Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid protects against cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury in hippocampal neurons

Previous experimental studies have shown that cerebral infarction can be effectively reduced following treatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid （SSTF）. However, the mechanism of action of SSTF as a preventive drug to treat cerebral infarction remains unclear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with 50, 100, 200 mg/kg SSTF via intragastric ad- ministration for 1 week prior to the establishment of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The results showed that pretreatment with SSTF effectively improved neurological function, reduced brain water content and the permeability of blood vessels, ameliorated ischemia-induced morphology changes in hippocampal microvessels, down-regulated Fas and FasL protein expression, elevated the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde content. In contrast to low-dose SSTF pretreatment, the above changes were most obvious after pretreatment with moderateand high-doses of SSTF. Experimental findings indicate that SSTF pretreatment can exert protective effects on the brain against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanisms may involve reducing brain water content, increasing microvascular recanalization, inhibiting the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, and attenuating free radical damage.     

Neuroprotective effects of total saponins from Rubus parvifolius L. on cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury in rats

This study examines the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of action of total saponins from Rubus parvifolius L. (TSRP) on focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury was performed in rats using the suture method. The results indicate that intragastric injection of TSRP, at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, could decrease neurological impairment, reduce cerebral infarct volume, diminish pathological changes, and significantly inhibit the apoptosis of neurons surrounding the ischemic area. In addition, TSRP upregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2, at the protein and mRNA levels, and it downregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax, at the protein and mRNA levels. These findings indicate that TSRP protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and that it may do so by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax.     

Total flavonoid of Litsea coreana leve exerts anti-oxidative effects and alleviates focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

In this study, we hypothesized that total flavonoid of Litsea coreana leve （TFLC） protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. TFLC （25, 50, 100 mg/kg） was administered orally to a rat model of focal ischemia/reperfusion injury, while the free radical scavenging agent, edaravone, was used as a positive control drug. Results of neurological deficit scoring, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining and biochemical tests showed that TFLC at different doses significantly alleviated cerebral ischemia-induced neurological deficits and histopathological changes, and reduced infarct volume. Moreover, it suppressed the increase in the levels of nitrates plus nitrites, malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase, and it diminished the reduction in glu- tathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Compared with edaravone, the protective effects of TFLC at low and medium doses （25, 50 mg/kg） against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were weaker, while the protective effects at high dose （100 mg/kg） were similar. Our experimental findings suggest that TFLC exerts neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, and that the effects may be asso- ciated with its antioxidant activities.     

Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid reduces neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide (25-35)

Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid might attenuate learning/memory impairment and neuronal loss in rats induced by amyloid beta-peptide. This study aimed to explore the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid on amyloid beta-peptide-induced neuronal apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the rat hippocampus. Male Wistar rats were given intragastric administration of Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid, 50 or 100 mg/kg, once per day. On day 8 after administration, 10 μg amyloid beta-peptide (25-35) was injected into the bilateral hippocampus of rats to induce neuronal apoptosis. On day 20, hippocampal tissue was harvested and probed with the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-16-dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at 50 and 100 mg/kg reduced neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide (25-35 in the rat hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assay revealed that expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3 was significantly diminished by 50 and 100 mg/kg Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid, while expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was increased. Moreover, 100 mg/kg Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid had a more dramatic effect than the lower dosage. These experimental findings indicate that Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid dose-dependently attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide in the hippocampus, and it might mediate this by regulating the expression of Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3 and Bcl-2.     

莱菔硫烷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的 探讨莱菔硫烷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制.方法 采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻断局灶性脑缺血模型,分别于MCAO后1h腹腔注射莱菔硫烷2.5mg/kg、5mg/kg、10mg/kg.于缺血2h再灌注24h时进行神经行为缺损评分,TTC染色评价脑梗死体积,测定脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量.免疫荧光组织化学染色法检测黄核蛋白NQ01和脂质过氧化酶Prx6的表达.结果 莱菔硫烷给药组与对照组相比均能改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经行为缺损评分,减少脑梗死体积.其中5mg/kg组能显著改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经行为缺损评分,减少脑梗死体积,增强SOD活性,降低MDA含量.免疫荧光组织化学染色法提示NQ01和Prx6的表达明显增强.结论 莱菔硫烷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有神经保护作用,其机制可能与上调内源性抗氧化蛋白NQ01和Prx6的表达有关.     

Tamibarotene Improves Hippocampus Injury Induced by Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion via Modulating PI3K/Akt Pathway in Rats

Goal: The present study aimed to examine whether Am80 (tamibarotene) protects the hippocampus against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and whether phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway mediates this effect. Materials and methods: Rats were subjected to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. The animals were randomly divided into 7 groups: sham-operated group; I/R group; groups pretreated with 2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg of Am80; Am80 (6 mg/kg) combined with the selective PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (0.6 mg/kg), and wortmannin (0.6 mg/kg) only group. After 24 hours of reperfusion, neurological deficits and infarct volume were measured. Pathological changes in hippocampal neurons were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Neuronal survival was examined by TUNEL staining. The expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Akt, and Akt phosphorylation (p-Akt) were measured by Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Findings: The pretreatment with Am80 improved the neurologic deficit score, reduced infarct volume, and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampus. Moreover, Am80 pretreatment downregulated the expression of Bax, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, and increased the level of p-Akt. Wortmannin abolished in part the increase in p-Act and the neuroprotective effect exerted on the ischemic by Am80 pretreatment. Conclusions: Our results documented that Am80 pretreatment protects ischemic hippocampus after cerebral I/R by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins through the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.     

葛根素预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制

目的探讨葛根素预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其可能机制。方法健康成年雄性SD大鼠120只,随机分成5组（n=24）：假手术组（S组）,脑缺血再灌注组（IR组）,Pc-24h100mg组,Pc-24h200mg组,Pc-24h400mg组,其中Pc-24h组于脑缺血前24h给予相应剂量葛根素腹腔注射行单次预处理,采用大脑中动脉线栓法建立局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,缺血90min,再灌注24h。大鼠清醒后进行神经功能缺陷评分,再灌注24h时处死大鼠,处死后取脑组织,测定脑梗死容积比（BIVP）、脑组织含水量及MDA水平。结果葛根素预处理可以改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经功能缺损评分,降低BIVP、脑组织含水量及MDA水平（P均〈20.01）。其中Pc-24h400mg组减低神经功能缺损评分、BIVP及脑组织含水量明显优于Pc=24h100mg及Pc-24h200mg组（P均〈0.01）,而Pc-24h100mg及Pc-24h200mg组之间无显著差异（P均〉0.05）。结论葛根素预处理可能通过抑制脑水肿及氧化损伤来减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤。葛根素预处理的脑保护作用具有一定的量效关系。     

亚低温疗法联合依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨亚低温疗法联合依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的保护作用。方法采用线栓法建立局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,缺血6h后再灌注,并分为假手术组、模型组、依达拉奉组、亚低温联合依达拉奉组,再灌注24h后进行神经功能缺损评分,采用TTC染色测定脑梗死体积和用免疫组化的方法检测Bax和Bcl-2的阳性细胞数。结果与模型组比较,依达拉奉未能减少脑梗死体积,但能通过下调Bax及上调Bcl-2减少细胞的凋亡,对脑细胞有保护作用;与模型组、依达拉奉组比较,亚低温联合依达拉奉组能通过上调Bcl-2及下调Bax明显降低大鼠神经缺陷评分及减少脑梗死体积。结论亚低温疗法联合依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有很好的保护作用。     

人尿激肽原酶对急性局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究人尿激肽原酶(HUK)对大鼠急性局灶性脑缺血再灌注(FCIR)损伤后细胞凋亡数量及B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2联合X蛋白(Bax)蛋白表达的影响.方法 84只雄性SD大鼠分为假手术组(12只)、脑缺血再灌注(IR)组(36只)、HUK处理组(36只),IR组和HUK处理组剩余大鼠又按照再灌注时间6 h、12 h、24 h、72 h、168 h分为5个亚组(均为6只).建立大鼠大脑中动脉FCIR模型.假手术组、IR组及HUK处理组中各取6只SD大鼠用于测定梗死体积,其余大鼠用于观察神经功能缺陷评分、TIJNEL法及免疫组化检测凋亡细胞数量及凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的表达.结果 HUK处理组神经功能缺陷评分、梗死灶体积、除168 h亚组外的各时 间点的凋亡细胞数及Bax蛋白表达均显著少于IR组(P＜0.05),除168 h亚组外的各时间点的Bcl-2蛋白表达均显著高于IR组(P＜0.05).结论 HUK对FCIR后的脑组织起保护作用,其机制可能为损伤后3 d内通过上调Bcl-2、下调Bax蛋白表达来抑制细胞凋亡.     

自由基清除剂预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后脑组织细胞凋亡及其相关蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨自由基清除剂依达拉奉预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡及其相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达的影响。方法将45只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、对照组、依达拉奉预处理组,每组15只。采用线栓法制作大鼠缺血2h再灌注24h模型。预处理组大鼠建模前12h腹腔注射依达拉奉(3mg/kg),对照组给予等容量生理盐水。再灌注24h后断头取脑,应用免疫组织化学法检测Bcl-2、Bax、HSP70蛋白表达,末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的原位缺口末端标记法检测凋亡细胞。结果依达拉奉预处理组和对照组大鼠缺血周围脑组织中凋亡细胞和Bcl-2、Bax及HSP70阳性细胞数比假手术组均明显增加(P<0.01);与对照组比较,其凋亡细胞和Bax阳性细胞数均明显减少(P<0.01),而Bcl-2和HSP70阳性细胞数明显增加(P<0.01)。结论细胞凋亡在缺血再灌注损伤中起着重要作用;依达拉奉可能通过上调Bcl-2、HSP70蛋白表达、下调Bax蛋白表达减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注后的细胞凋亡,增加脑缺血再灌注损伤耐受性,从而起到神经保护作用。     

Salvianolate increases heat shock protein expression in a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model

Stroke remains a worldwide health problem. Salvianolate exerts a protective effect in various mi-crocirculatory disturbance-related diseases, but studies of the mechanisms underlying its protective action have mainly focused on the myocardium, whereas little research has been carried out in brain tissue following ischemia-reperfusion. We assessed the neuroprotective effects of salvianolate in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury induced using the suture method. At onset and 24 and 48 hours after reperfusion, rats were intraperitoneally injected with salvianolate (18 mg/kg) or saline. Neurological deficit scores at 72 hours showed that the neurological functions of rats that had received salvianolate were significantly better than those of the rats that had received saline. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride was used to stain cerebral tissue to determine the extent of the infarct area. A significantly smaller infarct area and a significantly lower number of apoptotic cells were observed after treatment with salvianolate compared with the saline treatment. Expression of heat shock protein 22 and phosphorylated protein kinase B in ischemic brain tissue was significantly greater in rats treated with salvianolate compared with rats treated with saline. Our findings suggest that salvianolate provides neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by upregulating heat shock protein 22 and phosphorylated protein kinase B expression.     

基于氧化应激和炎症介质反应探讨草木樨提取物对急性脑缺血组织保护作用的机制研究

目的 评估草木樨提取物对急性脑缺血组织的保护作用及保护机制。方法 将50只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、草木樨低、中、高剂量组,每组各10只; 除假手术组外,其余各组大鼠通过改良Longa法建立急性脑缺血模型; 对草木樨低、中、高剂量组脑缺血大鼠分别给予100、250、500 mg/kg草木樨治疗,假手术组及模型组给予等量生理盐水; 采用2,3,5 氯化三苯基四氮唑染色法(Triphenyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)检测大鼠脑梗死体积; 采用Longa评分法评估神经功能损伤评分; 采用放射免疫测定法检测血浆6-酮-前列素F1a(6-keto-prostaglandin F1a,6-keto-PGF1a)及血栓素B2(Thromboxane B2,TXB2)水平; 采用酶联免疫吸附实验(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒检测肿瘤坏死因子a(Tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-a)、白细胞介素10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)水平; 采用分光光度计评估超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxidedismutase,SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutatheione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性; 采用原位末端凋亡法(TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling, TUNEL)检测脑组织神经元凋亡情况; 采用蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)及Bcl-2-相关X(Bcl-2-Associated X,Bax)蛋白相对表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,草木樨低、中、高剂量组的脑梗死体积和神经功能缺损评分显著降低(P<0.05),且随着草木樨给药剂量的增加,各组大鼠脑梗死体积及神经功能缺损评分逐渐降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,草木樨低、中、高剂量组血浆6-keto-PGF1a水平显著增高(P<0.05),血浆TXB2水平显著降低(P<0.05),且随着草木樨给药剂量的增加,各组大鼠血浆6-keto-PGF1a水平逐渐增高(P<0.05)、血浆TXB2水平逐渐降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,草木樨低、中、高剂量组TNF-a水平显著降低(P<0.05),IL-10,SOD,GSH-PX水平显著升高(P<0.05),且随着草木樨给药剂量的增加,各组大鼠TNF-a水平逐渐降低(P<0.05)、IL-10,SOD,GSH-PX水平逐渐升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,草木樨低、中、高剂量组细胞凋亡率显著降低(P<0.05),且随着草木樨给药剂量的增加,各组大鼠细胞凋亡率逐渐降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,草木樨低、中、高剂量组Bcl-2蛋白相对表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),Bax蛋白相对表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),且随着草木樨给药剂量的增加,各组大鼠Bcl-2蛋白相对表达水平逐渐升高、Bax蛋白相对表达水平逐渐降低(P<0.05)。结论 草木樨可通过减少脑血栓形成、氧化应激和炎症介质来抑制大鼠脑缺血组织细胞凋亡,对脑缺血组织具有保护作用,且研究发现随着草木樨给药剂量的增加,对脑缺血组织的保护作用更加明显。     

三七三醇皂苷对脑缺血再灌注大鼠的保护作用

目的 通过对局灶性脑缺血大鼠不同再灌注时段的动态观察．探讨三七三醇皂苷(PTS)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注动物模型的神经行为学和脑梗死体积的保护作用。方法 采用改良的线栓法制备大脑中动脉阻塞(MACO)2h、再灌注不同时间段(3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、7d)的大鼠短暂局灶性脑缺血模型。动物随机分假手术组、生理盐水对照组、三七三醇皂苷(PTS)组。用Zea Longa5分制评分和TTC染色法评价神经行为学和脑梗死体积。结果 神经行为学评分除72h组有明显改善外．其余各组与生理盐水对照组比较无显著性差异。脑梗死体积除再灌注3h、6h外．其余各组与生理盐水组比较差异均有显著性意义。结论 三七三醇皂苷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血及再灌注损伤有一定的保护作用。     

Protective effect of oxysophoridine on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice

Oxysophoridine, a new alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides L., has been shown to have a protective effect against ischemic brain damage. In this study, a focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established using middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Both 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine, via intraperitoneal injection, and 6 mg/kg nimodipine, via intragastric administration, were administered daily for 7 days before modeling. After 24 hours of reperfusion, mice were tested for neurological deficit, cerebral infarct size was assessed and brain tissue was collected. Results showed that oxysophoridine at 125, 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine could reduce neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct size and brain water content in mice. These results provided evidence that oxysophoridine plays a protective role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, oxysophoridine at 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine increased adenosine-triphosphate content, and decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide content. These compounds enhanced the activities of glutathione-peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and decreased the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Protein and mRNA expression levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 were markedly inhibited in the presence of 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine and 6 mg/kg nimodipine. Our experimental findings indicated that oxysophoridine has a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice, and that the effect may be due to its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1.     

人参皂甙-Rd预先给药对大鼠脑的保护作用

目的探讨人参皂甙-Rd（Rd）预先给药对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法雄性SD大鼠70只,随机分为7组（n=10）,即缺血再灌注组（CON组）、Rd 5 mg组、Rd 10 mg组、Rd 20 mg组、Rd 40 mg组、Rd 80 mg组和丙二醇溶剂组（VEC组）。所有大鼠均采用右侧颈内动脉尼龙线栓法制作大脑中动脉阻塞（MCAO）模型,并于脑缺血前1 h分别经腹腔注射相应剂量Rd及丙二醇。于再灌注后24 h、48 h和72 h进行神经行为学评分（NBS）,并于72 h行2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑（TTC）染色测量脑梗死容积百分比。结果与CON组和VEC组比较,Rd 5 mg组、Rd 10 mg组、Rd 20 mg组、Rd 40 mg组和Rd 80 mg组脑缺血再灌注后24 h、48 h、72 h神经行为学评分均较高,再灌注后72 h梗死容积均较低（P〈0.05）。Rd剂量小于40 mg/kg时,其保护效果随剂量的增加而增加。Rd 80 mg组与Rd 20 mg和Rd 40 mg组相比,NBS显著减小,脑梗死容积百分比明显升高（P〈0.05）;与Rd 5 mg组和Rd 10 mg组相比,NBS和脑梗死容积百分比均无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论人参皂甙-Rd预先给药对大鼠短暂局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,并在5-40 mg/kg之间存在剂量依赖性的保护作用。     

Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Mitophagy via mTOR-ULK1/FUNDC1 Axis in Rats

Objective: Electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment has been shown to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the involvement of mTOR signaling in the protective role of EA in I/R-induced brain damage and mitochondrial injury. Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were pretreated with vehicle, EA (at Baihui and Shuigou acupoints), or rapamycin + EA for 30 min daily for 5 consecutive days, followed by the middle cerebral artery occlusion to induce I/R injury. The neurological functions of the rats were assessed using the Longa neurological deficit scores. The rats were sacrificed immediately after neurological function assessment. The brains were obtained for the measurements of cerebral infarct area. The mitochondrial structural alterations were observed under transmission electron microscopy. The mitochondrial membrane potential changes were detected by JC-1 staining. The alterations in autophagy-related protein expression were examined using Western blot analysis. Results: Compared with untreated I/R rats, EA-pretreated rats exhibited significantly decreased neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarct volumes. EA pretreatment also reversed I/R-induced mitochondrial structural abnormalities and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, EA pretreatment downregulated the protein expression of LC3-II, p-ULK1, and FUNDC1 while upregulating the protein expression of p-mTORC1 and LC3-I. Rapamycin effectively blocked the above-mentioned effects of EA. Conclusion: EA pretreatment at Baihui and Shuigou alleviates cerebral I/R injury and mitochondrial impairment in rats through activating the mTORC1 signaling. The suppression of autophagy-related p-ULK1/FUNDC1 pathway is involved in the neuroprotective effects of EA.     

阿司匹林预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡和Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的观察预先使用阿司匹林(ASA)进行药物处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注(CI/RP)损伤后神经细胞凋亡及其调节基因(Bcl-2、Bax)表达的影响。方法48只SD雄性大鼠被随机分为对照组(n=12)和实验组(n=36),实验组又分为:小剂量组(ASA10 mg/kg)(n=12)、中剂量组(ASA50mg/kg)(n=12)、大剂量组(ASA150mg/kg)(n=12)。实验组于术前5d连续给予相应剂量的ASA灌胃。然后建立大鼠局部脑缺血2h、再灌24h的动物模型。第6天处死各组大鼠,TTC染色法测定脑梗死体积,TUNEL技术原位标记凋亡细胞,免疫组化法检测凋亡调节基因相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax的表达。结果ASA干预后,小、中、大剂量ASA组梗死病灶体积与对照组相比均减小,缺血周边区凋亡细胞阳性率均显著降低。小、中剂量ASA组的作用优于大剂量ASA组,小,中剂量两个实验组缺血区域Bcl-2蛋白的表达增加,Bax蛋白的表达降低,3个实验组间进行比较,小、中剂量ASA组的作用优于大剂量ASA组。结论ASA预处理可以缩小大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的梗死体积,可以减少大鼠缺血再灌注损伤脑组织的细胞凋亡,这一过程可能与上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达和减少Bax蛋白的表达有关,抑制CI/RP后细胞凋亡的表达可能是ASA的神经保护作用之所在。     

Rosmarinic acid elicits neuroprotection in ischemic stroke via Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 signaling

Rosmarinic acid(RA) can elicit a neuroprotective effect against ischemic stroke, but the precise molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, an experimental ischemic stroke model was established in CD-1 mice(Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology, Beijing, China) by occluding the right middle cerebral artery for 1 hour and allowing reperfusion for 24 hours. After intraperitoneally injecting model mice with 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg RA, functional neurological deficits were evaluated using modified Longa scores. Subsequently, cerebral infarct volume was measured using TTC staining and ischemic brain tissue was examined for cell apoptosis with TUNEL staining. Superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde levels were measured by spectrophometry. Expression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2), Bcl-2, Bax, Akt, and phospho-Ser473 Akt proteins in ischemic brain tissue was detected by western blot, while mRNA levels of Nrf2, HO-1, Bcl-2, and Bax were analyzed using real time quantitative PCR. In addition, HO-1 enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically. RA(20 and 40 mg/kg) greatly improved neurological function, reduced infarct volume, decreased cell apoptosis, upregulated Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression, downregulated Bax protein and mRNA expression, increased HO-1 and Nrf2 protein and mRNA expression, increased superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased malondialdehyde levels in ischemic brain tissue of model mice. However, intraperitoneal injection of a HO-1 inhibitor(10 mg/kg zinc protoporphyrin IX) reversed the neuroprotective effects of RA on HO-1 enzyme activity and Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression. The PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002(10 mM) inhibited Akt phosphorylation, as well as Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. Our findings suggest that RA has anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties that protect against ischemic stroke by a mechanism involving upregulation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression via the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway.     

异丙酚预处理大鼠缺血再灌注脑皮质细胞的凋亡

The present study aimed to observe cortical expression of Bcl-2 and Bax,cysteine-dependent aspartate directed proteases-3 activity and apoptotic cell death in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion pretreated with propofol.Results showed that,propofol pretreatment significantly reduced oxidative stress levels and attenuated neuronal apoptosis in the cortex of rats.Propofol pretreatment upregulated Bcl-2 expression,and downregulated Bax expression and cysteine-dependent aspartate directed proteases-3 activity.These findings indicate that propofol pretreatment inhibits cell apoptosis during focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.This neuroprotective effect is most likely achieved through the Bcl-2/Bax/cysteine-dependent aspartate directed proteases-3 pathway.     

胰岛素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察胰岛素对脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗作用,并探讨其作用机制.方法用线栓法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,根据胰岛素的给药时间不同共分成2大组,第1大组再分为A、B、C、D4组,第2大组再分为2组.在第1大组检测各组不同时限的血糖,测量计算脑梗死灶体积,并进行神经功能缺损评分;在第2大组采用TUNEL法原位标记DNA片段,检测TUNEL阳性细胞的变化.结果在6 h内给予胰岛素治疗可使神经功能缺陷评分显著降低,脑梗死灶体积缩小,TUNEL阳性细胞也明显减少(P＜0.05).结论早期应用胰岛素能减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,减轻再灌注后细胞损伤可能是其作用机制之一.