甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数对脑梗死患者脑血管狭窄程度的预测价值

目的 探讨甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数对脑梗死患者脑血管狭窄程度的预测价值。方法 选择2022年10月至2023年5月在菏泽市立医院神经内科住院的脑梗死患者357例作为研究对象。根据脑血管狭窄程度分为2组：正常或轻度狭窄组（195例,狭窄<50%）和中重度狭窄组（162例,狭窄≥50%）。采用多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析脑血管中重度狭窄的危险因素。根据受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线评估甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数对脑梗死患者脑血管狭窄程度的预测价值。结果 中重度狭窄组患者的年龄、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇高于正常或轻度狭窄组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、空腹血糖、甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数是脑梗死患者脑血管中重度狭窄的危险因素（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数预测脑梗死患者脑血管中重度狭窄的最佳截断值为8.59（P<0.01）,灵敏度为0.685,特异度为0.549。结论 甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数与脑梗死患者的脑血管狭窄程度相关,并对中重度狭窄具有一定的预测价值。     

脑动脉狭窄伴未破裂颅内动脉瘤的临床特征分析

目的 分析脑动脉狭窄伴或不伴未破裂颅内动脉瘤的患者临床特征的差异。方法 回顾性收集西安交通大学第二附属医院神经内科2018年1月至2019 年12月进行数字减影血管造影检查确诊的脑动脉狭窄患者的资料。根据患者是否伴未破裂颅内动脉瘤，分为病例组（伴未破裂颅内动脉瘤）和对照组（仅存在动脉狭窄），并对2组患者的临床特征进行比较。结果 共纳入了877例脑动脉狭窄患者，其中病例组76例（8.7%）。2组高血压病史、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、颅内动脉狭窄等指标的比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组血管炎症指标（中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值、血小板/淋巴细胞比值、单核细胞/淋巴细胞比值、单核细胞与高密度脂蛋白比值）水平的比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。病例组中动脉瘤平均大小为（3.18±1.66）mm，常位于颈内动脉，以狭窄后动脉瘤最多见。多因素Logistic回归分析显示高血压（P=0.014）和颅内动脉狭窄（P=0.028）是脑动脉狭窄患者中出现未破裂颅内动脉瘤的危险因素。结论 患有高血压的颅内动脉狭窄患者更容易出现未破裂颅内动脉瘤。较小且无症状的未破裂颅内动脉瘤不会引起显著的炎症反应。     

精神专科医院危重症患者谵妄发生的危险因素：一项回顾性研究

背景 精神科危重症患者谵妄发生率较高,且影响谵妄发生的因素较多。目前针对精神专科医院危重症患者谵妄的流行病学研究有限。目的 探索精神专科医院危重症患者谵妄发生的影响因素,以指导临床对谵妄的管理。方法 回顾性收集2019年1月1日-2021年5月31日在深圳市康宁医院住院的427例危重症患者的谵妄发生情况、性别、年龄、入院前病程（指患者始发急性精神状态变化至登记入住精神专科医院的时间）、精神疾病史、认知功能障碍病史、精神活性物质使用史、镇静催眠药使用史、合并慢性病数、合并用药数以及病种类型等信息。采用单因素Logistic回归分析谵妄发生的可能危险因素,将可能的危险因素纳入多因素Logistic回归分析模型,逐步筛选出精神专科医院危重症患者谵妄发生的危险因素。结果 在427例危重症患者中,143例（33.49%）存在谵妄。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,使用精神活性物质所致的精神和行为障碍（OR=8.949,P<0.01）、无精神病病史（OR=4.202,P<0.01）、合并慢性病数（OR=1.249,P<0.01）、年龄（OR=1.031,P<0.01）以及入院前病程（OR=0.942,P<0.01）与谵妄发生相关。结论 在精神专科医院中,约1/3的危重症患者存在谵妄,入院前病程较短、年龄较大、合并慢性疾病数多、无精神疾病史、使用精神活性物质所致的精神和行为障碍是谵妄发生的危险因素。     

老年白内障患者合并抑郁状况及其自我感受负担的影响

背景 伴抑郁症状的老年白内障患者自我感受负担较重,术后视觉相关生活质量较无抑郁症状的患者更差,家庭负担更重。既往研究多认为家庭关系、视力等是导致老年白内障患者出现抑郁症状的主要因素,自我感受、合并疾病等对老年白内障患者心理状态的影响研究有限。目的 探讨老年白内障患者抑郁症状与自我感受负担和术后视觉相关生活质量的关系,分析患者抑郁症状的危险因素,对其进行针对性的心理干预提供参考。方法 连续纳入2020年7月1日—2022年12月31日在江苏省人民医院（南京医科大学第一附属医院）住院治疗的老年白内障患者104例,采用自编调查问卷收集患者基本资料,采用患者健康问卷抑郁量表（PHQ-9）、自我感受负担量表（SPBS）、25项美国国家眼科研究所视功能问卷（NEI-VFQ-25）评定患者抑郁症状、自我感受负担以及术后视觉相关生活质量水平。采用Pearson相关分析考查伴抑郁症状的老年白内障患者PHQ-9、SPBS、NEI-VFQ-25评分的相关性,采用Logistic回归分析老年白内障患者抑郁症状的影响因素。结果 共100例老年白内障患者完成有效问卷调查,检出31例（31.00%）患者存在抑郁症状。抑郁组SPBS评分高于无抑郁组（t=11.062,P<0.01）,NEI-VFQ-25评分低于无抑郁组（t=-5.235,P<0.01）。Pearson相关分析结果显示,伴抑郁症状的老年白内障患者PHQ-9评分与SPBS评分呈正相关（r=0.485,P<0.01）,与NEI-VFQ-25评分呈负相关（r=-0.440,P<0.01）。合并糖尿病（OR=1.441,P<0.01）、合并骨关节炎（OR=1.324,P<0.05）和高SPBS评分（OR=1.340,P<0.05）是老年白内障患者出现抑郁症状的危险因素。结论 老年白内障患者抑郁症状检出率较高;伴抑郁症状的老年白内障患者术后视觉相关生活质量更低;合并糖尿病、骨关节炎以及自我感受负担较重是老年白内障患者出现抑郁症状的危险因素。     

ADAMTS基因多态性与脑梗死体检患者颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性及阿托伐他汀降脂疗效的相关性研究

目的 探讨Ⅰ型血小板结合蛋白基序的解聚蛋白样金属蛋白酶（a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs，ADAMTS）基因多态性与脑梗死体检患者颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性及阿托伐他汀降脂疗效的相关性。方法 收集2016年1月至2019年1月河北医科大学第一医院收治的684例脑梗死体检患者的临床资料，根据颈动脉超声检查结果分为稳定斑块组（338例）和易损斑块组（346例）。比较2组患者的一般资料、生化检测指标、ADAMTS rs402007（G/C）位点基因型及等位基因频率。采用Logistic回归分析探讨颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性的危险因素和ADAMTS基因多态性与危险因素在颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性中的交互作用。比较不同基因型患者阿托伐他汀降脂疗效，分析不同基因型与阿托伐他汀疗效的相关性。结果 稳定斑块组和易损斑块组糖尿病比例及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low-density lipoprotein cholesterol，LDL-C）、总胆固醇（total cholesterol，TC）、同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine，HCY）、纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen，FIB）水平的比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患者间GG基因型与GC+CC基因型分布的比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。糖尿病、LDL-C、HCY、FIB是影响颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性的危险因素（P<0.05）。LDL-C与ADAMTS基因rs402007位点存在交互作用（P<0.05）。GG、GC、CC基因型组阿托伐他汀降脂治疗有效率分别为144例（82.29%）、209例（84.27%）、233例（89.27%）。各基因型患者阿托伐他汀治疗前后血脂水平比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。稳定斑块组和易损斑块组治疗前、治疗后LDL-C水平，以及治疗后高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、TC水平比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。以GG基因型为参考，GC基因型与阿托伐他汀治疗的疗效无相关性（P>0.05），CC基因型与疗效有相关性（P<0.05）。结论 ADAMTS基因多态性与颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性存在相关性，与阿托伐他汀的降脂疗效存在相关。     

弥散加权成像阴性脑梗死患者大血管狭窄或闭塞发生率的研究

目的 阐明弥散加权成像(DWI)阴性脑梗死患者大血管狭窄或闭塞发生率。 方法 选择在该院神经内科住院的DWI阴性脑梗死患者（DWI阴性组,46例）;DWI阳性脑梗死患者（DWI阳性组,357例）。记录两组患者的临床资料和血液学检验结果、头颅磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查结果。 结果 与DWI阳性组患者相比,DWI阴性组患者表现为偏身运动障碍的比例高,高级皮质功能障碍的比例高,失语的比例低,差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05)。DWI阴性组和DWI阳性组D ₁、D ₇、D ₁₄的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分和改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分比较,差异无统计学意义( P>0.05)。DWI阴性组的甘油三酯和叶酸水平低于DWI阳性组,差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05)。DWI阴性组的大脑前动脉、颈内动脉(C ₂～C ₇段)、大脑后动脉狭窄或闭塞的比例低于DWI阳性组脑梗死患者,差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05)。DWI阴性组颅内狭窄或闭塞的动脉总数与DWI阳性组患者相比,差异无统计学意义( P>0.05)。DWI阴性组颈总动脉+颈内动脉(C ₁段)、椎动脉(V ₁～V ₂段)、颅外狭窄或闭塞的血管总数与DWI阳性组患者相比,差异均无统计学意义( P>0.05)。 结论 DWI阴性脑梗死患者发生颅内、颅外大血管狭窄或者闭塞的概率可能并不低于DWI阳性脑梗死患者。     

脑微出血及其分度的相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨脑微出血及脑微出血分度的危险因素。方法 收集在该院进行磁共振多回波采集重度T2*WI三维梯度回波序列(ESWAN)检查的患者132例，最终纳入资料完整且符合标准的患者118例，分为脑微出血组（82例）和非脑微出血组（36例），脑微出血组再分为轻度组（27例）、中度组（32例）及重度组（23例）。将各组间临床资料及影像学资料进行统计学分析。结果 脑微出血组与非脑微出血组在年龄、性别、高血压、脑梗死、脑出血、舒张压、糖化血红蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、肌酐、纤维蛋白原降解产物及脑白质病变方面比较，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；多因素Logistic回归分析发现，舒张压、同型半胱氨酸和脑白质病变是脑微出血发生的危险因素。轻、中、重度组在糖尿病、高血压、脑梗死、糖化血红蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、肌酐及脑白质病变方面比较，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；多因素Logistic回归分析发现，高血压和脑白质病变是发生不同程度脑微出血的危险因素。脑白质病变与脑微出血相关性分析显示，发生脑微出血程度与脑白质病变严重程度呈正相关。结论 舒张压、同型半胱氨酸及脑白质病变是脑微出血发生的危险因素。有高血压或脑白质病变患者更易发生严重脑微出血，且脑白质病变越严重发生脑微出血程度越严重。     

青少年抑郁障碍患者与双相情感障碍患者睡眠特征及其对自杀风险的影响

目的 比较青少年抑郁障碍患者和双相情感障碍患者睡眠结构特征的差异,探讨睡眠指标等因素对患者自杀风险的影响。方法 回顾性查阅广州医科大学附属脑科医院2019年1月1日-2021年6月30日符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）诊断标准的抑郁障碍（n=97）和双相情感障碍（n=52）住院青少年患者病历资料,收集患者的年龄、性别、体质量指数（BMI）、精神科诊断、自杀风险评估量表（NGASR）评分及多导睡眠监测（PSG）结果。根据NGASR评分结果,将患者分为两组：0~5分为自杀低风险组（n=32）,>5分为自杀高风险组（n=117）。以既往文献中80例正常青少年的PSG数据作为对照组资料。建立多元线性回归模型探讨青少年情感障碍患者自杀风险的影响因素。结果 自杀高风险组睡眠效率和N2期睡眠占比均低于自杀低风险组（Z=-2.138、-2.520,P均<0.05）。抑郁组总睡眠时间、N2期睡眠时间以及REM期睡眠时间均少于双相组（t=-2.822、-3.087、-2.277,P<0.05或0.01）;抑郁组和双相组REM期睡眠占比均低于对照组（t=-2.369、-2.069,P均<0.05）。线性回归分析显示,青少年情感障碍患者自杀风险的影响因素包括N1期睡眠时间（β=0.019,P<0.05）、性别（男性vs.女性,β=-4.051,P<0.01）以及诊断（双相情感障碍vs.抑郁障碍,β=-1.429,P<0.05）。结论 与青少年双相情感障碍患者相比,青少年抑郁障碍患者存在睡眠连续性差、浅睡眠更少的特点。N1期睡眠时间、女性以及诊断为抑郁障碍是青少年情感障碍患者自杀的影响因素。     

血清胰岛素样生长因子1与帕金森病伴骨质疏松的相关性研究

目的 探讨血清胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF-1）与帕金森病（PD）伴骨质疏松（OP）的相关性。方法 回顾性分析105例PD患者（PD组）和78例健康体检人群（HC组）的临床资料。比较2组一般临床资料及血清IGF-1水平的差异。根据双能X线吸收检测法（DXA）进行的骨密度检测结果将PD患者分为PD伴OP组（50例）与PD不伴OP组（55例）。比较2组一般临床资料及血清IGF-1水平的差异。采用皮尔逊相关系数分析血清IGF-1水平与腰椎骨密度及左侧股骨颈骨密度的相关性。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨PD伴OP的危险因素。结果 与HC组比较，PD组血清IGF-1水平显著降低（P<0.05）。皮尔逊相关系数分析结果显示，血清IGF-1水平与腰椎骨密度及左侧股骨颈骨密度呈正相关分别（r=0.653，P<0.001；r=0.625，P<0.001 ）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，血清IGF-1、尿酸水平减低及H-Y分期增加是PD伴OP的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 血清IGF-1、尿酸水平减低及H-Y分期增加与PD伴骨质疏松密切相关。提高血清IGF-1及UA水平可能成为PD伴骨质疏松潜在治疗方法。国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2023, 50(6): 7-12]     

DWI-FLAIR不匹配指导醒后缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓疗效及安全性评价

目的 探究扩散加权成像－液体衰减反转恢复序列(DWI-FLAIR)不匹配指导醒后缺血性脑卒中(WUIS)静脉溶栓疗效及安全性。方法 收集2017年1月至2020年10月在该院行静脉溶栓治疗DWI-FLAIR不匹配的82例WUIS患者临床资料（WUIS组）,同时收集78例发病4.5 h内行静脉溶栓治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者临床资料（AIS组）。记录两组基线资料、临床疗效及安全性。在治疗后90 d采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估两组预后情况。采用多因素Logistics回归分析评估影响WUIS患者不良预后的危险因素。结果 两组性别、年龄等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组溶栓后24 h临床疗效及溶栓后7 d颅内出血发生率、溶栓后90 d预后比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经多因素Logistics回归分析,发现高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症及后循环梗死均为影响WUIS患者不良预后的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 DWI-FLAIR不匹配指导WUIS静脉溶栓治疗安全且有效,患者预后与病史及梗死部位相关,临床应对高危患者加强管理。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Oxytocin and vasopressin agonists and antagonists as research tools and potential therapeutics

We recently reviewed the status of peptide and nonpeptide agonists and antagonists for the V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) receptors for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the oxytocin receptor for oxytocin (OT). In the present review, we update the status of peptides and nonpeptides as: (i) research tools and (ii) therapeutic agents. We also present our recent findings on the design of fluorescent ligands for V(1b) receptor localisation and for OT receptor dimerisation. We note the exciting discoveries regarding two novel naturally occurring analogues of OT. Recent reports of a selective VP V(1a) agonist and a selective OT agonist point to the continued therapeutic potential of peptides in this field. To date, only two nonpeptides, the V(2) /V(1a) antagonist, conivaptan and the V(2) antagonist tolvaptan have received Food and Drug Administration approval for clinical use. The development of nonpeptide AVP V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) antagonists and OT agonists and antagonists has recently been abandoned by Merck, Sanofi and Pfizer. A promising OT antagonist, Retosiban, developed at Glaxo SmithKline is currently in a Phase II clinical trial for the prevention of premature labour. A number of the nonpeptide ligands that were not successful in clinical trials are proving to be valuable as research tools. Peptide agonists and antagonists continue to be very widely used as research tools in this field. In this regard, we present receptor data on some of the most widely used peptide and nonpeptide ligands, as a guide for their use, especially with regard to receptor selectivity and species differences.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.