辅助生殖技术助孕后的多胎妊娠早孕期减胎91例分析

目的:评价辅助生殖技术(ART)助孕后多胎妊娠早孕期减胎术的安全性及必要性。方法:回顾性分析91例多胎妊娠B超引导下经阴道选择性减胎患者的临床资料,统计其早期流产率、晚期流产率,并将减胎后的患者分为单胎妊娠组及双胎妊娠组,统计各组早产率、早产孕周、早产平均体质量及足月低体质量儿出生率,并与同期施行ART助孕的单胎妊娠及未行减胎的双胎妊娠4 623例进行比较分析。结果:减胎组早期流产率为2.20%,明显优于同期妊娠的早期流产率(10.96%),组间有统计学差异。减胎后的单胎妊娠组早产率、早期流产率及晚期流产率均优于未行减胎的双胎妊娠组。结论:早孕期施行B超引导下经阴道选择性减胎术是安全的,且可有效减少多胎妊娠发生,改善其不良妊娠结局。     

多胎减胎后单胎分娩与单胎妊娠分娩比较分析

目的探讨体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)助孕单胎分娩者中,孕早期多胎妊娠自然减胎及手术减胎对围产期母儿结局的影响。方法回顾性分析3 376例行IVF助孕治疗,新鲜或冷冻胚胎移植后单胎分娩者的临床资料,根据孕早期宫内孕囊数分组:A组(多胎妊娠,455例),其中A1组(手术减胎,34例),A2组(自然减胎,421例);B组(单胎妊娠,2 921例);分年龄进行组间临床基本资料,出生低体质量儿率、新生儿畸形率、妊娠期并发症等围产期母婴结局的比较。结果 (1)35岁的患者中,A组比B组不孕时间短、移植胚胎数多和优质胚胎数多;(2)囊胚移植比例、冷冻胚胎移植比例A、B组间均无统计学差异;(3)A1组和A2组出生低体质量儿率、出生极低体质量儿率、胎儿畸形率均显著高于B组(P0.05),但A1、A2组间无统计学差异(P0.05),A2组早产率明显增加,与B组有统计学差异(P0.01)。结论多胎妊娠即使减胎后单胎分娩,其新生儿低体质量及畸形风险仍高于单胎妊娠分娩者,35岁、不孕时间短者,建议选择性单优质胚胎移植,以降低多胎妊娠。     

辅助生殖技术(ART)助孕获得多胎妊娠行减胎术后妊娠结局观察

目的:探讨辅助生殖技术(ART)获得的多胎妊娠孕早期行经阴道减胎术的有效性和安全性。方法:以经ART助孕获得多胎妊娠行经阴道减胎术的患者123例为减胎组,根据减胎后保留的胎儿数分为双胎组(A组,n=90)和单胎组(B组,n=33)。另以同期经ART助孕获得单胎妊娠(C组,n=36)和双胎妊娠(D组,n=57)的患者为对照组。回顾性分析患者的妊娠结局及妊娠期并发症发生情况。结果:减胎组的减胎成功率为100.0%,妊娠成功率为91.9%。A组胎膜早破发生率、早产发生率、新生儿低出生体质量发生率、新生儿重症监护室(NICU)入住率均高于B组(P<0.05)。结论:多胎妊娠孕早期行经阴道减胎术安全、有效、可行。多胎妊娠实施减胎术中减为单胎更为安全。     

助孕技术对多胎妊娠发生率的影响

70年代末以来,多胎妊娠明显增加,其原因主要是妇科内分泌和生殖医学领域的迅速发展。在德国,助孕术后多胎妊娠为25%,80%以上3胎和3胎以上的多胎是因激素刺激治疗或助孕所致。 目前尚无明确的数据表明,不孕症治疗方式与多胎妊娠率的明确关系。尽管助孕术导致多胎妊娠增多,但大多是卵巢刺激治疗使体内受孕。常用刺激卵巢药物对多胎妊娠的影响:克罗米芬治疗后多胎妊娠为5%～10%,其中95%为双胎,3胎和4胎各占3.5%和1.5%。促性腺激素(HMG、FSH)治疗     

多胎妊娠的分娩时机及分娩方式选择

近年来由于现代助孕技术及促排卵药物的应用 ,使多胎妊娠发生率有明显升高 ,按澳大利亚体外受精研究组的报道[1] :妊娠例数中的 2 2 3 %为多胎妊娠 ,其中 18 7%为双胎 ,3 5 %为三胎 ,0 1%为四胎。多胎妊娠与单胎妊娠相比 ,母体病理生理变化较明显 ,有其特有的特征。1　多胎妊娠的特征1 1　体液增加多 ,血浆量多致胶体渗透压降低 ,血容量增加 5 0 %～ 60 % [1] ,而单胎妊娠为 3 0 %～ 4 5 % [2 ] ,血液稀释致贫血 ,叶酸浓度降低 ,氧消耗量和换气量明显增加 ,妊娠末期子宫容积有的可达 10 0 0 0ｍＬ。1 2　多胎妊娠并发症较多 ,文献[1,3] …     

辅助生殖技术多胎妊娠行减胎术对临床结局的影响

目的:评估辅助生殖技术多胎妊娠选择性经阴道减为单胎的安全性和必要性。方法:回顾分析本中心行辅助生殖技术治疗后获得妊娠的患者,其中单胎妊娠2760例,双胎未减胎1258例,三胎未减胎15例,减胎后单胎18例。比较各组的流产率、早产率、剖宫产率、分娩孕周、新生儿出生体重及低体重儿出生率等。结果:减胎后单胎组与多胎未减胎组比较,早产率、剖宫产率及低体重儿出生率降低(P0.05),分娩孕周延长(P0.05),新生儿出生体重增加(P0.05)。单胎妊娠组与减胎后单胎组患者的年龄、流产率、早产率、剖宫产率、分娩孕周、新生儿出生体重及低体重儿出生率等比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:多胎妊娠孕早期实施选择性经阴道减胎术,仅保留一个胎儿,可有效降低母婴早产及剖宫产导致的风险,从而改善临床结局。     

体外受精移植胚胎数对临床妊娠率的影响

目的探讨将移植胚胎数由3枚减为2枚对体外受精临床妊娠率和多胎发生率的影响。方法选择2002年8月至2004年8月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院生殖医学中心进行体外受精,年龄≤35岁的妇女共424个周期,其中2胚胎组235个周期,3胚胎组189个周期。比较两组胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率和多胎发生率。结果2胚胎组和3胚胎组胚胎种植率与临床妊娠率差异无显著性意义(40.85%和40.92%,59.57%和67.20%,P>0.05)。2胚胎组单胎妊娠率明显高于3胚胎组(64.29%和40.16%,P<0.01),而三胎妊娠率明显降低(1.43%和22.83%,P<0.01),但两组双胎妊娠率差异无显著性意义(34.29%和37.01%,P>0.05)。结论对年轻妇女,胚胎移植数由3枚减为2枚,并不降低体外受精妊娠率。但明显降低了多胎妊娠特别是高序多胎妊娠的发生率。     

冻融周期行单囊胚移植的可行性探讨

辅助生殖技术的最终目的是让不孕、不育夫妇获得一个健康的孩子[1].然而,传统的辅助生殖技术治疗获得的多胎妊娠率超过25％,比自然妊娠的多胎妊娠率高几十倍,进而使妊娠并发症的发生率和新生儿病率大大增加[2 ].因此,多胎妊娠被认为是一种辅助生殖技术的并发症,而不是成功的助孕结果[3].如何不降低总体妊娠率又避免多胎妊娠一直是辅助生殖技术中面临的主要挑战.     

IVF/ICSI-ET后单绒毛膜四胎合并单绒毛膜单胎妊娠

目的:报道1例体外受精/单精子胞浆内注射-胚胎移植(IVF/ICSI-ET)后单绒毛膜四胎合并单绒毛膜单胎妊娠。方法:患者为26岁女性,接受IVF/ICSI-ET治疗,取卵后3d移植2枚8-细胞胚胎。结果:孕6周经阴道B超示单绒毛膜四胎合并单绒毛膜单胎妊娠。选择性减胎术在孕7周进行,减灭单绒毛膜四胎。孕40周行剖宫产术娩出单活男婴。结论:高龄、透明带操作、胚胎培养时间和条件、促排卵治疗等多种因素可造成单卵多胎妊娠。选择性减胎术可降低多胎妊娠的不利影响,但应更注重预防其发生。     

多胎妊娠减胎术发展现状

近30年多胎妊娠的发生率显著增加,对于母婴的围产期结局产生了极大的影响。多胎妊娠减胎术通过在妊娠中减去一个或多个胎儿,避免多胎分娩,可改善妊娠结局。影响减胎术后结局的临床因素主要为减胎孕周、手术方式、起始及最终胚胎的数量以及是否合并单绒毛膜多胎。此外,减胎术前的产前诊断对于选择减胎对象有着准确的指导。本文就多胎妊娠减胎术现状及影响其妊娠结局的相关临床因素做一综述。     

Addressing the growing problem of multiple gestations created by assisted reproductive therapies

Iatrogenic multiple pregnancy is the most significant complication of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Approximately half of all children born subsequent to ART result from a plural gestation. Furthermore, the majority of triplets and higher order births are the product of ART. The risks for multiple pregnancy vary with practice patterns and the techniques used to achieve pregnancy. Recognizing the potential for serious morbidity associated with multiple pregnancies, infertility specialists have developed strategies to reduce the complication of multiple pregnancies while maintaining acceptable pregnancy rates. Implementation of these refined practices has led to a reduction in the incidence of higher order multiple births, although the incidence of twins has yet to be minimized. Further reduction in the incidence of multiple births after ART necessitates a redefinition of success to emphasize the healthy singleton birth rate, rather than crude pregnancy rates.     

What Is a Preclinical Pregnancy Loss?

Purpose: To evaluate the contribution of embryo quality to preclinical loss rates after in vitro fertilization (IVF)/embryo transfer (ET) pregnancy, multiple gestation, and clinical loss rates were compared to preclinical pregnancy loss rates over a 3-year period. Methods: The pregnancy outcomes after 1675 fresh ETs from 1994 to 1997 were studied. While establishment of a clinical pregnancy confirms uterine receptivity, multiple gestation rates reflect embryo quality. Because the majority of clinical losses are chromosomally abnormal, clinical loss rates serve as another indicator of embryo quality. Results: The overall preclinical pregnancy loss rate was 5% (78/1675) of ETs and 17% (78/472) of pregnancies. During the 3-year period the pregnancy rates per ET increased from 19 to 36% (P < 0.0001), multiple gestation rates increased from 21 to 48% (P <0.008), clinical loss rates decreased from 20 to 6% (P < 0.0001), and preclinical pregnancy loss rates remained unchanged from 13 to 19% (P = 0.1). Conclusions: Preclinical pregnancy loss more likely reflects abnormalities in uterine receptivity rather than embryo quality. If recurrent preclinical pregnancy loss occurs after IVF/ET, evaluation for abnormalities of uterine receptivity should be performed.     

Long-term outcomes in multiple gestations

Children born from a multiple gestation are at increased risk for cerebral palsy, learning disability, and language and neurobehavioral deficits. With the increased incidence of multiple pregnancies and use of assisted reproductive technology (ART), these issues are more commonly affecting parents. Long-term outcomes are a critical part of preconceptual and early pregnancy counseling for parents faced with a multiple gestation or considering ART, and the provider should be well versed on issues surrounding zygosity, gestational age, higher-order multiples, and the effects of options such as multifetal pregnancy reduction.     

Factors affecting assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancy rates: a multivariate analysis

PURPOSE: To determine factors instrumental in achieving a clinical pregnancy in assisted reproductive technology (ART) patients. METHODS: This study included 205 women undergoing their first ART cycle. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for patient demographics, in vitro production data, and factors associated with embryo transfer. Odds ratios (OR) were performed where appropriate. RESULTS: Our analyses indicated that age (OR: 0.879), specific year in which the cycle was performed (OR: 2.959), and use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (OR: 2.867) altered potential pregnancy rate. In addition, percent fertilization (OR: 1.028), number of embryos transferred (OR: 1.842), type of catheter used to transfer the embryos (OR: 0.377), presence of blood on the catheter (OR .414), and embryologist (OR: 2.338) also altered pregnancy rate. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate patients' age, use of the Cook catheter, and presence of blood on the catheter reduce pregnancy rates. Performing ART in 1999, using ICSI, increasing fertilization rate, increasing number of embryos transferred (albeit less desirable when the chance of multiple gestation may occur), and transferring embryos via a particular embryologist, improve pregnancy rates.     

Pregnancy and birth after assisted reproduction

Pregnancy and birth after IVF has attracted much critical attention. Overall, pregnancy rates are about 30-40% with three transferred embryos. Abortion rates are high before 19 weeks of gestation, at 8% of established pregnancies, and ectopic pregnancies are regular occurrences. Pregnancy rates are highest (35%) in women aged 20-24 years, declining to 10% at and above age 40. The use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and blastocyst transfer has transformed the establishment of pregnancies for couples with differing indications. High rates of implantation are achieved with blastocyst transfers, although many embryos die in vitro before this stage. Twins and triplets can result in up to 50% of pregnancies. Heterotopic pregnancies are rare. Abortion afflicts fetuses before 12 weeks (vanishing fetuses). Rates of spontaneous abortion can be as high as 50% with quadruplets and quintuplets, and may be even higher in cases of fetal aneuploidy. At birth, prematurity is high, especially with twins or higher multiple pregnancies. Fetal reduction is used to reduce multiple pregnancies for singletons. Ovarian hyperstimulation is a risk associated with multiple pregnancy.     

The graduated embryo score predicts the outcome of assisted reproductive technologies better than a single day 3 evaluation and achieves results associated with blastocyst transfer from day 3 embryo transfer

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the graduated embryo score (GES) for predicting assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcome compared to a single morphologic evaluation on day 3 of culture (grade A: > or =7 cells; <20% fragmentation). DESIGN: Prospective cohort analysis. SETTING: Private practice. PATIENT(S): Women aged <40 years with a normal uterine cavity treated with ART (n = 106). INTERVENTION(S): Embryos were graded by GES and by day 3 morphologic characteristics alone before ET. Cycle outcomes were compared with embryo grade. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ongoing gestation and implantation rates. RESULT(S): Overall ongoing gestation and implantation rates were 48% and 26%, respectively. With 1+ embryo GES > or =70 (n = 77), the rates were 62% and 36%, respectively, which were significantly higher than for those with 0 embryos GES > or =70 (n = 29). With 1+ grade A embryo (n = 102), the rates were 50% and 27%, respectively. Transfer of more than one embryo GES > or =70 did not improve the pregnancy rate, but did increase the risk of multiple gestations. A single day 3 evaluation had an extremely low specificity (7%) compared to GES (47%). Graduated embryo scoring (GES) was an excellent predictor of pregnancy and implantation rates from blastocyst transfer. Day of transfer did not affect pregnancy rates, although implantation was higher from day 5 embryo transfer (ET) than from day 3 ET, as fewer embryos were transferred. CONCLUSION(S): Transfer of one or more embryo GES > or =70 predicts pregnancy and implantation rates better than a single morphologic evaluation on day 3 and achieves ART outcomes associated with blastocyst transfer from day 3 ET, making extended culture unnecessary for most patients.     

Primiparity, assisted reproduction, and preterm birth in twin pregnancies: a population based study

Objective To determine the prevalence of pregnancy complications among primiparous patients with twin gestation in our population and to investigate the association between the increased rates of assisted reproduction (ART) in twin gestation and preterm birth (PTD). Material and methods A retrospective population based cohort study was designed, including all twin deliveries after 24 weeks gestation (n = 2,601). The study group included 666 primiparous women and the comparison group 1,935 multiparous women. Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcome were evaluated. Women with fetal malformations were excluded. A multiple logistic regressions analysis for independent risk factors was performed including factors that were significantly different between the study groups in the univariate analysis. Patient’s data were obtained from computerized database and analyzed using SPSS statistical package. Results Primiparous women had a significantly higher rate of preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, ART, prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) preterm deliveries (PTD), labor dystocia, cesarean section (CS) and vacuum extraction of the first twin than the multiparous group. Primiparous patients had a significantly lower gestational age at delivery and neonatal birth weight of the first and second twin. In multiple logistic regressions analysis primiparity and ART were independent risk factors for PTD, (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.18–1.78; OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.09–1.71, respectively). Conclusions (1) Primiparous patients with twin gestation represent a unique population with high rate of infertility and underlying diseases such as chronic hypertension in comparison to the multiparous women with twin gestation; (2) primiparity is an independent risk factor for prematurity in twin gestations; and (3) although primiparous women had an increased maternal complications, neonatal mortality rates were not significantly different from multiparous women.     

Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps and Assisted Reproductive Technology Pregnancy Outcomes Compared with No Treatment: A Systematic Review

Endometrial polyps are frequently encountered in the uterine cavity of infertile women. There is much debate regarding the treatment of endometrial polyps in patients who are undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART). A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for retrospective or prospective studies that compared the effect of hysteroscopic resection of polyps with no treatment on pregnancy outcomes of patients who underwent ART. The primary outcomes were clinical pregnancy, live birth, miscarriage, and implantation rates after ART. Eight studies with a total of 2267 patients were included. The results showed that hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps (mean size <2 cm) was associated with an increased rate of clinical pregnancy in patients who underwent intrauterine insemination. No clear benefit was observed for clinical pregnancy, live birth, miscarriage, or implantation rates in patients who underwent in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. In conclusion, the effect of hysteroscopic polypectomy on pregnancy outcomes of patients who have undergone ART remains unclear. More prospective, randomized controlled trials are warranted to determine appropriate treatment.     

Comparison of Pregnancy, Implantation, and Multiple Gestation Rates for Day 3 Versus Day 5 Embryo Transfers

Purpose : To compare pregnancy, implantation, and multiple gestation rates resulting from day 3 and day 5 embryo transfers after in vitro fertilization emphasizing a subset of patients who met criteria for day 5 transfer but elected to undergo day 3 transfer. Method : A retrospective analysis of day 3 and day 5 embryo transfers from January 2001 to June 2002 were evaluated in a community teaching hospital setting. A total of 331 patients 40 years old were included. Using Student's t test, ²test, and Fisher's exact test, we compared the pregnancy, implantation, and multiple gestation rates. Results : Pregnancy, implantation, and multiple gestation rates were not significantly different between the subgroup who met criteria for day 5 embryo transfer but elected day 3 transfer. There was no significant difference between similar parameters in the overall comparison of day 3 versus day 5 embryo transfers. Conclusions : Blastocyst transfers have similar multiple gestation rates, pregnancy rates, and implantation rates when compared to day 3 embryo transfers.