曲克芦丁及其代谢产物在大鼠体内的排泄动力学研究

目的研究曲克芦丁及其代谢产物在大鼠体内的排泄情况。方法大鼠腹腔注射曲克芦丁,收集尿液、粪便和胆汁样品,应用 HPLC方法测定曲克芦丁在大鼠尿液、粪便和胆汁样品的含量,测定曲克芦丁代谢产物在大鼠粪便中的含量。结果曲克芦丁在大鼠尿液、粪便和胆汁中的累积排泄率分别为( 16.17±10.28)%、(0.54±0.47)%和( 58.94±13.37)%。与此同时,粪便中约有( 22.69±12.48)%的代谢产物曲克芦丁苷元生成。结论曲克芦丁主要通过胆汁进行排泄,以原型和代谢产物的形式排出体外。     

采用UHPLC-MS和质量亏损过滤技术分析二苯乙烯苷在大鼠体内的代谢产物和代谢途径

目的:分析二苯乙烯苷在大鼠体内的代谢产物并推测代谢途径。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为血浆组(n=3)、尿液组(n=3)、胆汁组(n=3)和组织组(n=9),各组大鼠均单次灌胃二苯乙烯苷200 mg/kg,分别收集给药后10、30 min和1、1.5、2、4 h的血浆,给药后0~6 h的尿液,给药后0~4 h的胆汁以及给药后30 min和1、2 h(每个时间点3只)的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃组织样品,经甲醇沉淀蛋白后,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱联用技术和质量亏损过滤技术联合分析、鉴定各样本中的代谢产物,推测代谢途径。结果:从血浆、尿液、胆汁、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃样品中分别检出6、7、11、1、5、1、3、4、4个代谢产物,包括Ⅰ相代谢(如水解、加氢、羟化)产物2个、Ⅱ相代谢(如葡萄糖醛酸结合和硫酸化)产物18个,其中葡萄糖醛酸结合产物有12个。结论:二苯乙烯苷在胆汁中的代谢产物种类居多,以Ⅱ相代谢产物二苯乙烯苷的葡萄糖醛酸结合产物为主;代谢途径主要涉及葡萄糖水解、加氢、羟化、葡萄糖醛酸结合、硫酸化反应等。     

刺五加苷B、苷E在体外大鼠肠道菌群中的代谢

目的：观察体外大鼠肠道菌群对刺五加苷B、苷E的代谢。方法：收集大鼠新鲜粪便在厌氧培养基37℃培养24h,分别加入刺五加苷B、刺五加苷E,培养后加甲醇提取离心,取上清液采用HPLC及UPLC/MS方法对代谢成分进行分离和定性分析。结果：刺五加苷B、苷E在大鼠粪便孵育液中代谢,24h后样本中能检测出较高浓度代谢物。在离体条件下,刺五加苷B、苷E可以被大鼠的肠道菌群代谢,经过UPLC/MS的检测,刺五加苷B代谢物的分子离子峰[M＋H]~＋为193.08,推测为刺五加苷B的苷元再脱一分子水;刺五加苷E代谢物的分子离子峰[M＋H]~＋为417.17,推测为刺五加苷B的苷元。结论：刺五加苷B、苷E可以被大鼠肠道菌群代谢。     

高效液相-电喷雾质谱分析7-羟基黄酮在大鼠体内的代谢产物

目的:研究7-羟基黄酮在大鼠体内的代谢。方法:应用高效液相-电喷雾质谱检测大鼠灌胃7-羟基黄酮后血浆、尿液、胆汁和粪便中的代谢产物。实验采用Zorbax C18色谱柱,二元线性梯度洗脱进行色谱分离,并与电喷雾质谱联用,根据负离子模式的分子离子峰获得化合物相对分子质量信息,推测化合物的可能结构。结果:在大鼠尿液、粪便、血浆、胆汁中检测到原形成分7-羟基黄酮和7-羟基黄酮葡萄糖醛酸结合物,在胆汁或尿中尚检测到7-羟基黄酮硫酸结合物。结论:7-羟基黄酮在大鼠体内主要以Ⅱ相代谢产物葡萄糖醛酸结合物和硫酸结合物的形式存在。     

大鼠灌胃四逆散提取物后血浆、尿液、粪便、胆汁中主要代谢产物的鉴定

采用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS研究四逆散提取物在大鼠体内的代谢产物,利用碰撞能量梯度(MSE)和质量亏损过滤(MDF)技术进行分析,鉴定大鼠灌胃四逆散提取物后血浆、尿液、粪便、胆汁中的代谢产物。四逆散提取物中柚皮苷、柚皮素、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、甘草苷、甘草素、甘草酸、甘草次酸、柴胡皂苷a、柴胡皂苷d在大鼠不同代谢途径中推测出原形、羟基化、葡糖醛酸化、硫酸化、葡糖醛酸化与硫酸化结合、羟化葡糖醛酸化等共41个代谢产物。     

LC-MS/MS法研究1-[1-(6-甲氧基-2-萘基)乙基]-2-(4-硝基苄基)-6,7-二甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉氢溴酸盐在大鼠体内的代谢产物

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法对大鼠灌胃1-［1-(6-甲氧基-2-萘基)乙基］-2-(4-硝基苄基)-6,7-二甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉氢溴酸盐(编号P91024)后粪便、尿液、胆汁和血浆中的主要代谢产物进行研究。通过比较给药样品和空白样品的全扫描总离子流色谱和选择离子扫描色谱图差别寻找I相代谢产物；根据其一级和二级质谱图，确定I相代谢产物的分子结构。完全提取I相代谢产物后的样品溶液，再用葡糖醛酸酶酶解，得II相结合物的苷元部分，采用与I相代谢产物鉴定同样方法寻找和鉴定II相代谢产物苷元的结构，进而确证II相代谢产物的分子结构。从大鼠粪便中鉴定出P91024的2个I相代谢物，从胆汁中鉴定出1个I相和5个II相代谢产物，从尿液中鉴定出1个I相和3个II相代谢产物，从血浆中鉴定出4个I相和1个II相代谢产物；并分别分析推测出它们的结构。P91024在大鼠体内被代谢转化为多种产物，利用LC-MS/MS可以快速寻找和鉴定。     

液-质联用法测定小鼠体内二苯乙烯苷代谢物液-质联用法测定小鼠体内二苯乙烯苷代谢物

二苯乙烯苷化学名为 2 ,3,5 ,4 ' 四羟基二苯乙烯 2 O β D 葡萄糖苷 ,为中药何首乌中的有效活性成分 ,其结构式如右图 ,据文献 [1～ 4 ]报道二苯乙烯类化合物主要有抗氧化、降低总胆固醇、抗肿瘤等药理作用。用高效液相色谱法研究何首乌中二苯乙烯苷兔及小鼠体内的代谢过程中[5] 发现 ,二苯乙烯苷在体内迅速转化为代谢物 ,6min左右即达峰值。通过对二苯乙烯苷及其代谢物进行全波长扫描发现 ,二苯乙烯苷及其代谢物的最大吸收波长均在 32 0nm ,且吸收光谱相似。本文采用高效液相色谱 质谱法对二苯乙烯苷在小鼠体内的代谢物进行研究 ,为今…     

新型抗肿瘤药物LS-177在大鼠体内的代谢研究

目的研究LS-177在大鼠体内的代谢情况,推测LS-177的代谢途径。方法采用LC-MSn法,电喷雾(ESI)正离子扫描模式,流动相为乙腈(A)-体积分数0. 1%甲酸水溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速为0. 2 mL·min~(-1),分析灌胃给予大鼠50. 0 mg·kg~(-1)的LS-177混悬液后,大鼠血浆、胆汁、尿液和粪便样品中的代谢物。结果大鼠灌胃给予LS-177后,从大鼠血浆中发现了4个代谢物、胆汁中发现了5个代谢物、尿液中发现了8个代谢物、粪便中发现了5个代谢物。结论建立LC-MSn方法研究了LS-177在大鼠体内的代谢情况,为其化学结构类似药物和候选化合物的代谢研究提供依据。     

口服加替沙星在大鼠体内的排泄

目的:观察大鼠单剂量口服加替沙星后的体内排泄情况.方法:选取20只Wistar大鼠,随机分为尿液、粪便和胆汁排泄组,分别单剂量(63 mg/kg)灌服加替沙星后,收集72 h内尿液、粪便和胆汁排泄量.采用HPLC法测定尿液、粪便和胆汁中加替沙星浓度.结果:大鼠单剂量灌服加替沙星后尿液中排出量为17%,粪便中排泄量为11.2%,胆汁中排泄量为2%.结论:加替沙星口服后主要由尿液、粪便排泄.     

何首乌中二苯乙烯苷的药效学和药动学研究进展

二苯乙烯苷类成分是何首乌中的特有成分,具有广泛的药理学活性.本文综述了二苯乙烯苷(2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)在抗氧化、心血管系统、中枢神经系统和抗肿瘤等药效学方面的作用,探讨了其可能的作用机制及应用前景.同时对其吸收和代谢等药动学方面的最新研究进展进行了总结,以期为进一步深入研究二苯乙烯苷类成分的药学特点和药物研发方向提供思路.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.