BIS和AEPex比较性研究术前静注可乐定对麻醉深度的影响

目的　比较术前静注不同剂量的可乐定对麻醉深度和麻醉药用量的影响。方法　选 择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级拟行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者48例,采用随机对照单盲的方法分四组,分别在术前 30min静脉缓慢注入可乐定0μg/kg(Ⅰ组,为对照组,生理盐水2～3ml)、2μg/kg(Ⅱ组)、3μg/kg (Ⅲ组)、4μg/kg(Ⅳ组)。使用丙泊酚、芬太尼、维库溴铵联合静脉麻醉,芬太尼首剂3μg/kg,2μg· kg-1·h-1维持,调节丙泊酚的输注速度(6～12mg·kg-1·h-1)以达到满意的麻醉深度,维持BP (收缩压或舒张压)在术前值±20%范围内波动。观测脑电双频指数(BIS)和听觉诱发电位指数 (AEPex)的变化,比较各组使用丙泊酚剂量的差异。结果　Ⅲ、Ⅳ组与Ⅰ组相比,BIS和AEPex值在 诱导后、插管后、气腹前、气腹后均低于Ⅰ组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比差异无显著 性。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组使用丙泊酚的剂量分别为8.0、7.8、6.8和6.7mg·kg-1·h-1。Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的丙泊 酚使用量低于Ⅰ组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论　术前静脉使用大于2μg/kg的可乐定可以减 少麻醉药的用量,但以BP、HR稳定性来判断麻醉深度的方法,反而使麻醉的深度过深,BP、HR的波 动也大,应该适当减少麻醉药的用量。     

硬膜外持续输注不同剂量吗啡对小儿术后镇痛效果的观察

目的 :探索小儿术后镇痛硬膜外持续输注吗啡最佳有效剂量。方法 :32例择期手术患儿随机分为三组 ,各组吗啡负荷量、维持量分别为 :组Ⅰ 10 μg/kg、1μg·kg-1·h-1;组Ⅱ 2 0 μg/kg、2 μg·kg-1·h-1;组Ⅲ 30 μg/kg、3μg·kg-1·h-1。术后定时进行镇痛、镇静评分及不良反应的观察。结果 :镇痛评分组Ⅱ、Ⅲ明显低于组Ⅰ (P <0 0 5 ) ,镇静评分组Ⅰ、Ⅱ明显低于组Ⅲ (P <0 0 5 ) ,不良反应发生率三组间无显著性差异。结论 :吗啡负荷量 2 0 μg/kg、维持量 2 μg·kg-1·h-1可能是小儿术后镇痛硬膜外持续输注的最佳有效剂量     

听觉诱发电位指数指导全凭静脉麻醉期间病人输注异丙酚的效果

目的探讨听觉诱发电位指数(AAI)指导全凭静脉麻醉期间病人输注异丙酚的效果。方法择期全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人60例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=30):试验组(Ⅰ组)和对照组(Ⅱ组)。静脉诱导气管插管后,持续输注0．2μg·kg-1·min-1瑞芬太尼以维持合适的麻醉深度。Ⅰ组通过监测AAI调节异丙酚输注速率,使AAI维持在30以下,Ⅱ组根据病人血压及心率调节异丙酚输注速率,每5分钟增减0．01 mg·kg-1·min-1异丙酚。记录气腹前(T1)、气腹后(T2)、分离胆囊(T3)、腹腔冲洗(T4)、手术结束(T5)时2组的血压、心率、AAI和输注异丙酚的速率,同时记录2组异丙酚、维库溴铵、瑞芬太尼用量、术毕睁眼时间、应答时间和拔管时间。结果2组各时间点AAI差异有统计学意义(P<0．05),与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅰ组输注异丙酚速率以及总用量减少(P<0．05)。术后24 h随访病人均无术中知晓。结论AAI指导全凭静脉麻醉输注异丙酚用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人,可较好的控制麻醉深度,指导合理用药,避免病人术中知晓。     

雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚在老年患者无痛肠镜检查中的应用

目的比较不同剂量雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚在老年患者无痛肠镜检查中的应用。方法60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级无痛肠镜检查老年患者(>65岁),随机分为三组。丙泊酚负荷剂量为0.8mg/kg、雷米芬太尼0.5μg/kg,静注时间各60s,丙泊酚维持量6mg·kg-1·h-1。A组雷米芬太尼维持量0.03μg·kg-1·h-1,B组0.06μg·kg-1·h-1,C组0.09μg·kg-1·h-1,持续输注至肠镜进至回盲部停药。根据患者反应,单次静脉追加丙泊酚10mg,观察并记录患者检查前、丙泊酚给药后、雷米芬太尼给药后、镜检开始后1、5min、退镜完毕后1、5min的MAP、SpO2、HR、BIS、RR、VT、PETCO2和麻醉起效时间、入镜时间、苏醒时间,镇静评分、定向力恢复、术后视觉模拟评分、离院时间以及不良反应。结果镜检中A组MAP、BIS低于B、C组(P<0.05),C组HR慢于A组(P<0.05)。各组给药后、镜检中的MAP、HR、BIS、RR、VT低于检查前(P<0.05,P<0.01),PETCO2高于检查前(P<0.05,P<0.01)。A组丙泊酚用量较B、C组大,苏醒时间、离院时间较B、C组长(P<0.05,P<0.01),BIS下降明显(P<0.05,P<0.01)。所有患者麻醉满意度为100%。结论雷米芬太尼0.06μg·kg-1·h-1配伍丙泊酚用于门诊老年患者无痛肠镜检查较为合适,但应注意注药速度,并加强监测,尽可能避免心动过缓和低血压的发生。     

丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼行颅脑手术麻醉的血药浓度

目的探讨丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼行颅脑手术时两药合适的血浆药物浓度。方法60例择期颅内肿瘤手术患者,随机分为P4组(n=30)和P6组(n=30),所有患者均采用雷米芬太尼18μg·kg-1·h-1和丙泊酚12mg·kg-1·h-1恒速泵注麻醉诱导,根据需要补充丙泊酚0.5~1mg/kg保持脑电双频指数(BIS)低于60。P4组采用丙泊酚4mg·kg-1·h-1,P6组采用6mg·kg-1·h-1;复合雷米芬太尼10μg·kg-1·h-1维持麻醉。术中根据BIS的变化增加或减少丙泊酚的输入量,维持BIS在40~60。记录不同时点的BP、HR、BIS,记录各组丙泊酚的累积用量和血管活性药物的使用情况,测定血浆丙泊酚浓度。结果两组麻醉诱导平稳,无插管反应发生。麻醉中P4组BIS(49.70±2.75)显著高于P6组(45.80±3.82);P4组和P6组丙泊酚麻醉维持平均剂量分别为(4.43±0.42)和(5.77±0.38)mg.kg-1.h-1。P4组和P6组血丙泊酚浓度分别为(2.00±0.35)和(2.58±0.45)μg/ml。结论丙泊酚复合10μg·kg-1·h-1雷米芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉行颅脑手术,合适的血浆靶控浓度宜为(2.32±0.55)μg/ml。     

雷米芬太尼对硬膜外复合喉罩全麻术中血液动力学的影响

目的探讨雷米芬太尼对硬膜外复合喉罩(PLMA)全麻术中血液动力学的影响。方法妇科择期腹腔镜手术病人40例,随机分为丙泊酚组(P组,n=20),丙泊酚加雷米芬太尼组(PR组,n=20)。常规硬膜外T12～L1椎间隙穿刺头端置入硬膜外导管3cm,阻滞平面达T9开始诱导。P组注入丙泊酚负荷量2.0mg/kg,PR组输入丙泊酚2.0mg/kg后即予0.1～0.2μg/kg雷米芬太尼静注,睫毛反射消失后插入PLMA,若2min后病人未入睡则追加丙泊酚0.2～0.4mg/kg。P组持续输注单纯丙泊酚,PR组则输注丙泊酚加雷米芬太尼0.05～0.1μg·kg-1·min-1持续麻醉。结果硬膜外阻滞后两组BP、HR均降低、减慢,诱导后下降更明显;置入PLMA后PR组BP、HR增高、增快不明显,而P组明显增高、增快;气腹后P组BP、HR比气腹时显著增高增快,而PR组增高增快不明显。两组诱导丙泊酚用量分别为P组(3.02±0.56)mg/kg、PR组(2.68±0.25)mg/kg,总量分别为(6.94±1.36)、(5.84±1.02)mg/kg,PR组丙泊酚用量显著减少(P<0.05)。结论雷米芬太尼可降低PLMA全麻丙泊酚的用量,降低PLMA置入时的应激反应,有利于维持术中血液动力学的稳定。     

右旋美托咪啶对鼓室成形术丙泊酚用量及患者苏醒的影响

目的观察右旋美托咪啶(Dex)对鼓室成形术丙泊酚用量及苏醒期疼痛、躁动的影响。方法 60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行鼓室成形术患者随机入选Dex组(D组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。D组麻醉前10min予Dex1μg·kg-1静注、术中以0.3μg·kg-1·h-1恒速输注至术毕前30min;C组则相应静注、恒速输注等量生理盐水(NS)。两组均采用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉,并于Narcotrend监测指导下维持相同麻醉深度。观察并记录使用Dex/NS前后(T0、T1)、头部包扎(T2)、拔管(T3)、拔管后5min(T4)、30min(T5)、术后2h(T6)、6h(T7)的心率及血压;记录丙泊酚用量;记录拔管前后RS、RSS、VAS评分及苏醒期芬太尼追加情况。结果相较于C组,D组丙泊酚总用量减少;T2、T3、T4时点RS评分下降同时RSS评分升高;T4、T5、T6时点VAS评分及苏醒期芬太尼追加率、量均降低(P<0.05)。结论全凭静脉麻醉下鼓室成形术中应用Dex,可减少丙泊酚用量、减轻苏醒期疼痛并减少苏醒期躁动发生。     

雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚与复合地氟醚麻醉在脊柱侧弯矫正术中唤醒的比较

目的比较脊柱侧弯矫正术中,丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉和地氟醚复合雷米芬太尼静吸复合麻醉的术中唤醒时间及苏醒质量。方法40例择期行脊柱侧弯矫正术患者,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉组(P组)和地氟醚复合雷米芬太尼静吸复合组(D组)。比较停止输注丙泊酚或地氟醚后术中唤醒时间及唤醒质量。结果D组患者自主呼吸恢复时间(5.2±1.8)min,呼之睁眼时间(5.2±1.8)min和指令动作恢复时间(7.1±1.2)min均短于P组[(7.2±1.3)min,(8.3±1.7)min和(9.5±1.0)min](P<0.05)。唤醒成功时,P组患者有4例睁眼勉强,并伴有四肢不自主活动,苏醒质量为2级;D组均为1级。结论术中维持相同的循环指标,D组唤醒时间要短于P组,D组唤醒质量也优于P组。     

丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼静脉输注在颈动脉内膜剥脱术麻醉中的应用

目的 观察丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼静脉持续输注在颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)麻醉中对血流动力学的影响,探讨适合CEA的麻醉方法.方法 32例ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级拟在全麻下行CEA患者,依据麻醉维持用药方案不同随机均分为雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚组(R组)和异氟醚复合丙泊酚组(Ⅰ组).在相同麻醉诱导方案完成气管插管后,R组以雷米芬太尼0.1～0.2 μg·kg1·min-1联合丙泊酚3～5 mg·kg-1·h-1静脉持续输注;Ⅰ组以1%～3%异氟醚吸入,并静脉持续输注丙泊酚3～5mg·kg-1·h-1.记录切皮时(T1)、颈动脉阻断前(T2)、内膜剥脱时(T3)、阻断开放后(T4)、缝合切口时(T3)的血流动力学波动情况及术中心血管事件发生率.在麻醉诱导前(TA)、领动脉阻断前(TB)、内膜剥脱时(TC)和颈动脉开放后(TD)采集动脉血行血气分析并检测血糖(Glu),记录pH值和BE的变化.结果 R组患者在各时点HR、SBP的波动均明显小于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);R组高血压、低血压和心动过速、心动过缓的发生率以及降压药、升压药和艾司洛尔的使用率明显低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);两组患者TB、TC、TD时pH、BE均显著低于TA时(P＜0.05),Glu显著高于TA时(P＜0.05);组间比较,R组患者pH值TC、TD时显著高于Ⅰ组,TC、TD时BE显著高于Ⅰ组,Glu显著低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).结论 丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼静脉持续输注在CEA麻醉中对血流动力学影响小,心血管事件发生率低,能明显提高麻醉安全和质量.     

喉罩-雷米芬太尼复合七氟醚或丙泊酚麻醉在烧伤整形术中的应用

目的 比较喉罩-雷米芬太尼联合七氟醚与喉罩-雷米芬太尼联合丙泊酚两种麻醉方法在整形手术中应用的优缺点.方法 30例择期疤痕切除植皮术患者,随机均分为喉罩-雷米芬太尼联合七氟醚(S)组与喉罩-雷米芬太尼联合丙泊酚(P)组.静脉诱导置人喉罩后,S组静脉泵入0.15μg·kg-1·min-1雷米芬太尼及吸入2%～3%七氟醚维持麻醉.P组患者通过外周静脉泵入雷米芬太尼0.15μg·kg-1·min-1及丙泊酚6～8 mg·kg-1·h-1维持麻醉.记录患者术中生命体征、苏醒时间、术中及术后并发症发生情况.结果 麻醉诱导后两组患者MAP及HR均明显低于麻醉前水平(P<0.05),S组MAP、HR在切皮前已恢复到术前水平,而P组术中各个时点MAP及HR仍明显低于麻醉前水平及对应时间点的S组(P<0.05).结论 与喉罩-雷米芬太尼联合丙泊酚比较,喉罩-雷米芬太尼联合七氟醚用于烧伤整形手术具有血流动力学更稳定、麻醉更平稳等优点.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.