早期心理干预对脑卒中后抑郁/焦虑患者神经功能康复的影响

【目的】探讨早期心理干预对卒中后抑郁／焦虑患者神经功能康复的影响。【方法】采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAs）对200倒脑卒中患者进行抑郁／焦虑状态评定，其中惠有卒中后抑郁合并焦虑的63名患者分别分为常规治疗＋黛力新治疗组（Ⅰ组）、常规治疗＋黛力新联合心理干预治疗组（Ⅱ组）以及单一常规治疗对照组各21例。采用中国卒中量表（CSS）、Barthel指数（BI）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评测治疗前后的疗效。【结果】急性脑卒中病人卒中后抑郁并焦虑患病率为31．50％。治疗Ⅰ组和治疗Ⅱ组HAMD、HAMA、中国卒中量表评分减少和BI评分增加与对照组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．001），治疗Ⅱ组HAMD、HAMA、中国卒中量表评分减少和BI评分增加较治疗Ⅰ组有显著差异（P〈0．05）。【结论】脑卒中后的抑郁／焦虑病人单用黛力新治疗、黛力新联合心理干预治疗均能提高患者神经功能康复程度和生活能力恢复，而且黛力新联合心理干预治疗疗效更满意。     

氟西汀配合康复训练治疗脑卒中后抑郁的临床研究

目的：观察氟西汀配合康复训练治疗脑卒中后抑郁的临床疗效。方法：87例脑卒中后抑郁患者分为康复组45例和对照组42例,均每日口服氟西汀20 mg,康复组患者同时配合康复治疗;分别于治疗前后对2组进行Barthel指数（BI）、Fugl-Meyer运动量表（FMMS）、Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）和汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）检测。结果：治疗3个月后,2组SDS、HAMD评分与治疗前比较减分明显,BI、FMMS评分明显上升（均P〈0.01）;2组间比较康复组显示更明显（P〈0.05）。抑郁状态比较,康复组SDS及HAMD总有效率明显高于对照组（77.8%、78.6%与60.0%、52.4%,P〈0.05和0.01）。结论：氟西汀配合康复训练治疗脑卒中后抑郁有明显的临床疗效。     

二甲医院卒中单元的运作与效果评价

目的通过在二甲医院建立和运作康复卒中单元，以探讨脑血管病的卒中单元管理模式及效果研究。方法将病情稳定、Barthel指数（BI）评分低于39分的1040例脑卒中患者分别在康复卒中单元病房（观察组）和普通病房（对照组）进行为期7d的相关治疗，运用BI、Fugl-Meyer评估（FAM）以及汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）对患者日常生活能力、肢体运动功能以及抑郁和焦虑程度进行评定，比较患者的综合康复疗效。结果治疗前BI FMA HAMD在两组之间均无显著性差异（P〉0．05），治疗后对照组以及观察组与其治疗前相比均有显著性差异（P〈0．05），观察组与治疗组相比也有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论两组患者的治疗有效，但是康复卒中单元的效果更明显，康复卒中单元是二甲医院实施脑血管病治疗更好的管理模式。     

早期干预对卒中后抑郁的影响

目的探讨早期康复干预对脑卒中后抑郁状态的影响。方法将86例脑卒中后抑郁患者随机分为康复组（研究组）46例,常规治疗组（对照组）40例;两组均进行常规药物治疗．康复组同时进行神经康复治疗。采用改良的Barthel指数评定日常生活活动,汉密尔顿抑郁量表评定抑郁状态,分别于治疗前及治疗第40d末各评定1次。结果治疗40d末,研究组Barthel指数、汉密尔顿抑郁量表评定均有明显改善。差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,对照组治疗前后改变不明显（P〉0．05）;两组间比较研究组明显优于对照组,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论早期康复干预不仅能有效改善脑卒中后抑郁患者心境,同时可提高患者的日常生活能力,降低致残率。     

休闲娱乐康复对卒中后抑郁的影响

[目的]探讨休闲娱乐康复对脑卒中病人焦虑、抑郁及日常生活能力的影响。[方法]将符合CCMD-3诊断标准的68例脑卒中后抑郁病人随机分为康复组和对照组，对照组病人按脑卒中康复常规进行药物治疗、运动治疗、作业治疗及理疗，康复组在此基础上给予休闲娱乐康复治疗，疗程8周。以汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、日常生活能力量表（ADL）为评定工具。于治疗前及治疗8周末进行临床疗效及日常生活能力评定。[结果]治疗后6周、8周两组MD、HAMA评分有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。8周末康复组显效率为79．41%，对照组为52．94％；日常生活能力评定两组有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。[结论]休闲娱乐康复能明显缓解脑卒中病人的负性情绪，改善日常生活能力。     

帕罗西汀联合心理干预治疗卒中后的心理护理

目的 探讨帕罗西汀联合早期心理干预对卒中后抑郁/焦虑患者日常生活能力和神经功能康复的影响.方法 采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)对272例脑卒中患者进行抑郁/焦虑状态评定,其中患有卒中后抑郁合并焦虑的81名患者分别接受单用帕罗西汀治疗、帕罗西汀合并心理治疗以及不干预.采用斯堪的那维亚脑卒中量表(SSS)、Barthel指数(BI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评测治疗前后的疗效.结果 急性脑卒中病人卒中后抑郁并焦虑患病率为29.78％,抑郁与焦虑共病率为65.85％;治疗组Ⅰ和治疗组ⅡHAMD、HAMA、SSS评分减少和BI评分增加与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P均＜0.01),治疗组ⅡHAMD、HAMA、SSS评分减少和BI评分增加较治疗组Ⅰ有显著差异(P均＜0.05).结论 卒中后抑郁/焦虑病人单用药物帕罗西汀或给予帕罗西汀合并心理干预治疗均能提高患者神经功能康复程度和生活能力恢复,而且帕罗西汀合并心理干预治疗疗效更满意.     

逍遥散加味结合心理疗法治疗产后抑郁症的临床研究

目的：观察逍遥散加味结合心理疗法治疗产后抑郁症的临床疗效。方法：将确诊为产后抑郁症的80例患者随机分为观察组（逍遥散加味结合心理疗法组）40例,对照组（逍遥散加味）40例,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）及汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）比较治疗前及治疗后2、4、8周评分,并比较2组临床疗效。结果：观察组显效率90．0％,有效率95．0％;对照组显效率70．0％,有效率80．0％。在显效率方面差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;在治疗2周末及治疗8周末观察组HAMD评分与HAMA评分均低于对照组,2组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：逍遥散加味结合心理疗法治疗产后抑郁症疗效显著,可供临床借鉴。     

早期中西医结合心理与康复护理对轻中度脑卒中患者的影响

目的：探讨早期中西医结合心理与康复护理干预对轻中度脑卒中患者神经功能康复效果的影响作用。方法将符合入选标准的86例患者按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各43例,两组患者均接受常规神经内科治疗及一般护理,观察组患者在此基础上进行早期心理和康复护理干预措施,以汉密尔顿焦虑量表（ HAMA）与汉密尔顿抑郁量表（ HAMD）评价患者的焦虑和抑郁情况,以脑卒中神经功能缺损评分表（ CSS）评价患者神经功能康复效果。结果护理干预前两组患者的HAMA和HAMD评分差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,干预后4周,观察组患者的 HAMA,HAMD 评分分别为（8．42±3．13）,（7．32±4．56）分,均优于对照组的（14．74±2．86）,（12．76±4．41）分,差异有统计学意义（t分别为9．7745,5．6233;P＜0．05）;护理干预前两组患者的CSS评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,干预后4周,观察组患者的CSS评分为（5．79±2．52）分,低于对照组的（8．83±4．21）分,差异有统计学意义（t＝4．0628,P＜0．05）。结论早期中西医结合心理和康复护理干预措施不仅能改善轻中度脑卒中患者的焦虑和抑郁症状,还能够有效提高患者神经功能的康复效果。     

早期综合康复对脑卒中患者功能恢复及继发并发症的影响

要目的：探讨早期综合康复对脑卒中患者功能恢复及并发症的影响。方法：将183例脑卒中患者随机分为康复组和对照组．其中康复组90例。在常规药物治疗的基础上采用B0bath法、心理康复和健康教育的方法进行训练；对照组93例仅进行常规药物治疗。对神经功能缺损程度（NIHSS评分）、ADL能力、焦虑、抑郁和并发症进行评估。结果：①治疗4周后两组NIHSS评分明显减少，运动功能、ADL积分均明显增加，焦虑、抑郁得分明显降低，两组的变化均数相比，康复组优于对照组（P〈0．05）。②在并发症方面，康复后两组肩关节半脱位情况差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；其余4项两组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；康复组继发并发症明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：脑卒中患者早期综合康复与对照组相比，在降低其神经功能缺损积分、减少并发症、提高运动功能、ADL积分上效果更好。     

早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中后抑郁的影响

目的：探讨早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中后抑郁的治疗效果。方法：脑卒中患者126例分为早期康复组62例和对照组64例，均进行常规药物对症治疗。康复组同时配合早期综合康复训练。治疗前后2组均进行欧洲卒中评分（ESS）、ADL及情感状态（HAMD）评分比较。结果：治疗1、3及6个月时ADL、ESS及HAMD评分，康复组均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：早期综合康复治疗能显著促进脑卒中患者神经功能的恢复，有效减少抑郁的发生。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.