扩散－电极法测定食品中氟

样品中氟在扩散盒中与硫酸作用生成氟化氢，经扩散吸附在扩散盒的碱膜上。碱膜用缓冲液溶解后，氟化物含量由氟离子选择电极测定。用本法对菜花、菠菜、大米、鱼片干四种样品以及玉米氟样品的氟进行了精密度和准确度试验。相对标准偏差在５％以内，回收率为９０％～１０３％，最小检测量为０．２４μｇ。该法可直接测定含氟量在０．５～１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ（干重）的食品。     

总膳食研究中氟的测定方法

采用扩散—电极法测定样品中氟含量，本法检测限为氟１．０μｇ／ｇ（干样），样品的加标回收率为８５．０％～１０７．０％，相对标准偏差（ＲＳＤ）为４．５％～９．５％；同时测定标准参考物ＮＢＳ１５６６牡蛎粉的含量相当于原样的８７．９％～１０４．６％，ＲＳＤ为６．５％；含乙醇酒类样品的ＲＳＤ为３．１％。     

用示波极谱仪测定水中铝的探讨

在参考有关文献［１］基础上建立以三乙醇胺、茜素红Ｓ、磷酸二氢钠作混合底液，用示波极谱仪测定水中铝的方法。方法检出限为０．５μｇ／Ｌ。测定样品的变异系数为３．０％～７．６％，加标回收率为９０．０％～１０４．０％。     

车间空气中奥克托金的测定方法研究

奥克托金经碱水解产生亚硝酸根，再以盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法进行测定。对实验条件用正交试验进行了优选。方法的检出限为０．５μｇ／ｍ￣３、当奥克托金含量为０．５～１５．０μｇ时，相对标准偏差为４．４％（３．８％～５．３％）；准确度（回收率）为９７．３％（９２．０％～１０５．０％）；洗脱率为９７．７％（９２．０％～１０８．０％）。通过验证试验和现场试验，该方法符合职业卫生工作要求。     

微波消化──原子吸收光谱法测定食品中铅和铜

报道了利用微波消化检验样品的基本原理，并介绍了利用民用微波炉聚四氟乙烯高压罐消化样品的操作方法及最佳消化条件。经微波消化的消化液，用原子吸收光谱法测定其中铅和铜含量，并做了回收率实验。测定结果变异系数，铅：２．５％～４．２％，铜：２．０％～４．５％；回收率，铅：９６．０％～９９．５％，铜：９７．０％～９９．０％。     

三氯化铁比色法测定植酸含量的研究

大豆及其加工制品用１．２％ＨＣｌ１０％Ｎａ２ＳＯ４试剂提取，１５％ＴＣＡ试剂沉淀酸性蛋白质，０．７５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ调节上清液ｐＨ值到６．０～６．５，用０．３％磺基水杨酸０．０３％ＦｅＣｌ３６Ｈ２Ｏ试剂比色，于可见光５００ｎｍ处检测，并用标准加入法进行定量分析。结果，测定一种样品１０次变异系数为３．３３％，７种样品回收率范围为８９．８８％～１０３．３８％，１５种样品植酸含量为０．５１％～１．９２％。     

氢化物发生原子吸收法测定化妆品中砷

化妆品中各种形态的砷经硝酸镁高温氧化成５价砷，用碘化钾－抗坏血酸还原，经硼氢化钠氢化，原子吸收测定，线性范围为０．５～６．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，相关系数０．９９９０～０．９９９９，最低检出浓度为０．２１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，本法测定的相对标准偏差为５．３％～１０．８％，加标回收率为９８％～１１０％。     

水中超痕量铅镉钴镍的同时富集和测定

用活性炭富集技术和示波极指法在同一洗脱液中连续测定所富集的铅、镉、钴和镍元素．对湖水等６份平行样品测定的相对标准偏差为１．８～１０．５％，对自来水等的加标回收率为８４．０～１１４．９％，对水样的最低检出浓度为０．１ｎｇＰｂ／ｍｌ，０．１ｎｇＣｄ／ｍｌ，０．０５ｎｇＣｏ／ｍｌ，０．０５ｎｇＮｉ／ｍｌ．结果表明本法可用于各种天然水样的测定     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定鸡蛋黄牛奶中9种元素

利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定食物样品中９种元素。拟定了测试方法，回收率为８９．１％～１０９．５％，变异系数１．１％～１０．３％，检测限０．００１２～０．３３，均满足分析要求。为食品中多元素分析提供了快速、准确的分析方法     

空气中三氯苯胺的采集与分析方法的研究

空气中三氯苯胺用５０％乙醇吸收，经ＯＶ－１７和ＯＶ－２１０混合色谱柱分离，电子捕获检测器检测测定。对采样及测定条件，用正交试验进行了优选。方法的检出限为０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ，当标准溶液浓度为０．５～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，相对标准偏差为４．３％～３．７％。线性范围为０．０２～４０ｍｇ／Ｌ。采样效率为９９．１％～１００％。样品在采样管中可稳定１５天以上。通过现场试验和验证试验，证明该方法准确可靠、快速简便，完全适用于空气中三氯苯胺的测定。各项试验指标符合劳动卫生监测要求。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.