钩骨钩的应用解剖研究

目的对钩骨钩进行应用解剖和影像学研究,为临床诊治钩骨钩和尺神经深支损伤提供实验依据。方法取自愿捐献成人尸体上肢标本52侧,其中防腐标本40侧,新鲜标本12侧;对钩骨钩及其邻近结构进行解剖学观测。随机取其中24侧尸体标本,和正常健康成人12名24侧手为研究对象,行CT三维重建,测量相关数据。采用共用的24侧标本的解剖学和影像学测量数据进行统计学比较。结果钩骨钩是腕尺管和腕管的重要组成部分。尺神经深支在管内紧邻钩骨钩的前内侧。环、小指屈指深肌腱在腕管的最内侧,与钩骨钩的外侧紧密相邻。钩骨位于头状骨和三角骨之间,呈楔形。内、外侧和前侧均为关节面。钩骨钩大体近似扁板状,将其与钩骨体部相移行的部位命名为"钩骨钩基底",钩骨钩中部命名为"钩骨钩腰部",钩骨顶端膨大部命名为"钩骨钩冠部"。基底短径均大于腰部短径。钩骨钩的冠部长径比基底长径和腰部长径大,是钩骨钩的最大长径。两种方法检测钩骨钩的形状和各部解剖特点基本一致,其基底长径、基底短径、腰部长径、腰部短径、冠部长径、钩骨钩高和顶腰距比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论钩骨钩可分为冠部、腰部和基底部;钩骨骨折分为钩骨体骨折、钩骨钩骨折、钩骨体和钩骨钩均有骨折3型;钩骨钩骨折或骨折不愈合易损伤尺神经深支和环、小指屈指深肌腱;CT三维影像测量值可直接作为临床参考值。     

尺神经深支的影像解剖

目的 通过对尺神经深支进行显微解剖和影像学研究,为腕掌部尺神经深支损伤的早期诊治提供影像学和解剖学依据. 方法 自2008年10月至2010年8月,在16侧成人防腐上肢和4侧成人新鲜上肢标本上,以钩骨钩中点为原点0,在手掌平面建立X、Y坐标轴,尺神经深支与X轴交点到原点的距离为OE;X轴与钩骨钩基底部尺侧界的交点到原点的距离为OF;Y轴与远端尺神经深支的交点到原点的距离为OG,与近端尺神经深支的交点到原点的距离为OH,钩骨钩尺侧界与尺神经深支的距离为EF.确定第2～5掌骨远侧缘及近侧缘掌侧面中心点,分别经两中心点作矢状面,观测尺神经深支与矢状面上各掌骨的相关长度.将硫酸钡(Ⅱ型)干混悬剂均匀涂于尺神经深支表面,进行CT扫描观测,所得的数据采用SPSS 13.0统计包进行分析. 结果 OE为(4.96±0.11)mm,CT结果为(5.02±0.12)mm;OF(3.69±0.12)mm,CT结果为(3.75±0.12)mm;OG(10.55±1.07)mm,CT结果为(10.48±0.84)mm; OH (7.23±0.85)mm,CT结果为(7.29±0.84)mm;EF (1.27±0.15)mm,CT结果为(1.17±0.16)mm.同时对尺神经深支与矢状面掌骨进行了相关测量和CT测量.每组数据的解剖学结果与CT结果经t检验,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 解剖学和CT影像学结果差异无统计学意义,CT影像学结果可直接作为临床参考值.解剖和影像结果对临床诊治尺神经深支伤病具有指导意义.     

空心螺钉治疗钩骨钩基底部骨折

目的探讨空心螺钉治疗钩骨钩基底部骨折的临床疗效。方法 2015年6月—2019年2月,采用切开复位空心螺钉内固定治疗5例钩骨钩基底部骨折患者。其中男4例,女1例;年龄24～47岁,平均31岁。致伤原因:运动伤3例,摔伤1例,砸伤1例。其中合并手掌尺侧1个半指感觉障碍1例。所有患者患侧握力较健侧明显降低。受伤至手术时间为3～8 d,平均4.2 d。术后定期随访,测量患侧及健侧握力以及患侧环小指总活动度;采用Darrow标准进行疗效评价。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。5例患者均获随访,随访时间6～32个月,平均16个月。X线片示钩骨钩基底部骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间2.0～3.5个月,平均2.2个月。末次随访时,患侧握力为(35.80±3.76)kg,与健侧(36.00±4.94)kg比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.094,P=0.930);患侧环小指总活动度为(529.0±8.9)°,与术前(232.0±34.7)°比较差异有统计学意义(t=18.108,P=0.000)。1例尺神经损伤患者神经支配区皮肤两点辨别觉为4 mm,痛觉及温度觉恢复正常。采用Darrow标准评价疗效,获优4例,良1例。结论采用空心螺钉治疗钩骨钩基底部骨折复位固定牢靠,对骨折断端持续加压及抗旋转,可早期进行关节功能锻炼,促进了骨折愈合及腕关节功能恢复,是治疗钩骨钩基底部骨折的有效方法。     

钩骨腕掌关节移位重建指骨间关节的解剖学基础研究

目的探讨钩骨腕掌关节移位、修复和重建手的功能性关节的解剖学基础。方法22侧冷冻成人手腕标本,解剖观测钩骨腕掌关节和中节指骨基底关节面的形态、结构特点,测量各关节面的尺桡径、掌背径、关节面凹面的深度及关节面面积。将所得数据进行统计分析,比较钩骨腕掌关节和中节指骨基底关节面在形态、结构特点、面积及各径线长度的相似度。结果钩骨腕掌关节的尺桡径(13.54mm±1.15mm,钩骨腕掌关节尺桡侧缘中点的距离)和示、中、环指中节与拇指远节指骨基底关节面的尺桡径(关节面尺桡侧缘中点的距离)无统计学差异(P0.01,对应t值分别为2.7670、-2.0720、2.1608、1.2189);钩骨腕掌关节的掌背径(10.71mm±0.93mm,钩骨底嵴的两顶点间距离)和环指中节指骨基底关节面的掌背径(关节面掌背侧缘中点的距离)无统计学差异(P0.01,t=1.6170);钩骨腕掌关节的尺侧凹面深度(1.30±0.08)mm、桡侧凹面深度(0.95±0.05)mm、面积(139.89±5.44)mm2和示、中、环、小指中节指骨、拇指远节指骨基底关节面的凹面深度(尺、桡侧关节面掌背缘中点为支点测量深度)及面积有统计学差异(P0.01)。结论钩骨腕掌关节可作为一个新的良好关节供区,用于修复和重建各中节指骨基底关节面。     

正中神经环指桡侧指神经支移植修复尺神经深支缺损的应用解剖

目的 为研究环指桡侧指神经支移植修复尺神经深支缺损提供解剖学基础. 方法 对16例32侧新鲜成人上肢进行观测.在10倍手术显微镜下对腕部尺神经深支、正中神经旋前方肌支和环指桡侧指神经支进行显微解剖及测量. 结果 正中神经旋前方肌支直径为(1.13±0.02)mm,正中神经环指桡侧指神经支直径为(1.17±0.05)mm,对掌肌管出口处尺神经深支直径为(1.75±0.07)mm.显微镜下分离环指桡侧指神经支,对掌肌管出口处尺神经深支至旋前方肌支入肌长度即移植段神经长度为(104.59±20.25)mm. 结论 环指桡侧指神经支移植为带血运的神经移植,属肌支对肌支的吻合,是修复尺神经深支缺损的有效方法.     

钩骨钩骨折的临床分型与治疗

目的 探讨钩骨钩骨折的临床分型,并探讨不同分型的钩骨钩骨折合理的治疗选择.方法 回顾性研究了12例钩骨钩骨折的病例,依据损伤特点和预后将其分为三型:Ⅰ型为钩骨钩尖端的撕脱骨折,Ⅱ型为钩骨钩中段的骨折,Ⅲ型为钩骨钩基底的骨折.依据这一分型,本组病例中Ⅰ型1例、Ⅱ型7例、Ⅲ型4例.其中保守治疗3例,骨折切开复位内固定4例,钩骨钩切除5例;术前合并尺神经损伤3例(2例Ⅱ型,1例Ⅲ型),合并小指指屈肌腱损伤2例(均为Ⅱ型骨折),合并豆三角关节脱位1例(Ⅱ型骨折).重点分析了术后功能恢复情况、恢复时间,以及临床分型与术前并发症和疗效的相关性.结果 本组随访时间为4～16个月,平均(8.4±3.9)个月.进行保守治疗和切开复位内固定7例中有2例Ⅱ型骨折发生骨折不愈合,其他5例骨折均愈合.所有患者至最终随访时均对疗效表示满意或非常满意,其疼痛评分、握力均较术前显著改善.术前并发症经手术治疗均完全缓解.采用钩骨钩摘除术的患者术后恢复时间显著短于其他两种治疗方法.Ⅱ型骨折术前并发症和骨折不愈合的发生率都较其他两型高.结论 钩骨钩骨折的总体疗效是非常令人满意的.对Ⅰ型骨折和无移位的Ⅲ型骨折,可采用保守治疗.对有移位的Ⅲ型骨折,可行切开复位内固定.对Ⅱ型骨折,由于其并发症的发生率较高,应尽早行钩骨钩摘除术.     

健侧C7神经移位时健侧C7神经吻合口至效应器长度的测量

目的 为健侧颈7移位提供解剖学依据.方法 在30侧成人上肢标本上测量经皮下和椎前两种健侧C7移位时,正中神经返支起点至健侧C7神经吻合口之间的距离,并对两者进行比较:分别测量尺神经深支以及正中神经返支起点以上365 mm点距肱骨外上髁的长度.结果 经椎体前通路时测得效应器与健侧C7神经吻合点之间长度为(80.6±2.9)cm,经颈前皮下通路时长度为(86.5±3.1)cm.两者相比有统计学意义(t=6.32,P<0.05).测量正中神经返支和尺神经深支起点上365 mm分别位于肱骨外上髁上(4.6±0.7)cm和(6.7±0.8)cm处,两点均位于肘上部.结论 健侧C7移位修复正中神经不能恢复内在肌功能;经椎前通路优于经皮下通路;高位正中神经和尺神经损伤均位于肘上.     

三角骨嵌入钩骨骨折并豆钩裂隙综合征五例

腕三角骨嵌入钩骨骨折并豆钩裂隙综合征 ,临床少见 ,出现的手功能障碍 ,易被误诊尺管综合征 ,并致二次手术其主要是对该症缺乏认识。我院从 1984年 3月～ 1998年 5月 ,治疗 5例患者 ,报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本组 5例 ,皆为男性 ,年龄 2 5～ 38岁 ,就诊时间 4ｈ～ 3ｄ。致伤原因 :高处坠落 3例 ,反冲伤 1例 ,骑摩托车跌倒 1例。检查 :腕部皮肤擦伤痕 ,肿胀 ,钩骨钩压痛明显 ,环小指指间关节主动伸指障碍 ,分指并指运动受限 ,小指尺侧感觉无障碍。Ｘ线片示 :三角骨呈切割状嵌入钩骨 ,骨折线位于钩骨钩基底或钩骨体中央 (见图 1)…     

臂丛神经根性撕脱伤修复前臂屈肌功能的应用解剖

目的为健侧C7移位重建前臂屈肌功能提供解剖学依据。方法在30侧甲醛固定的成人尸体标本上,观测椎前通路健侧C7移位修复患侧下干或内侧束时,相关前臂屈肌神经入肌点和尺神经深支起点至健侧C7神经吻合口之间的距离;观测上述肌肉的神经来源;测量C7及其前、后股的长度。结果 C7及其前、后股长度分别为(58.8±4.2)、(15.4±6.7)、(8.8±4.4)mm。C7神经吻合口至入肌点长度:至掌长肌支为(369.4±47.3)mm,至指浅屈肌支为(390.5±38.8)mm(正中神经发出)和(413.6±47.4)mm(骨间前神经发出),至示中指指深屈肌支为(346.2±22.3)mm(正中神经发出)和(408.2±23.9)mm(骨间前神经发出),至环小指指深屈肌支为(344.2±27.2)mm,至拇长屈肌支为(392.5±29.2)mm(正中神经发出)和(420.5±37.1)mm(骨间前神经发出),至旋前方肌支为(495.8±31.3)mm,至尺神经深支起点为(548.7±30.0)mm。骨间前神经均发支支配拇长屈肌、示中指指深屈肌和旋前方肌,支配指浅屈肌5侧(16.7%);正中神经主干均发支支配掌长肌和指浅屈肌,支配示中指指深屈肌10侧(33.3%)、拇长屈肌6侧(20.0%)。结论如果采取腓肠神经移植,前臂肌肉功能在1年内均不能恢复;肱骨短缩、1个神经吻合口有利于前臂屈肌功能的恢复。     

腕掌关节脱位或并骨折致尺神经深支损伤四例报告

目的 探讨腕掌关节脱位或并骨折致尺神经深支损伤的致病机理及治疗。方法 1988年4月至2009年9月治疗4例腕掌关节脱位或并骨折致尺神经深支损伤患者，男3例，女1例；年龄29～57岁，平均39岁。左手3例，右手1例。第2～5腕掌关节掌侧脱位1例，第4～5腕掌关节掌侧脱位1例，第5腕掌关节掌侧脱位1例，腕部多处骨折脱位1例。3例患者采用骨折切开复立克氏针内固定并行尺神经探查松解术，1例复位内固定腕舟骨、第1掌骨骨折和第2、3掌骨基底背侧脱位骨折，并复立钩骨骨折。结果 所有患者获6～11个月（平均8个月）随访。腕掌关节对位对线好，术后4周拔]克氏针。按中华医学会手外科学会上肢周围神经功能评定试用标准，综合评价均为优。结论 腕掌关节脱位或并骨折可致尺神经深支损伤，多为脱位的掌骨基底直接压迫尺神经深支；早期诊断腕掌关节脱位或并骨折并进行及时复位是神经功能得以恢复的关键。     

Percutaneous Pinning of Fifth Carpal–Metacarpal Fracture–Dislocations: An Alternative Pin Trajectory

Traditional management of unstable fourth and fifth carpal-metacarpal (CMC) fracture-dislocations (fx-dislocs) of the hand includes closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) versus open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Traditional trajectory of pin placement is toward the base of the hook of the hamate. Our case series of CMC fx-dislocs treated with this trajectory led to the development of ulnar deep motor branch symptoms (sxs). We attempt to propose an alternative trajectory that could lower the chance of iatrogenic injury. Five fresh frozen cadaveric specimens underwent percutaneous pinning of the fifth CMC joint using fluoroscopic guidance. Each cadaver was dissected, and the proximity of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve was measured in relation to a pin that penetrated the volar cortex. Our results confirm the close proximity of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve to the volar cortex of the hamate and demonstrate the potential for iatrogenic injury during CRPP of the fifth CMC fx-dislocs, especially with penetration of the volar cortex. By demonstrating the close proximity of the deep motor branch to the volar cortex of the hamate in cadavers, we highlight the potential for iatrogenic injury with CRPP of CMC fx-dislocs as seen in our case series. We recommend a more midaxial starting point on the proximal metacarpal with a trajectory aimed at the midbody of the hamate to prevent penetration of the hamate volar cortex and limit the chances of iatrogenic injury.     

Anatomy of the ulnar artery as it relates to the transverse carpal ligament

The anatomic relationship between the ulnar artery and transverse carpal ligament (TCL) as an aid in planning for minimally invasive carpal tunnel surgery was investigated. The anatomic course of the ulnar artery and its branches toward the TCL and the location of the median nerve were determined in 24 fresh cadaver hands perfused with a silicone compound. The ulnar artery coursed from 7 mm ulnar to 2 mm radial to the hook of hamate. The average distance between the superficial palmar arch and the distal margin of the TCL was 12 mm as measured along the flexor tendon of the ring finger. The location of the median nerve extended an average of 11 mm radial to the hook of hamate. A small arterial branch (average diameter, 0.7 mm) from the ulnar artery ran transversely just over the TCL in 6 of the 24 specimens. This branch was consistently located within 15 mm proximal to the TCL distal margin. These and other microscopic observations indicated that transecting the ligament at approximately 5 mm radial to the radial margin of the hook of hamate may minimize postoperative bleeding and avoid iatrogenic vascular and neural injury. (J Hand Surg 2002;27A:101-104. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)     

A neural loop of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve: an anatomic study

A motor neural loop of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve was encountered on three occasions during neurolysis of the ulnar nerve through Guyon's canal. An anatomic study of the course of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve at the wrist was done to define the incidence of this neural loop. Seventy-seven cadaveric upper extremities were examined and seven (9%) cases of a neural loop were encountered. One of these cases was bilateral. This variation should be considered when there is an atypical clinical presentation after penetrating injuries or compression neuropathy of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. In addition, care must be taken not to injure this branch during decompression of Guyon's canal or excision of an ununited of the hook of the hamate.     

Variation of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve at the wrist

An unusual variation in the course of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve is described. This anomaly should be kept in mind during operations for fractures of the hook of the hamate and also in atypical clinical patterns of denervation caused by trauma or compressive neuropathies.     

Evaluation of grip strength in hook of hamate fractures treated with osteosynthesis. Is this surgical treatment necessary?

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in hamate hook fractures and review the literature on this surgical procedure.MethodsWe report the outcomes of ORIF of hamate hook fractures in 13 consecutive patients (12 men and 1 woman; mean age: 32 years (range, 22–48 years)). In eight patients (61%) the fracture was associated with ulnar nerve neuritis in Guyon's canal. We assessed the following clinical data: age, sex, mechanism of injury, side of the injured hand and associated lesions, fracture classification, average time from injury to correct diagnosis, surgical technique, complications, and length of follow-up.All patients underwent radiological imaging, including standard radiographs in two planes (anteroposterior and lateral projections), and a CT study. Functional outcomes evaluated were pain, range of motion, grip strength, Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) and Mayo wrist score.ResultsThe mean follow-up was 36 months (range, 12–144 months). All 13 cases were treated with ORIF of the hook of the hamate. Mean VAS pain score was 5 preoperatively (4–9) and 1 (0–2) postoperatively. All patients returned to pre-injury level and only one patient felt pain on activity. Preoperative modified Mayo wrist score was 51 and the postoperative value was 94. All outcomes scores improved significantly from preoperative values. The patients who participated in sports postoperatively were able to do so at or near pre-injury levels. Postoperative average range of wrist motion was 76° in extension, 71° in flexion, 14° in ulnar deviation, and 21° in radial deviation.Mean grip strength in the hand with the hook fracture was 58 kg compared with 53 Kg in the unaffected hand. All patients returned to their pre-injury level of functioning after 10–12 weeks and there were no complications. Analysis of grip strength revealed values comparable with the unaffected hand.ConclusionORIF of hamate hook fractures is a safe and effective technique to restore normal grip strength and return to pre-injury level. In cases of ulnar nerve neuritis, neurolysis of the deep palmar branch is mandatory.Level of evidenceLevel IV, Therapeutic study.     

The lateral approach compared with the volar approach for exposure of the hook of the hamate

Two cases of delayed union of the hook of the hamate were satisfactorily treated by excisional surgery. The volar surgical approach through the palm is common, but to expose the hook some hypothenar muscles and cardinal ligaments must be divided. Care must be taken to avoid injury of the motor and sensory branches of the ulnar nerve that occur close to the hook. The lateral approach between the abductor digiti minimi muscle and the fifth metacarpal bone is easier and less traumatic. This approach is also safer for the ulnar neurovascular bundle, which is protected by volar retraction and the hypothenar muscles. The lateral approach is advantageous unless the injury is complicated by ulnar nerve palsy or flexor tendon injury.     

Ulnar nerve palsy after open carpal tunnel decompression: Case report and review of the literature

Open carpal tunnel release is the commonest surgical treatment of median nerve compression at the wrist. Although successful in most cases, there are well described complications. We report a case of laceration of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve at the level of the hook of hamate following a complicated carpal tunnel decompression. Good surgical technique and knowledge of wrist anatomy are essential for performing this apparently simple procedure safely.     

Practical anatomy of the carpal tunnel

The carpal tunnel is most narrow at the level of the hook of the hamate. The median nerve is the most superficial structure. It has specific relationships to surrounding structures within the carpal tunnel to the ulnar bursa, flexor tendons, and endoscopic devices placed inside the canal. The importance of the ring finger axis is stressed. Knowledge of topographical landmarks that mark the borders of the carpal tunnel, the hook of the hamate, superficial arch, and thenar branch of the median nerve ensure appropriate incision placement for endoscopic as well as open carpal tunnel release surgery. Anatomy of the transverse carpal ligament, its layers and relationships to adjacent structures including the fad pad, Guyon's canal, palmar fascia, and thenar muscles has been discussed. Fibers derived primarily from thenar muscle fascia with connections to the hypothenar muscle fascia and dorsal fascia of the palmaris brevis form a separate fascial layer directly palmar to the TCL and can be retained. This helps to preserve postoperative pinch strength. The fat pad in line with the ring finger axis overlaps the deep surface of the distal edge of the TCL and must be retracted in order to visualize the distal end of the ligament. Whereas the ulnar artery within Guyon's canal is frequently located radial to the hook of the hamate, injury to this structure has not been a problem during ECTR surgery. Variations of the median nerve and its branches, as well as the palmar cutaneous nerve distribution, have been reviewed. A rare ulnar-sided thenar branch from the median nerve, interconnecting branches between the ulnar and median nerves located just distal to the end of the TCL, and transverse ulnar-based cutaneous nerves can be injured during open or ECTR surgery. Anomalous muscles, tendons or interconnections, and the lumbricals during finger flexion may be seen within the carpal tunnel. These structures can be the cause of compression of the median nerve. The anatomy of the carpal tunnel and surrounding structures have been reviewed with emphasis on clinical applications to endoscopic and open carpal tunnel surgery. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the carpal tunnel is essential in order to avoid complications and to ensure optimal patient outcome. An understanding of the contents and their positions and relationships to each other allows the surgeon to perform a correct approach and accurately identify structures during procedures at or near the carpal tunnel.     

正中神经指浅屈肌肌支移位修复尺神经运动支的应用解剖

目的 通过对正中神经指浅屈肌肌支和尺神经运动支的解剖学研究,为正中神经指浅屈肌肌支移位修复尺神经运动支,恢复手内在肌功能的临床应用提供解剖学基础.方法 选用20例40侧近期经福尔马林浸泡固定的成人上肢标本,暴露正中神经、尺神经,测量正中神经指浅屈肌肌支各项解剖学数据;应用图像分析系统对组织切片做定量分析,测算该肌支有髓神经纤维数目.临床模拟操作正中神经指浅屈肌肌支移位修复尺神经运动支.结果 正中神经第4肌支发出部位距离桡骨茎突和尺骨茎突连线(48.4±2.4)mm,入肌部位距离桡骨茎突和尺骨茎突连线(21.4±1.8)mm,可分离长度(27.1±1.2)mm,横径(1.2±0.2)mm,前后径(0.7±0.1)mm;尺神经的运动支和感觉支之间自然分束无损伤分离.长度为(7.1±0.70)cm;组织切片及图片系统测得正中神经指浅屈肌第4肌支有髓神经纤维数目为(1378.9±107.9)条.结论 正中神经指浅屈肌第4肌支可修复尺神经运动支,以期恢复手内在肌的功能.