偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折关节置换手术的研究进展

随着我国进入老龄化社会,脑血管意外遗留偏瘫的患者也逐渐增多,而这类患者发病后第1年内髋部骨折的风险比普通人高4倍且多发生在偏瘫侧。对于老年性股骨颈骨折,人工关节置换术几乎是首选治疗方案,手术技术成熟且有很好的疗效。目前认为,脑血管意外后遗留偏瘫的患者在发生偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折后,偏瘫侧肌力如能达到Ⅲ级,则可首选髋关节置换手术治疗。但是手术中偏瘫患者的情况较常人不同,其偏瘫侧肢体可能存在肌肉萎缩、肌力失衡、骨质疏松等问题,为手术方案的制定带来了困难。本文主要针对手术入路的选择问题、使用全髋关节置换还是半髋、使用骨水泥型假体还是非骨水泥型假体以及如何降低术后脱位的发生率这几方面进行讨论,其中针对术后脱位的问题又从假体选择、软组织技术、下肢长度及偏心距的恢复以及髋臼杯外展角几方面出发进行了分析,目的是为骨科医生在临床决策中提供更多的参考证据。     

偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折应用双动全髋关节假体的疗效分析

目的:探讨双动全髋关节假体在偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法 :回顾性分析2014年3月至2016年12月使用双动全髋关节假体对偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折行初次髋关节置换术并有完整随访资料的18例患者,男5例,女13例;年龄65～70(66.50±1.38)岁;左侧12例,右侧6例;股骨颈骨折GardenⅢ型4例,Ⅳ型14例。偏瘫侧肢体肌力Ⅳ级。均采用髋关节后外侧入路,双动全髋关节假体。通过X线检查评价假体植入位置、假体脱位及假体松动。采用Harris髋关节评分和Merle D'aubigne髋关节评分进行髋关节功能评估。结果:手术时间70～90(81.56±7.48) min。出血量160～200(170.32±12.56) ml。术中均未输血,术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。随访时间28～60(36.0±3.5)个月。Harris髋关节评分由术前的16.94±0.73提高到末次随访时的96.19±1.27(P0.05)。Merle D'Aubigne评分由术前的3.96±0.06提高到末次随访时的16.81±0.63(P0.05)。术中未发生骨折及神经、血管损伤。术后X线片显示假体位置良好。术后及随访期间无关节脱位、假体内脱位、假体松动、假体周围骨折、大腿前方疼痛、髂骨处自攻螺钉断裂及迟发感染等并发症发生。结论:双动全髋关节假体具有良好的初始稳定性及假体脱位率低的优点,在偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折的全髋关节置换术中临床应用疗效满意。     

人工关节置换在偏瘫合并股骨转子间骨折治疗中的应用

目的 探讨一期人工关节置换术治疗偏瘫合并不稳定粉碎性股骨转子间骨折的可行性和效果.方法 对31例偏瘫合并不稳定粉碎性股骨转子间骨折患者行一期人工关节置换术.结果 31例经2年2个月～8年随访,1例于术后1年内死亡,3例于术后4年死亡,2例2年后失访.术后发生非中心性脱位4例(其中1例反复脱位),下肢深静脉血栓2例,假体松动3例,能行走的27例术后伤肢功能有5例较伤前差.结论 一期人工关节置换术治疗偏瘫合并不稳定粉碎性股骨转子间骨折优点明显,但并发症多,风险高.     

人工关节置换术治疗伴有偏瘫的股骨颈骨折的疗效分析

目的分析人工关节置换手术治疗伴有偏瘫的股骨颈骨折患者的疗效。 方法收集肇庆市高要区人民医院2010年1月至2015年12月,采用人工关节置换治疗股骨颈GardenⅢ、Ⅳ骨折病历,回顾住院病历资料及随访资料,纳入骨折前具有一定行走能力,患髋外展肌力大于Ⅲ级患者,排除病理性骨折患者,依据患者既往史及受伤前活动能力,将患者分为偏瘫组及非偏瘫组,比较两组患者的年龄、住院时间、手术时间、手术出血量、围手术期并发症、术后第1次下地时间、早期并发症和患者活动能力恢复情况。其中年龄、手术时间、出血量、术后第1次下地时间、住院时间等计量资料比较采用独立样本t检验,性别、围手术期并发症、术前活动能力、术后活动能力恢复情况及早期并发症等计数资料比较采用卡方检验。 结果本研究共纳入符合条件患者121例,其中偏瘫组患者31例,无偏瘫组患者90例。偏瘫组随访25例,6例失访,非偏瘫组随访70例,失访20例,随访。两组患者的年龄(P>0.05)、手术时间(P>0.05)、围手术期并发症(P>0.05)、手术出血量(P>0.05)、术后第1次下地时间(P>0.05)、早期并发症(P>0.05)无明显差异;两组患者住院时间(t ＝3.8620,P<0.05)、活动能力恢复情况(χ²＝4.6781,P<0.05)差异有统计学意义。 结论伴有偏瘫的股骨颈GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型骨折患者行人工关节置换手术是积极而且有效的治疗方法,但偏瘫患者住院时间较长,且术后有活动能力下降发生率较高。     

偏瘫病人腹部外科手术的探讨

目的本文旨在探讨此类患者的外科处理问题。方法我科7年内对17例此类病人施行手术。17例手术的偏瘫病人中消化道肿瘤占12例;肺部感染2例,泌尿系感染1例。结果无1例死亡,术后偏瘫肢体肌力及语言障碍明显恢复。结论由此我们认为:偏瘫病人发生腹部外科疾病时应该施行手术;无论病变位于偏瘫侧还是健侧,手术切口均应选择在健侧腹部切口;重视围手术期的护理资料;手术同时,应加强对偏瘫的治疗。     

脑卒中患者偏瘫肩痛的症状体验及影响因素研究

目的探讨脑卒中患者偏瘫肩痛的症状体验及其强度的影响因素,为临床症状管理提供参考。方法采用一般资料调查表、脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛症状评估问卷、简易疲乏量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表对153例脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者进行调查。结果脑卒中患者偏瘫肩痛症状强度得分为(5.99±2.04)分,为中等疼痛;症状困扰总分为(11.98±5.20)分,属于中等困扰;肩痛症状强度的影响因素包括脑卒中疾病分期、肩痛频度和疲乏水平(均P0.05)。结论脑卒中患者的偏瘫肩痛症状体验呈多样性,临床护理人员应对不同肩痛频度、疾病分期、疲乏水平的患者给予针对性的症状管理干预措施,促进其康复。     

下肢康复机器人用于脑卒中患者康复训练疗效观察

目的提高脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能及日常生活能力。方法对16例脑卒中偏瘫患者,在常规康复的基础上加用下肢康复机器人进行步行训练;训练8周后评价康复效果。结果患者的步态功能、平衡功能、ADL评分较治疗前显著好转(均P<0.05)。结论脑卒中偏瘫患者康复训练中加用下肢康复机器人训练,可促进患者步行功能的改善,提高患者的日常生活能力。     

胼胝体梗死的MRI诊断

胼胝体梗死临床上少见。我科在2006年4月至2008年6月经MRI检查共发现胼胝体梗死12例,现结合临床及MRI表现对其分析如下。一、资料与方法1.一般资料：本组12例患者,男7例,女5例。年龄35.72岁。临床症状主要为单侧肢体偏瘫8例,其中7例为右侧偏瘫,1例为左侧偏瘫;双侧瘫1例;左右手不能协调1例;癫痫1例;视物不清,不识字1例。     

二元应对在脑卒中偏瘫患者配偶照顾负担与负性情绪间的中介效应

目的 探讨二元应对在脑卒中偏瘫患者配偶照顾负担与负性情绪间的中介作用，为提高配偶身心健康提供参考。方法 采用便利抽样方法选取311名脑卒中偏瘫患者配偶为研究对象，使用一般情况调查表、照顾负担量表、二元应对量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表进行调查。结果 脑卒中偏瘫患者配偶照顾负担得分（59.49±13.90）分，二元应对得分（86.03±16.62）分，焦虑得分（54.75±6.14）分，抑郁得分（49.73±7.93）分。二元应对在配偶照顾负担与焦虑、抑郁间起部分中介作用，中介效应分别占总效应的50.21%和47.27%。结论 二元应对是脑卒中偏瘫患者配偶照顾负担与负性情绪的中介变量。医护人员应尝试构建二元应对干预方案，提高脑卒中偏瘫患者配偶的二元应对水平，减轻其照顾负担，改善负性情绪。     

电员针治疗偏瘫肩痛

<正> 偏瘫肩痛是脑卒中患者常见的并发症,为了寻求简便高效的治疗方法,改善患侧肩痛证状,提高患者生活质量。我们对脑卒中合并有偏瘫肩痛的患者进行电员针治疗,取得理想的效果,报告如下。 1 临床资料 脑卒中偏瘫者32例,均符合第四届脑血管病学术会议的诊断标准,并经头颅CT或MRI证实。其中不包括有典型丘脑综合征、重度失语和认知功能障碍,偏瘫肢体以前出现肩痛并进行过治疗等因素。本组32例患者,其中男18例,女14     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Comparison of University of Wisconsin and University of Pittsburgh solutions for heart transplantation

The effectiveness of University of Wisconsin (UW) and University of Pittsburgh (UP) solutions for the preservation of rat hearts was compared. Lewis rat hearts were preserved with UW (group A, n=45) or UP (group B, n=45) solution for 0 or 24 h and then transplanted heterotopically into the recipients' abdomen. Ten recipients in each group were observed to obtain 1-week graft survival rates. Tissue water content and tissue content of adenine nucleotides were measured 2 h after transplantation in six grafts from each group. Six hearts preserved for 0 h and seven hearts preserved for 24 h were taken from each group 24 h after grafting for histopathology. The 1-week graft survival rates of groups A24 and B24 were 60% and 10%, respectively. In the 24-h preserved grafts, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge [(ATP+adenosine diphosphate/2)/(ATP+adenosine diphosphate+adenosine monophosphate)] of groups A and B were 0.972±0.165 and 0.200±0.123 mg/g wet tissue (P<0.05) and 74.4% and 61.1% (P<0.05), respectively. The tissue water content of group A24 was 71.7%, whereas that of group B24 was 74.1% (P<0.05). Histopathology revealed more severe muscle edema and necrosis and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in group B24 than in group A24. We conclude that UW solution is more appropriate for rat heart preservation than UP solution.     

Role of Conventional and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Treatment Protocol for Hydatid Disease

Objective:

To demonstrate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the treatment protocol for hydatid disease of the spine.

Design:

Case report; literature review.

Findings:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate complicated infected hydatidosis from abscesses, epidermoid cysts from arachnoid cysts, and benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures. It is also helpful in differentiating between abscesses and necrotic tumors.

Conclusion:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate between infections requiring immediate surgery and those that can be treated medically with antihelmintic treatment.     

罗伊适应模式对腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响

目的探讨罗伊适应模式对患者腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响。 方法将2016年1月至2019年5月在秦皇岛市第二医院择期进行无张力修补术治疗的120例腹股沟疝患者，按照随机数字法分为对照组和观察组，每组各60例。对照组采用常规护理治疗，观察组在对照组的基础上采用罗伊适应模式。比较2组患者的术后临床指标、心理状态、围手术期并发症发生情况及满意度。 结果术后观察组患者的首次排气时间、恢复正常饮食时间、离床活动时间和术后住院时间均低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后观察组患者的抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后2组患者均无切口感染发生，2组患者尿潴留、急性疼痛、认知功能障碍、发热、血肿等发生率相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）；术后观察组患者护理满意度为96.67%，显著高于对照组的83.33%（P<0.05）。 结论在常规护理的基础上，罗伊适应模式用于患者腹股沟疝无张力修补围手术期，能有效改善术后患者的焦虑/抑郁情绪，不增加围手术期并发症，促进术后患者的恢复及提高治疗满意度。     

Long-term follow-up of callotasis lengthening of the capitate after resection of the lunate for the treatment of stage III lunate necrosis

The callotasis lengthening technique was used to gradually lengthen the capitate after resection of the lunate in stage IIIa necrosis in 23 patients. Results of ten patients with a follow-up of at least 5 years showed rapid and sufficient callus formation in every patient regardless of age. The callotasis lengthening modification of the Graner II operation provides all advantages and avoids the major inconvenience of the traditional Graner II operation. There was no increased rate of disturbed fracture healing. Results of the DTPA-gadolinium MRI study did not show any significant impairment of vascularization within the region of the capitate bone. With the “intrinsic bone formation,” contrary to every other intercarpal arthrodesis at the wrist, there is no need for an additional bone graft.     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex rapidly reverses rocuronium- and vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. To investigate the effect of combination of sugammadex and rocuronium or vecuronium on QT interval, it would be preferable to avoid the interference of anaesthesia. Therefore, this pilot study was performed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and plasma pharmacokinetics of single i.v. doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium to anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized healthy volunteers. METHODS: In this phase I study, 12 subjects were anaesthetized with propofol/remifentanil and received sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) combined with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1); four subjects were not anaesthetized and received sugammadex 32 mg kg(-1) with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) (n=2 per treatment). Neuromuscular function was assessed by TOF-Watch SX monitoring in anaesthetized subjects and by clinical tests in non-anaesthetized volunteers. Sugammadex, rocuronium, and vecuronium plasma concentrations were measured at several time points. RESULTS: No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported. Fourteen subjects reported 23 AEs after study drug administration. Episodes of mild headache, tiredness, cold feeling (application site), dry mouth, oral discomfort, nausea, increased aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and moderate injection site irritation were considered as possibly related to the study drug. The ECG and vital signs showed no clinically relevant changes. Rocuronium/vecuronium plasma concentrations declined faster than those of sugammadex. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose administration of sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) in combination with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) was well tolerated with no clinical evidence of residual neuromuscular block, confirming that these combinations can safely be administered simultaneously to non-anaesthetized subjects. Rocuronium and vecuronium plasma concentrations decreased faster than those of sugammadex, reducing the theoretical risk of neuromuscular block developing over time.     

Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of rejection of a kindney allograft in the rat

Orthotopic DA (RT1^a) into Lewis (RT1¹) rat kidney allografts and control Lewis-into-Lewis grafts were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and perfusion measurement after intravenous injection of a superparamagnetic contrast agent. MRI anatomical scores (range 1–6) and perfusion rates were compared with graft histology (rank of rejection score 1–6). Not only acute rejection, but also chronic events were monitored after acute rejection was prevented by daily cyclosporine (Sandimmune) treatment during the first 2 weeks after transplantation. In acute allograft rejection (n=11), MRI scores reached the maximum value of 6 and perfusion rates were severely reduced within 5 days after transplantation; histology showed severe acute rejection (histologic score 5–6). In the chronic phase (100–130 days after transplantation), allografts (n=5) manifested rejection (in histology cellular rejection and vessel changes), accompanied by MRI scores of around 2–3 and reduced perfusion rates. Both in the acute and chronic phases, the MRI anatomical score correlated significantly with the histological score (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r _s 0.89, n=30, P<0.01), and perfusion rates correlated significantly with the MRI score or histological score (r _s values between-0.60 and -0.87, n=23, P<0.01). It is concluded that MRI represents an interesting tool for assessing the anatomical and hemodynamical status of a kidney allograft in the acute and chronic phases after transplantation.     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.     

Cost-effectiveness of three combinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Background. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of threecombinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperativenausea and vomiting (PONV). Methods. We conducted a prospective, double-blind study. NinetyASA I–II females, 18–65 yr, undergoing general anaesthesiafor major gynaecological surgery, with standardized postoperativeanalgesia (intrathecal 0.2 mg plus i.v. PCA morphine), wererandomly assigned to receive: ondansetron 4 mg plus droperidol1.25 mg after induction and droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group1); dexamethasone 8 mg plus droperidol 1.25 mg after inductionand droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group 2); ondansetron 4 mgplus dexamethasone 8 mg after induction and placebo 12 h later(Group 3). A decision analysis tree was used to divide eachgroup into nine mutually exclusive subgroups, depending on theincidence of PONV, need for rescue therapy, side effects andtheir treatment. Direct cost and probabilities were calculatedfor each subgroup, then a cost-effectiveness analysis was conductedfrom the hospital point of view. Results. Groups 1 and 3 were more effective (80 and 70%) thanGroup 2 (40%, P=0.004) in preventing PONV but also more expensive.Compared with Group 2, the incremental cost per extra patientwithout PONV was €6.99 (95% CI, –1.26 to 36.57) forGroup 1 and €13.55 (95% CI, 0.89–132.90) for Group3. Conclusion. Ondansetron+droperidol is cheaper and at least aseffective as ondansetron+ dexamethasone, and it is more effectivethan dexamethasone+droperidol with a reasonable extra cost. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 589–92