佛山市南海区常见传染病季节分布特征分析

目的 了解南海区常见传染病发病的季节分布特征,为监测和预防控制提供科学依据.方法 采用集中度及圆形分布法对南海区2006～2010年常见传染病进行分析.结果 南海区常见传染病中其他感染性腹泻有明显的季节性,发病高峰为9月中旬至次年1月下旬;麻疹、痢疾、伤寒和流行性腮腺炎有一定的季节性,发病高峰分别为5月上旬至9月下旬、5月中旬～11月上旬、5月上旬～10月下旬以及5月上旬～10月下旬;其余传染病季节性均较差.结论 应针对不同传染病的季节性分布特征采取不同的措施,预防和控制传染病的发生.     

应用集中度和圆形分布法分析顺义区传染病的季节性

[目的]探讨顺义区常见传染病发病的季节分布特征,为传染病监测防治提供科学依据。[方法]采用集中度和圆形分布法进行季节性分析。[结果]本次研究显示顺义区常见传染病中痢疾有明显的季节性,发病高峰为5月中旬至9月下旬;麻疹、风疹、出血热及流行性腮腺炎有一定的季节性,发病高峰分别为1月下旬至6月下旬、3月中旬至8月上旬、12月下旬至第二年6月上旬以及3月中旬至10月中旬;其余传染病,季节性均较差。[结论]针对不同传染病的季节性分布特征拟采取不同的措施,预防和控制疾病的发生。     

安庆市2009-2011年几种常见法定传染病发病趋势及季节性分布特点分析

目的了解安庆市传染病的发病趋势和季节性分布特点,为有效地开展疾病监测,控制疫点暴发和流行提供依据。方法对2009-2011年安庆市10种常见法定传染病报告发病趋势作时间序列分析;根据集中度标准描述疾病季节性分布特点。结果 2009年与2010年、2010年与2011年安庆市10种常见法定传染病总体发病趋势完全一致(t=0.04和0.17,P0.5);乙脑、麻疹分别具有很严格和很强的季节性;其他感染性腹泻、痢疾、流行性腮腺炎、淋病有明显的季节性;肺结核、乙肝、甲肝、流行性感冒,全年均有发病,集中趋势不明显。结论安庆市传染病总体发病趋势较稳定;一些疾病季节性分布规律与理论上不一致,出现提前或滞后现象。     

2012-2014年苏州市姑苏区主要传染病季节性特征

目的分析苏州市姑苏区主要传染病的季节性变化特征。方法采用集中度和圆形分布法,对苏州市姑苏区2012-2014年8种主要传染病的流行季节特征进行分析。结果其他感染性腹泻病、流行性腮腺炎发病有一定的季节性(M值和R值均在0.3~0.5),发病高峰日分别为2月6日和5月29日;痢疾、手足口病、乙肝、梅毒发病季节性较弱(M值和R值均<0.3);淋病、肺结核无明显季节性特征(P值均>0.05)。集中度M值和圆形分布R值呈高度正相关(r=0.99,P<0.01)。结论姑苏区其他感染性腹泻病和流行性腮腺炎发病有一定的季节性。     

应用集中度和圆形分布法分析盐城市学生常见传染病的季节性

目的探讨盐城市常见学生传染病发病的季节分布特征。方法采用集中度和圆形分布法对盐城市2009-2013年8种学生常见传染病进行季节性分析。结果学生常见传染病中,腮腺炎、流感、猩红热、手足口病发病有一定的季节性,其M值/r值均在0.3~0.5;而水痘、菌痢、肺结核、肝炎发病季节性差,其M值/r值均0.3。集中度M值和圆形分布r值呈高度正相关(R=0.999,P0.001)。腮腺炎的发病高峰日为5月16日,高峰期为2月28日-8月1日;流感的发病高峰日为1月9日,高峰期为10月25日-次年的3月25日;猩红热的发病高峰日为5月13日,高峰期为3月4日-7月23日;手足口病的发病高峰日为6月11日,高峰期为3月21日-8月31日。结论应利用传染病的季节性分布特征采取针对性干预措施,以预防控制学生传染病的暴发。     

南通市通州区常见乙类传染病发病季节性分析

目的 了解南通市通州区常见乙类传染病发病的季节特征.方法 分别采用集中度和圆形分布法,对2006-2013年常见乙类传染病发病情况进行统计分析.结果 通州区常见乙类传染病中,麻疹有很强的季节性,发病高峰为3月下旬至6月下旬;痢疾、伤寒和猩红热有一定的季节性,发病高峰分别为4月中旬至10月中旬、7月中旬至12月下旬、1月中旬至6月下旬;其他常见乙类传染病季节性特征不明显.结论 不同传染病发病特征不同,可采取针对性的措施,切实提高防控工作的有效性.     

圆形分布法分析石家庄市流行性腮腺炎发病的季节性和长期趋势

目的分析石家庄市2004～2009年流行性腮腺炎发病的季节性和长期趋势,为有效防制其流行提供参考依据。方法对全国传染病疫情信息网络直报系统上报的石家庄市流行性腮腺炎疫情资料,用圆形分布法分析流行性腮腺炎发病的高峰日和高峰期,用相关分析法分析流行性腮腺炎发病的长期趋势。结果①石家庄市流行性腮腺炎发病存在明显的季节性,其季节分布特征是,全年均可发病,2～3月份发病人数逐渐增多,4～5月份达高峰,6月份以后下降,8～10月份最低。②2004~2009年石家庄市流行性腮腺炎发病均存在明显的高峰日和高峰期(P﹤0.01),各年发病高峰日不相同或不全相同(F=167.213,P﹤0.01),总高峰日在4月26日,总高峰期为1月16日～8月5日。③2004～2005年石家庄市流行性腮腺炎发病较少,2006～2007年明显上升,2008～1009年发病略有下降但仍维持在较高水平。结论石家庄市流行性腮腺炎发病存在明显的季节高峰,发病高峰日多集中在4~5月份,高峰期从1月中旬到8月上旬,应围绕此发病高峰期采取有效防控措施。     

2009-2014年许昌市0～6岁儿童传染病流行病学分析

摘要:目的　分析2009-2014年许昌市0～6岁儿童法定报告传染病流行特征,为预防控制传染病提供科学依据。方法　采用描述流行病学方法进行数据分析。结果　2009-2014年共报告许昌市0～6岁儿童法定传染病28种42229例,年均发病率为1683.96/10万。前5位的病种为手足口病、流行性腮腺炎、其它感染性腹泻、细菌性痢疾和麻疹。不同年龄发病情况和疾病谱构成不同,手足口病、细菌性痢疾、其它感染性腹泻、麻疹发病率随年龄增长下降,流行性腮腺炎发病率随年龄增长上升;0～岁组儿童新生儿破伤风、梅毒、丙肝、肺结核发病率高于其他年龄组。肠道传染病发病最高峰出现在4-5月（占45.28%）,呼吸道传染病发病最高峰出现在4-6月（占42.52%）,虫媒及自然疫源性疾病发病高峰期为7-9月（占87.50%）,血源及性传播疾病无明显发病高峰。结论　许昌市0～6岁儿童传染病发病率高,是传染病预防控制工作的重点针对人群,应根据疾病谱、流行特征采取有效措施减少疫情发生。     

EARS系统在顺义区传染病季节性研究中的应用

目的 探讨顺义区常见传染病发病的季节分布特征,为传染病监测防治提供依据.方法 采用EARS系统不依赖历史资料方法C1、C2和C3对顺义区常见传染病季节性进行分析.结果 顺义区常见传染病中除病毒性肝炎和结核发病无明显季节性流行特征外,其余7种传染病发病均有季节性流行特征.其中细菌性痢疾、麻疹、风疹、手足口病及流行性腮腺炎在1年中的发病只有一个流行高峰,猩红热和水痘在1年中有两个流行高峰.细菌性痢疾发病高峰为5月中旬～10月下旬,持续时间约为21周.麻疹发病高峰为1月中旬～8月中旬,持续时约为31周.风疹发病高峰为3月上旬～7月中旬,持续时间约为18周.手足口病发病高峰为3月中旬～10月上旬,持续时间约为30周.流行性腮腺炎发病高峰为3月下旬～9月下旬,持续时间约为25周.猩红热流行第一个高峰自4月中旬～6月下旬,持续时间约为10周;第二个高峰自9月下旬～12月上旬,持续时间约为9周.水痘流行第一个高峰始自5月上旬～6月下旬,持续时间约为7周;第二个高峰自10月中旬～第二年2月上旬,持续时问约为15周.结论 针对不同传染病的季节性分布特征拟采取不同的措施,预防和控制疾病的发生.     

应用圆形分布法分析某部肠道传染病流行趋势

目的 分析某部队肠道传染病发病季节性规律,为制定控制措施提供科学依据.方法 对上报军区疾控中心的肠道传染病报告卡、肠道传染病疫情处理的调查报告等资料整理统计分析,并用圆形分布法推算肠道传染病的发病时间规律.结果 10年来某部肠道传染病发病逐年下降,共报告肠道传染病1093例,占传染病总发病数的27.24％.发病以细菌性痢疾、感染性腹泻、甲型肝炎、戊型肝炎、伤寒为主;共发生肠道传染病疫情6起,其中细菌性痢疾3起、伤寒2起、感染性腹泻1起.肠道传染病发病高峰日为7月26日,高峰期在5月13日～10月6日.结论 肠道传染病近年发病虽然逐年减少,但对部队的危害仍然十分严重,应根据其发病高峰期采取相应的防治措施,以有效降低发病率.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.