毛血管数量及绒毛动脉的阻力 ,其血流动力学的变化为进一步洞察高危妊娠胎盘循环提供了直接依据     

长链脂肪酸氧化酶mRNA在正常妊娠及重度子痫前期胎盘中的表达

目的研究长链羟酰基辅酶A脱氢酶(long-chain3-hydroxyacyl-CoAdehydrogenase,LCHAD)在正常妊娠不同孕期绒毛或胎盘组织的表达情况以及在伴有肝脏损害和不伴有肝脏损害重度子痫前期胎盘的表达差异。方法应用原位杂交和RT-PCR方法对早孕绒毛组织(10例)、妊娠中期胎盘组织(10例)、正常妊娠晚期胎盘组织(10例)及32例重度子痫前期胎盘组织进行LCHAD基因的定位表达及半定量测定。结果原位杂交实验显示正常妊娠早、中、晚期绒毛或胎盘组织及重度子痫前期胎盘组织滋养细胞中存在LCHAD阳性表达。RT-PCR实验显示①妊娠早期绒毛LCHAD表达与妊娠中期比较,P=0.844;妊娠早期绒毛LCHAD表达高于晚期胎盘,P=0.020;妊娠中期胎盘LCHAD表达也高于晚期胎盘P=0.026;②发病孕周≤34周早发型重度子痫前期伴肝损害胎盘组织中LCHAD表达均值为(0.449±0.038),不伴肝损害LCHAD表达均值为(0.482±0.042),伴肝损害较不伴肝损害者表达有减弱,但两组比较,P=0.084;发病孕周≤34周早发型重度子痫前期伴肝损害LCHAD表达量与正常晚期比较,P=0.05,而不伴肝损害重度子痫前期LCHAD表达量与正常晚期比较,P=0.775。结论本研究显示在妊娠的早中晚期滋养细胞中均存在长链脂肪酸氧化代谢,妊娠早中期LCHAD的mRNA表达高于妊娠晚期;早发型重度子痫前期伴肝损害胎盘组织中LCHAD表达均值与不伴有肝损害者比较虽无统计学差异,但是有明显降低趋势。提示长链脂肪酸氧化代谢对子痫前期伴发肝脏损害的影响还有待酶活性和蛋白水平以及代谢调节方面的深入研究。     

瘢痕子宫产生的常见原因及其对远期妊娠的影响

瘢痕子宫产生的常见原因有剖宫产术、子宫肌瘤剔除术、子宫畸形矫治术等。瘢痕子宫妇女再次妊娠时子宫破裂发生风险显著增加;妊娠早期瘢痕处妊娠发生率明显升高;妊娠中晚期胎盘并发症如前置胎盘、胎盘植入和胎盘早剥的发生率显著增加,胎盘功能障碍导致胎儿窘迫和产前死产的发生也可能与之有关;此外,再次剖宫产率显著增加。     

妊娠早期诊断的进展

近年来由于生化学检查法及超声波诊断的进步,给妊娠诊断带来了重大变革,不仅早期诊断已成为可能,而且对其质量包括胚胎、胎儿及胎盘的质量诊断亦属可能,曾用过“疑微”、“确微”已变成废同,需要新的定义,如生化学妊娠早期诊断(妊娠标记出现期),临床妊娠早期诊断(超声波胎囊出现期),临床妊娠确诊(超声波胎心搏出现期)的分类法是其表现之一。现综述如下。一、生化学妊娠早期诊断法 1.妊娠蛋白:可分为妊娠特异性蛋白与妊娠相关蛋白两大类。妊娠蛋白的产生部位为胎儿、胎盘及母体。妊娠特异性蛋白(SP)除AFP、CEA由胎儿产生外,余均由胎盘产生,如hCG、hPL、hCT(人绒毛膜促甲状腺激素),hCCT(人绒毛膜促皮质激素),hCGRH(人绒毛膜促性腺释放激     

胎盘后血肿和绒毛膜下血肿的临床特征及妊娠结局的对比分析

目的:探讨胎盘后血肿及绒毛膜下血肿的临床特征及妊娠结局,提高对两种血肿的认识。方法:收集2013年1月至2017年3月妊娠中期发现并于大连市妇幼保健院分娩的107例宫腔内血肿病例,其中胎盘后血肿56例,绒毛膜下血肿51例。对两组患者的临床特征及妊娠结局进行分析比较。结果:胎盘后血肿组足月妊娠率明显低于绒毛膜下血肿组(55.4%vs 84.3%),流产、早产率高于绒毛膜下血肿组(21.4%vs 5.9%,23.2%vs 7.8%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。绒毛膜下血肿组血肿体积大于胎盘后血肿(18284.43 mm~3vs 8871.79 mm~3),胎盘后血肿分娩孕周明显小于绒毛膜下血肿(37.17±3.34周vs 38.22±2.71周),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。胎盘后血肿发生胎儿窘迫的风险高于绒毛膜下血肿(13.6%vs 2.1%,RR 1.917),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其他并发症两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。胎盘后血肿组胎膜早破、胎盘异常及胎盘残留发生率均高于绒毛膜下血肿组(40.9%vs 12.5%,38.6%vs 12.5%,29.5%vs 6.3%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。胎盘后血肿组新生儿体质量较绒毛膜下血肿组低(3080.68±796.59 g vs 3364.58±571.10 g),并且易并发新生儿疾病(15.9%vs 2.1%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胎盘后血肿和绒毛膜下血肿两种血肿的体积、分娩孕周、妊娠结局明显不同,胎盘后血肿较绒毛膜下血肿可能更易导致不良妊娠结局的发生。     

First-trimester abortion complicated with placenta accreta: A systematic review

Placenta accreta is a potentially life-threatening condition that may complicate a first-trimester abortion in rare occasions, and it can be difficult to recognize. We reviewed the literature in PubMed-indexed English journals through August 2018 for first-trimester postabortal placenta accreta, after which 19 articles and 23 case reports were included. The risk factors for the development of abnormal placentation are previous cesarean section (87%), previous history of uterine curettage (43.5%), and previous history of surgical evacuation of a retained placenta (4.3%). Ten patients (43.5%) had an advanced age (≧35 years). Most patients clinically presented with vaginal bleeding, ranging from intermittent or irregular bleeding, persistent bleeding, and profuse or massive bleeding. The onset of symptoms might be during the intra- or immediate postoperative period. Some patients had delayed symptoms 1 week to 2 years postoperatively. Conservative management may be attempted as the primary rescue, including uterine artery embolization (UAE), transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with dactinomycin, and laparoscopic hysterotomy with placental tissue removal. However, most reports in the literature suggested either abdominal or laparoscopic hysterectomy as the definitive treatment for first-trimester postabortal placenta accreta. High index of clinical suspicion with anticipation of placenta accreta in early pregnancy is highly essential for timely diagnosis, providing the physician better opportunities to promptly manage this emergent condition and improve outcomes.     

胎盘植入临床分析——附11例报告

目的:探讨胎盘植入病例的特点和治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析1999.03-2009.04收治11例胎盘植入病例资料。结果:3例早期妊娠胎盘植入均有剖宫产手术史,停经后有不规则阴道流血史;其中1例早期妊娠胎盘植入虽经超声提示孕囊位于子宫下段但仍误诊行人工流产及清宫手术时大出血;3例晚期妊娠分娩人工剥离胎盘时表明胎盘与子宫壁无间隙,经手术后病理证实胎盘植入;4例中期妊娠清宫时牵拉组织物有阻力,经彩色多普勒超声检查明确诊断;1例中期妊娠剖宫取胎时示胎盘与子宫壁无间隙,经手术后病理证实胎盘植入;3例早期妊娠者通过彩色多普勒超声检查确诊。早期处理的2例均手术切除子宫,近5年的9例行保守性手术和/或药物保守治疗成功保留患者生育功能。结论:对有剖宫产手术史患者停经后阴道流血就诊时,有必要行彩色多普勒超声检查;彩色多普勒超声检查有助于诊断胎盘植入;保守性手术和保守治疗可有效地避免子宫切除;严格剖宫产指征及重视避孕可预防胎盘植入的发生。     

Unforeseen consequences of the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries: early placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy. A review

This review concentrates on 2 consequences of cesarean deliveries that may occur in a subsequent pregnancy. They are the pathologically adherent placenta and the cesarean scar pregnancy. We explored their clinical and diagnostic as well as therapeutic similarities. We reviewed the literature concerning the occurrence of early placenta accreta and cesarean section scar pregnancy. The review resulted in several conclusions: (1) the diagnosis of placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy is difficult; (2) transvaginal ultrasound seems to be the best diagnostic tool to establish the diagnosis; (3) an early and correct diagnosis may prevent some of their complications; (4) curettage and systemic methotrexate therapy and embolization as single treatments should be avoided if possible; and (5) in the case of cesarean scar pregnancy, local methotrexate- and hysteroscopic-directed procedures had the lowest complication rates.     

Alternative conservative management of placenta accreta. A case report

BACKGROUND: Placenta accreta is a rare event in pregnancy and may cause life-threatening hemorrhage. This obstetric complication is a diagnostic and management challenge. When the condition is diagnosed, medical management is usually employed first for hemostasis. If the bleeding cannot be controlled, conservative surgical management is attempted, but hysterectomy is often required for definitive care. CASE: The diagnosis of placenta accreta was made intraoperatively at cesarean section undertaken for breech presentation. The placenta was densely adherent to the anterior lower uterus. Severe hemorrhage, which resulted from attempts to manually remove it, was treated with oxytocin, carboprost tromethamine and methylergonovine without success. The uterus was everted to provide access to the placental site, which was excised; the myometrial defect was sutured closed. Three Foley balloons were used to provide uterine tamponade. Methotrexate was administered prophylactically. These measures effectively controlled the hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: Because placenta accreta might not be diagnosed antepartum or during labor, especially when no risk factors are present, adequate preparations cannot be made. If it is diagnosed at the time of cesarean section, a combined conservative approach may prove helpful in controlling bleeding and avoid hysterectomy and hypovolemia.     

胎盘植入性疾病的危险因素及妊娠结局分析

目的探讨胎盘植入性疾病的危险因素及妊娠结局。 方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2017年12月广州医科大学附属第三医院/广州重症孕产妇救治中心围产资料数据库中信息完整的单胎妊娠孕妇48 650例临床资料，将这些孕妇分为胎盘植入性疾病组和非胎盘植入性疾病组，分析胎盘植入性疾病的危险因素及其妊娠结局。 结果单因素分析显示，年龄≥35岁、高中教育水平及以下、孕次≥3次、经产妇、人工流产史、剖宫产史、体外受精－胚胎移植受孕、合并前置胎盘是胎盘植入性疾病的相关危险因素(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示，胎盘植入性疾病的独立危险因素为剖宫产史(OR＝2.254，95%CI：1.917～2.650)、体外受精－胚胎移植受孕(OR＝1.591，95%CI：1.212～2.089)、合并前置胎盘(OR＝28.282，95%CI：24.338～32.866)；与非胎盘植入性疾病产妇相比，患有胎盘植入性疾病产妇早产、剖宫产、产后出血、弥散性血管内凝血、产褥期感染、子宫切除、低出生体重儿、新生儿Apgar评分相对较低(1 min)、产妇入住重症监护病房的发生率明显升高(P<0.05)。 结论剖宫产史、辅助生殖受孕、合并前置胎盘是引起胎盘植入性疾病的独立危险因素，胎盘植入性疾病的妊娠结局不良。     

胎盘植入及植入深浅对母婴的影响

目的:探讨胎盘植入及植入深浅对孕妇及胎儿的影响及其临床特点。方法:回顾分析2008年1月~2010年12月我院产科收治的266例单胎胎盘植入(病例组)及266例单胎非胎盘植入(对照组)患者的临床资料。将病例组再分为浅层侵入组(191例)和深层侵入组(75例)。深层侵入组由植入性胎盘和穿透性胎盘组成,浅层侵入组由粘连性胎盘组成。结果:病例组和对照组的输血治疗、产后出血、早产、新生儿窒息和入住NICU、胎儿死亡方面均差异显著(P0.05);但两组在有剖宫产史、实施剖宫产术终止妊娠、胎儿性别等方面则无显著差异(P0.05)。孕妇高龄、有剖宫产史、孕产次和流产次数增多与深层侵入的发生显著相关。与浅层侵入组比较,深层侵入组中孕妇行输血治疗、合并产后出血或前置胎盘、术后入住ICU治疗、新生儿出生体重2500g和入住NICU治疗等不良妊娠结局发生风险显著升高;在行剖宫产术终止妊娠、合并先露异常或胎膜早破等方面,深层侵入组与浅层侵入组无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:胎盘植入,尤其植入性胎盘和穿透性胎盘使母儿不良妊娠结局发生风险增高,与其相关的并发症与合并症亦可威胁母儿生命。     

胎盘植入患者的麻醉管理

胎盘植入是产科严重并发症之一,术中易发生难以控制的大出血,临床风险极高。手术的麻醉方法、麻醉管理,对于母胎安全尤为重要。本文提倡风险关口前置与多学科协作,术前充分评估病情,选择符合抢救需要的麻醉方法及术中合理的液体复苏。     

Placenta percreta diagnosed after first-trimester pregnancy termination: a case report

BACKGROUND: Placenta percreta in early pregnancy has been documented in only a few cases. This is the first report of placenta percreta diagnosed after an extended period from pregnancy termination. CASE: A woman with a history of a previous cesarean section presented with heavy and irregular vaginal bleeding beginning immediately after pregnancy termination at 7 weeks' gestation. Failed response to hormonal treatment and curettage necessitated hysterectomy. Histologic examination revealed a placenta percreta. CONCLUSION: Although placenta percreta is an uncommon occurrence, clinicians should consider it in patients who have a uterotomy scar and complain of long-term metrorrhagia following pregnancy termination.     

Uterine artery embolization and hysteroscopic resection to treat retained placenta accreta: A case report

Retained placenta is a serious cause of postpartum hemorrhage. Compounding this problem is the rare finding of a retained placenta accreta. Different authors have presented management options for retained placenta accreta that include methotrexate, uterine artery embolization, dilation and curettage, hysteroscopic loop resection, and hysterectomy. We report here on a patient who was diagnosed with a retained placenta accreta and underwent successful conservative treatment with uterine artery embolization followed by hysteroscopic morcellation. Whereas other methods have failed due to bleeding and/or infection, this case illustrates a potential new means of addressing this challenging obstetrical complication.     

穿透入膀胱的凶险型前置胎盘处理决策

随着孕妇妊娠年龄的增加,以及剖宫产后再次妊娠数量的增加,凶险型前置胎盘合并胎盘植入已经成为相对常见的严重并发症之一。其中临床处理最困难的情况往往是前置胎盘合并胎盘植入并穿透子宫浆膜层侵及膀胱后壁,一般称为“穿透入膀胱的凶险型前置胎盘”。文章基于近期相关病例报道和综述性文献的收集,就穿透入膀胱的凶险型前置胎盘的孕期处理、术前诊断、围手术期的准备以及不同手术方式的介绍、保守性治疗方案等关键问题进行了阐述,提出目前该种病例的诊治尚没有统一的临床指南或规范,往往强调个体化的诊治思路。即以保证孕妇生命安全和生活质量为底线,兼顾胎儿生存,减少术中出血,最大可能保护再生育能力为原则。诊治工作重在预防和早期识别,充分的产前评估及术前准备以及正确的手术策略选择是诊治成功与否的关键。