新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间综合医院手术室的规范化管理

目的避免新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间手术患者及医务人员感染。方法从疫情防控三级组织、择期手术和急诊手术患者的管理、手术室布局管理、手术相关人员管理、医院感染控制管理方面总结疫情期间的规范化管理方法。结果共实施手术448台,其中急诊手术282台,疑似新型冠状病毒肺炎患者手术5台。参与手术的医护人员及辅助工人1 200余人次,均未发生新型冠状病毒肺炎职业暴露及医院感染。结论手术室规范化管理制度和流程指引有利于参与手术的各类人员在紧急情况下有序应对和及时抢救,同时可避免职业暴露及医院感染的发生。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情后期手术室感染防控管理

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情后期手术室预防医院感染、保证手术患者及医护人员安全的有效方法。方法成立手术室新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情后期感染防控专职小组,制定手术人员健康准入、办公区感染防控、患者入室筛查、手术患者家属管理、疑似或确诊新型冠状病毒肺炎手术感染防控等管理策略并严格实施。结果 2020年3月9～18日实施择期手术36例,急诊手术71例,其中9例按疑似/确诊病例实施手术,无医护人员感染事件发生。结论新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情后期感染防控管理策略的制定与实施,有利于手术室工作科学、有序开展,保障患者和医护人员安全。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下手术室感染控制与管理

目的优化新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下手术流程,规范手术室感染控制管理方案。 方法规划手术方案,拟定管理流程,科学防控,精准施策。 结果按制定的手术室感染控制管理方案,在疫情期间开展的手术,做到手术室安全、病人安全、医护人员安全,无院内交叉感染发生。 结论制定的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下手术室感染控制与管理流程方案,保障了手术患者和医护人员的安全,避免发生院内交叉感染。     

围术期新型冠状病毒肺炎患者感染防控相关建议解读

由2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是一种传染性极强的感染性疾病。多数新型冠状病毒肺炎患者症状较轻,表现为发热、乏力和干咳等症状,但重症患者可迅速发展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、感染性休克、严重的酸中毒和凝血功能紊乱。此类重症患者往往需要行气管插管和机械通气,且部分非重症患者也可能因急诊手术需行全身麻醉。2019-nCoV可通过飞沫、接触和气溶胶等途径在人与人之间进行传播。而气道管理过程中,医务人员可能接触病毒载量很高的呼吸道飞沫和气溶胶,所以具有极高的职业暴露风险。加强围术期医护人员和手术室的感染防控对于预防院内聚集性感染非常重要。中华医学会麻醉学分会和中国医师协会麻醉学医师分会先后制定了《新型冠状病毒肺炎危重型患者气管插管术的专家建议(1.0版)》和《新型冠状病毒肺炎患者围术期麻醉工作指导及感染防控建议》,对围术期和围插管期的感染防控提出了原则性的指导。本文结合这两个建议,以及《新型冠状病毒肺炎防控指南(第五版)》和《普通物体表面消毒剂的卫生要求》,对围术期新型冠状病毒肺炎患者感染防控提出详细的操作性建议,供基层医务人员参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间外科手术安全防控体会

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间外科手术安全防控措施及流程。方法解读新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案、新型冠状病毒肺炎防控方案以及医疗机构内新型冠状病毒肺炎感染预防与控制技术指南后,笔者所在医院制定及完善了手术安全防控措施及流程。结果统计笔者所在医院从2020年1月22日至2020年2月10日行手术患者567例,其中手术中心手术501例,介入中心手术66例。所有手术中,急诊手术303例,限期及择期手术264例。在急诊手术中,占前3位的分别是剖腹产130例,占42.9%;腹部消化系统手术63例,占20.8%;头颅手术31例,占10.2%。限期及择期手术中占前4位的是眼科良性疾病手术65例,占24.6%;肿瘤患者57例,占21.6%;骨科手术53例,占20.1%;冠脉造影25例,占9.4%。所有手术患者均顺利完成手术,术后均恢复良好,无外科严重并发症发生,无感染相关并发症发生。结论在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间,通过调整优化措施及流程,可以开展外科手术和实施疫情防控。     

泌尿外科新型冠状病毒肺炎防控的医护一体化管理

目的总结医护一体化管理模式在泌尿外科新型冠状病毒肺炎防控中的应用效果。方法成立医护一体化新型冠状病毒肺炎防控小组,强化入院流程管理,精细化病房管理,手术配合管理,优化疾病治疗和护理方法。结果 2020年2月2～24日共收治患者39例,其中5例发热患者经防控小组会诊排除新型冠状病毒肺炎,均顺利进行手术治疗后体温正常。结论医护一体化管理模式在新型冠状病毒肺炎防控中有利于保证患者得到有效治疗和护理,保障患者及医务人员的生命健康。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期急诊手术患者的安全防护

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期急诊手术患者的安全防护管理措施,以预防医务人员及患者感染。方法新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期对87例患者行急诊手术,手术室加强三级防护,做好安全防护管理,包括实施手术区改造分区、医务人员培训及防护,加强患者术前、术中及术后管理等措施。结果 87例急诊手术均顺利完成,医务人员均未发生新型冠状病毒感染。结论加强新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期急诊手术患者的安全防护,能确保手术顺利实施的同时,保障患者和医务人员的安全。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下骨科手术防护策略

新型冠状病毒肺炎(novel coronavirus pneumonia, NCP)是一种新型呼吸道传染病,自2019年12月在我国湖北省武汉市相继发现多例NCP患者以来,NCP已蔓延至全国。感染患者数量逐渐增加,随着疫情的发展,患病人数还会不断增加。这些特殊人群发生骨科疾病需要骨科手术治疗的可能性也与日俱增,避免新型冠状病毒肺炎患者骨科手术时的交叉感染是一项重要的防护工作。因此,如何做好新冠肺炎患者骨科手术治疗防止交叉感染也成为了当务之急,本文基于本院抗疫一线医务工作者的防护救治经验,结合国家卫健委出台的关于新型冠状病毒肺炎防控诊治指南规范,介绍骨科手术时医务人员要采取的防护措施和防控策略。     

新冠肺炎非疫区复工复产下中西医结合医院普外科诊疗策略

新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎目前在世界范围内流行,给人民生产生活和身体健康构成严重威胁,各中西医结合医院普外科为防控需要原有诊疗模式发生改变,如何做好疫情防控前提下,让普外科疾病患者得到合理诊治。本文就新冠肺炎非疫区复工复产下患者门诊就诊、住院流程的建立、医护人员防护、病房的合理化分配、患者术后发热处理流程、确诊及疑似新冠肺炎患者的术中及围手术期处理等方面探讨诊疗策略,并在疾病围手术期使用中医药治疗促进患者快速恢复,体现中西医结合对普外科疾病的治疗优势。     

新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情下肝移植受者住院及居家防控策略

2019年12月武汉市爆发一种新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情,其感染性强,传播速度快,目前已传播至全国各个省市,截至2020年2月11日累积确诊病例已逾4万例,疑似病例逾2万例,死亡病例逾千例,疫情仍处于复杂严峻时期[1]。感染新型冠状病毒后,部分老年人、合并慢性基础疾病及免疫功能低下者迅速发展至重症,甚至死亡。肝移植受者由于服用免疫抑制药物、手术应激、营养不良等因素导致抵抗力低下,极易感染新型冠状病毒。依据国家卫生健康委员会和中国疾病预防控制中心发布的各类指导性意见,结合移植本身特点,现将新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情下肝移植受者住院及居家防控措施推荐如下。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.