基于体膜开窗定位的保乳术后大分割与常规分割的不良反应对比

目的 分析基于体膜开窗定位方式的乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗和常规分割放疗患者的不良反应、美容效果,对改良定位方式进行探讨。方法 前瞻性对2019年1月至2020年4月收治的75例乳腺癌保乳术后患者,采用随机数字表法分为两组：大分割组,38例,42.4 Gy/16次,2.65 Gy/次;常规组,37例,50 Gy/25次,2.0 Gy/次。均采用热塑体膜定位,并沿患侧乳腺根部将乳房上方体膜剪去。观察两组的不良反应、美容效果及随访生存情况。结果 随访期间,两组患者8个月内无复发病例,局部控制率100%,生存率100%。两组患者急性皮肤反应总发生率为大分割组36.84%（14/38）和常规组67.57%（25/37）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.09,P<0.05）;美容效果优良率为大分割组89.47%（34/38）和常规组78.38%（29/37）,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;白细胞减少、血小板减少及晚期皮肤反应差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 基于体膜开窗定位方式的乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗方案具有可行性,可明显减轻急性放射性皮肤反应,且并未增加放疗不良反应。但长期效果仍需长期随访研究来证实。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后瘤床同步加量调强放疗的临床观察

目的 探讨早期乳腺癌保乳术后瘤床同步加量调强放射治疗（SIB-IMRT）技术的疗效、不良反应及美容效果。方法 2009年8月-2013年10月山东省肿瘤医院收治的分期为T_1-2N_0-1M₀的乳腺癌保乳术后患者146例,其中60例行序贯瘤床加量调强放疗（常规组）,剂量分割方案：全乳1.8~2.0 Gy/次,共45~50 Gy/25次,后续瘤床加量10~16 Gy/5~8次,总疗程42~45 d;86例行SIB-IMRT短疗程调强放疗（SIB组）,剂量分割方案：全乳1.8 Gy×28次,瘤床同步加量2.15 Gy×28次,总疗程38 d。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率和局部复发率,χ²检验比较两组资料可比性、不良反应及美容效果。结果 常规组与SIB组1、2、3级急性皮肤反应发生率分别为63.3%与75.8%、20.0%与16.2%、16.7%与8.0%（P>0.05）;0、1、2级皮肤及皮下组织晚期反应发生率分别为84.6%与85.8%、12.2%与10.6%、3.2%与3.6%（P>0.05）;0、1、2、3级中性粒细胞减少发生率分别为22.6%与33.7%、34.6%与40.7%、26.7%与20.9%、15.0%与4.7%（P>0.05）。常规组与SIB组放射性肺炎分别为2例（3.3%）与3例（3.5%）（P>0.05）;美容优良率分别为89.7%与89.2%（P>0.05）。随访24~74个月（中位数38个月）,随访率95.2%;两组1、3、5年生存率均为100%。常规组2例出现复发或转移（3.5%）,SIB组3例出现复发或转移（3.7%）。结论 保乳术后瘤床同步加量放疗与瘤床序贯放疗疗效相似,美容效果相当且未加重早晚期不良反应,并有缩短疗程的优势。     

乳腺癌保乳术后放疗瘤床二维电子线与三维调强补量的疗效比较

目的 比较乳腺癌保乳手术后瘤床电子线二维补量和X射线三维调强补量方法对肿瘤局部控制率及患者生存的影响。方法 回顾性分析485例于北京肿瘤医院接受乳腺癌保乳手术的患者,术后全乳腺照射46~50 Gy/23~25次后,一组患者采用电子线技术,另一组采用X射线调强技术进行瘤床补量放疗,补量剂量均为10~16 Gy/5~8次。结果 全组患者的中位随访时间为96.04个月。X射线调强瘤床补量组的5年和10年无局部复发生存率（LRFS）均为98.4%,明显优于电子线补量组5年的94.2%和10年的93.2%（χ²=4.190,P<0.05）。但两组的总生存率（OS）间无明显差异,X射线组5年和10年的OS率分别为96.7%和95.8 %,电子线组的分别为94.9%和89.4%（P>0.05）。在多因素分析中,年龄≤40岁、腋窝淋巴结有转移及Her-2高表达是LRFS的独立预后因素,而放疗瘤床补量方式不是LRFS和OS的预后因素（P>0.05）。结论 乳腺癌保乳手术后,X射线调强放疗较电子线二维放疗在瘤床补量治疗上有更好的肿瘤局部控制率,但对患者生存无明显影响。     

宫颈癌术后调强放射治疗的早期不良反应及影响因素

目的 评估宫颈癌术后接受调强放射治疗患者的早期不良反应及影响因素。方法 回顾分析2014年1月至2017年12月在苏州大学附属第二医院行术后调强放射治疗的宫颈癌患者共106例。对不良反应的发生情况进行总结,并对相关临床指标行单因素及多因素分析。结果 全组患者3年总生存率（OS）为88.1%,3年无进展生存率（PFS）为84.8%。3级以上急性血液学不良反应发生率为33%。早期肠道不良反应发生率为35%,其中3级以上为1.8%。单因素分析显示,放疗前血红蛋白（Hb）的水平、腹主动脉旁淋巴引流区是否接受放疗、靶区内是否局部加量、是否接受化疗,与严重急性血液学不良反应相关（χ²=1.789~17.895,P<0.05）。多因素分析显示,同步化疗会增加严重急性血液学不良反应的发生率（χ²=3.929,P<0.05）。结论 对于接受术后调强放射治疗的宫颈癌患者,3级及以上不良反应主要为血液学不良反应,早期严重的肠道不良反应发生率较低。     

乳腺癌根治术后局部区域复发R0切除术后放疗110例分析

目的 探讨巩固放疗对根治术后局部区域复发接受R0切除手术的乳腺癌患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析2003年1月1日至2015年11月30日期间解放军307医院收治的110例仅局部区域复发后接受R0（切缘阴性）切除手术患者的临床资料,分析其预后因素。结果 74例（67.3%）接受巩固放疗的患者,其中位至局部区域进展时间优于未接受放疗的36例（32.7%）患者,差异有统计学意义（χ²=8.526,P<0.05）;接受巩固放疗患者的局部复发后至无远处转移生存期、局部区域复发后总生存期与未接受放疗的患者差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。多因素分析结果显示内分泌治疗（χ²=7.541,95%CI：27.1%~80.4%,P<0.05）、无病生存期（≥2年vs.<2年,χ²=4.068,95%CI：101.4%~267%,P<0.05）、巩固放疗（χ²=14.126,95%CI：21.7%~80.4%,P<0.05）是局部区域复发R0术后患者局部复发后总生存期的独立预后因素。局部区域复发R0切除术后,同侧胸壁及锁骨上下淋巴引流区巩固照射组复发率低于未照射组。结论 局部区域复发乳腺癌患者R0切除术后需接受同侧锁骨上下区及胸壁巩固放疗。     

颈胸上段食管癌根治性放化疗靶区范围对预后生存的影响

目的 探讨颈胸上段食管癌根治性放化疗时调强放疗靶区范围对生存预后的影响,并结合失败模式,为颈胸上段食管癌放射治疗靶区勾画提供参考标准。方法 回顾性收集2010年至2014年间在本院接受根治性同期放化疗的132例颈胸上段食管癌患者临床资料,其中选择性淋巴引流区照射（ENI）者71例,累及野照射（IFI）者61例。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算局部控制（LC）、无进展生存（PFS）、总生存（OS）,并行Log-rank法检验、COX风险模型单因素及多因素预后分析。结果 随访至2017年12月底,中位随访时间59.5（14.2~95.8）个月,随访率为99.2%。ENI组与IFI组1、3、5年LC分别为77.5%、58.8%、48.8%和64.3%、29.1%、26.2%（χ²=9.68,P=0.002）,PFS分别为68.6%、37.7%、25.9%和47.5%、17.2%、3.6%（χ²=11.39,P=0.001）,OS分别为81.7%、53.9%、31.3%和70.5%、31.9%、16.3%（χ²=7.70,P=0.006）。多因素分析显示T分期、N分期和照射范围是局部控制、无进展生存和总生存的独立性预后影响因素（P<0.05）。ENI组总失败率和局部区域复发率均明显低于IFI组（χ²=13.23、5.24,P<0.05）。ENI组和IFI组≥ 3级的放射性食管炎、肺炎和骨髓抑制差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 颈胸上段食管癌患者接受根治性放化疗时,选择性淋巴引流区照射可明显降低局部区域复发和远处转移,进而改善长期生存。     

乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗中腋窝各站淋巴结实际覆盖剂量的研究

目的 研究乳腺癌保乳保腋窝术后分别采用常规切线野（CTF）、三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）和正向调强放疗（IMRT）技术放疗中Ⅰ站、Ⅱ站和Ⅲ站腋窝淋巴结覆盖剂量。方法 回顾分析连续42例仅行前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）而未行腋窝淋巴结清扫的乳腺癌保乳术后T_1-2N₀M₀期患者。按照放射治疗肿瘤协作组（RTOG）标准勾画Ⅰ站、Ⅱ站和Ⅲ站腋窝淋巴结引流区。每位患者均制定全乳+腋窝CTF、3D-CRT和IMRT 3种放疗计划,处方剂量为50 Gy/25次,分析腋窝淋巴结覆盖剂量。结果 CTF、3D-CRT和IMRT放疗计划腋窝各站受照剂量不同,I站累及平均剂量分别为（40.1±6.8）、（35.4±8.3）和（32.9±7.0）Gy（F=10.269,P<0.05）,Ⅱ站分别为（33.2±7.1）、（30.6±6.7）和（30.4±7.0）Gy（P>0.05）,Ⅲ站分别为（9.6±6.8）、（6.4±4.5）和（5.2±3.7）Gy（F=8.377,P<0.05）。腋窝各站接受相同处方剂量的体积不同,I站V₅₀（接受50 Gy处方剂量体积）分别为21.3%、27.6%和9.6%（F=13.161,P<0.05）,Ⅱ站V₅₀分别为12.9%、15.9%和8.3%（P>0.05）,Ⅲ站V₅₀分别为0.4%、0.1%和0（P>0.05）。结论 早期乳腺癌保乳保腋窝术后采用CTF、3D-CRT和IMRT 3种放疗技术时腋窝Ⅰ站、Ⅱ站和Ⅲ站淋巴结引流区覆盖剂量有限,因此对于发现腋窝微转移、但未清扫腋窝的患者,应充分评估腋窝淋巴结转移风险,制定个体化放疗计划。     

TomoDirect和TomoHelical技术在左侧乳腺癌保乳术后放疗中的剂量学比较

目的 比较4野和6野断层定野照射（TomoDirect）及断层螺旋照射（TomoHelical）技术在左侧乳腺癌保乳术后患者的放疗计划应用中的剂量学差异。方法 作为回顾性研究,本文选取16例已行调强（IMRT）治疗的左侧乳腺癌保乳术后患者,在螺旋断层放疗（Tomotherapy）计划系统上分别进行4野和6野的TomoDirect及TomoHelical 3种技术的模拟计划,比较3种技术设计的计划靶区和危及器官的剂量学差异及治疗参数。结果 3种技术设计的乳腺癌计划,均能满足临床要求。其中,4野TomoDirect技术对危及器官和正常组织,尤其是脊髓、健侧乳腺最大剂量D_max,肺的V₅,心脏D_mean（F=595.60、129.24、60.44、65.37,P<0.05）的保护优于TomoHelical技术,但在靶区剂量均匀性和适形度方面,以TomoHelical技术较优（F=2.78、60.93,P<0.05）。6野TomoDirect技术,在保证较TomoHelical技术低的危及器官限量的条件下,提高了4野TomoDirect技术的靶区均匀性和适形度。此外,TomoDirect技术的机器跳数均优于TomoHelical技术,有效地减少了患者治疗时间（F=24.89、3.75,P<0.05）。结论 对于左侧乳腺癌保乳术后放疗,6野TomoDirect技术设计的计划具有一定优势,与TomoHelical技术相比,6野TomoDirect大大降低了危及器官受量;与4野TomoDirect技术相比,6野TomoDirect靶区均匀性和适形度较优,更适宜于早期乳腺癌患者。     

宁夏地区医疗照射频率水平调查分析

目的 了解宁夏地区医疗机构放射诊疗设备的配备情况及其医疗照射频度水平,为医疗辐射技术的合理化应用提供依据。方法 采用普查的方式,以调查问卷的形式对宁夏地区所有开展医用X射线诊断、介入放射学、核医学和放射治疗的医疗机构的放射诊疗情况进行调查分析。结果 宁夏地区X射线诊断照射频率为727.9人次/千人口,其中X射线摄影检查频率最高,为525.2人次/千人口,其次是CT检查频率为147.9人次/千人口;放射治疗频率为6.0例/千人口;核医学为1.8人次/千人口;介入放射学为3.8人次/千人口。宁夏5市医疗机构X射线诊断照射频率差异有统计学意义（χ²=162 280.7,P<0.05）。不同级别医疗机构X射线诊断照射频率差异有统计学意义（χ²=902 485.2,P<0.05）,不同级别医疗机构X射线摄影检查和CT检查（不包括乡级和疾病预防控制中心）照射频率差异均有统计学意义（χ²=471 574.9、181 887.1,P<0.05）。结论 X射线诊断检查中,CT检查成为了仅次于X射线摄影检查的主要检查手段,不同地区和不同级别的医疗机构X射线诊断照射频率有差异,相关部门应有针对性的加强医疗机构放射防护的监督管理,确保放射诊疗工作的正当化。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后放化疗顺序临床分析

目的 分析191例早期乳腺癌保乳术后患者,探讨不同放化疗顺序对不同高危因素患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析自2006年1月1日至2015年12月31日大连医科大学附属第二医院收治的191例早期乳腺癌保乳术后患者（T_1-2N_0-1M₀）临床资料。按放化疗顺序分为先放疗组、先化疗组和化疗-放疗-化疗组（"三明治组"）。先放疗组32例、先化疗组107例、三明治组52例。对各组病例的年龄、是否绝经、肿瘤大小（T₁、T₂）、淋巴结转移情况、病理学类型、脉管癌栓、分子分型、手术放疗间隔时间等因素进行单因素及多因素分析,寻找影响患者预后的独立危险因素。比较存在不同高危因素的患者在先放疗组、先化疗组、三明治组中5年局部复发（LRR）和总生存（OS）的差异。结果 肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移情况、脉管癌栓、手术放疗间隔时间是影响5年OS的独立危险因素。先放疗组、先化疗组、三明治组中T₁、T₂期患者的5年LRR和OS比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。先放疗组、先化疗组与三明治组淋巴结转移N₀期患者5年LRR比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。先化疗组和三明治组N₁期患者5年LRR分别为4.5%和16.2%,两组差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.813,P=0.028）。先化疗组和三明治组N₁患者5年OS差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。先放疗组、先化疗组、三明治组有脉管癌栓患者5年LRR分别为5.3%、9.2%、18.1%（P>0.05）;5年OS分别为61.5%、90.1%、87.2%（χ²=6.282,P=0.043）。3组无脉管癌栓患者5年LRR、OS比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。先放疗组、先化疗组、三明治组手术放疗间隔时间≤ 6个月的患者5年LRR差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。手术放疗间隔时间>6个月均为先化疗组,先化疗组中手术放疗间隔≤ 6个月与>6个月患者的5年LRR为5.2%和14.1%（χ²=4.886,P=0.027）,OS分别为96.9%和85.7%（χ²=5.758,P=0.038）。结论 临床治疗时根据个体化选择方案。对于腋窝淋巴结阴性而局部存在复发高危因素的患者,可以先进行放疗;对于腋窝淋巴结转移或脉管癌栓的高危患者,应早期开始化疗,放疗可以延迟,但不能超过6个月。     

乳腺癌保乳术后部分乳腺三种放疗计划的剂量学比较

目的 比较容积弧形调强（VMAT）、固定野动态调强（IMRT）及三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）技术对乳腺癌保乳术后采用部分乳腺放疗的剂量学差异。方法 选取20例临床分期为T_1-2N₀M₀的早期乳腺癌保乳术后患者进行VMAT,并同时设计IMRT及3D-CRT,比较3种计划的剂量学参数,包括剂量-体积直方图（DVH）、靶区剂量适形度、靶区及危及器官的剂量、机器跳数及治疗时间。结果 IMRT及VMAT计划靶区剂量分布优于3D-CRT计划,其中最大剂量,平均剂量及适形指数（CI）组间比较差异具有统计学意义（F=14.86、8.57、18.23,P<0.05）。正常组织受量：VMAT计划在患侧乳腺V₅上优于IMRT及3D-CRT计划（F=5.83,P<0.05）;IMRT在患侧肺V₂₀、V₅及D₅上有优势（F=16.39、3.62、4.81,P<0.05）;在对侧肺的统计中,IMRT计划在最大剂量及D₅上可以得到比VMAT和3D-CRT更低的剂量（F=3.99、3.43,P<0.05）;VMAT、3D-CRT和IMRT计划所需机器跳数值分别为621.0±111.9、707.3±130.9、1161.4±315.6,计划间的差异有统计学意义（F=31.30,P<0.05）。VMAT、3D-CRT和IMRT计划所需治疗时间分别为（1.5±0.2）、（7.0±1.6）、（11.5±1.9）min。结论 IMRT和VMAT计划靶区剂量分布优于3D-CRT计划,而不提高患侧肺剂量。对于部分乳腺癌的放疗,容积弧形调强放疗在降低机器跳数和减少治疗时间方面具有明显优势。     

Partial breast irradiation in a patient with bilateral breast cancers and CREST syndrome

Purpose

To describe the first documented use of partial breast irradiation (PBI) in a patient with calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasias (CREST) syndrome.

Methods and materials

A 50-year-old woman with well-controlled CREST syndrome for 6 years was diagnosed with bilateral early-staged breast cancers. She underwent bilateral lumpectomies, sentinel lymph node biopsies, and PBI delivered via bilateral MammoSite catheters (Cytyc Corp., Marlborough, MA) followed by chemotherapy. She was monitored perioperatively, at 6 months and at 1 year for worsening of her CREST-related symptoms and complications associated with surgery and radiation therapy. Both surgeon and patient’s opinion of her cosmetic outcome were also recorded at 1-year followup.

Results

The patient experienced mild acute cellulitic changes in the perioperative period, which resolved with antibiotics. At 6 months, she exhibited a Grade 1 late toxicity, which has remained stable at 1-year followup. The patient and surgeon are very pleased with her cosmetic outcome.

Conclusions

Accelerated PBI was delivered safely to a patient with collagen vascular disease. By decreasing the surface area receiving radiation with accelerated PBI, we believe that the toxicity associated with the treatment was minimized. Future studies will be necessary to clarify the use of PBI in patients with collagen vascular disease.     

The rationale,technique, and feasibility of partial breast irradiation using noninvasive image-guided breast brachytherapy

PurposeNoninvasive image-guided breast brachytherapy (NIBB) is a novel approach to deliver accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). NIBB is noninvasive, yet maintains a high degree of precision by using breast immobilization and image guidance. This makes NIBB an attractive alternative to existing APBI techniques.Methods and MaterialsForty patients were enrolled to an institutional review board-approved prospective clinical trial evaluating APBI using NIBB. The NIBB technique is described in detail. Briefly, patients were treated with the breast compressed and immobilized sequentially in two orthogonal axes for each fraction. Radiation was delivered using collimated emissions from a high-dose-rate iridium-192 source via specialized applicators. The prescribed dose was 34.0 Gy in 10 fractions. Feasibility and tolerability of treatment were assessed.ResultsAll patients completed protocol treatment. The median age was 68 years. Sixty-three percent of patients had invasive carcinoma, and 37% had ductal carcinoma in situ. All were node negative. Ninety-three percent of patients were postmenopausal. Mean tumor size, tumor bed volume, and breast volume were 1.1 cm, 22.4 cc, and 1591 cc, respectively. NIBB treatment was well tolerated. Median patient-reported discomfort was 1 on a 10-point pain scale. Treatment delivery times were reasonable. The average treatment time per axis was 14 min (5–20 min), and the average time from start of first treatment axis to completion of orthogonal axis was 43 min (30–63 min). Acute skin toxicity was Grade 0, 1, and 2 in 20%, 53%, and 28% of patients, respectively. There were no Grade 3 or greater acute toxicities observed.ConclusionsNIBB holds promise as an alternative method to deliver APBI. NIBB is feasible and well tolerated by patients. Further investigation of NIBB to deliver APBI is warranted.     

Results of accelerated partial breast irradiation in patients not suitable for external beam irradiation stratified by GEC-ESTRO,ASTRO, and ABS guidelines

PurposeThis study aims to review the outcome of an institution in multicatheter/interstitial accelerated partial breast irradiation (MC-APBI) for treatment of patients with breast cancer, either with strong criteria for APBI or unable to be treated with whole-breast irradiation. The outcomes were also stratified by the American Society for Radiation Oncology, American Brachytherapy Society, and Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology patient selection criteria.MethodsThe study includes 118 patients and 120 MC-APBI treatments, treated in a single tertiary center, between November 2003 and August 2016. The analysis is focused on the clinical baseline characteristics, local control, relapse-free survival, disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival.ResultsIn accordance to the American Society for Radiation Oncology, American Brachytherapy Society, and Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 17.1% were “unsuitable,” 19.2% were “unacceptable,” and 19.5% were “high risk,” respectively. The main reasons why high-risk patients were submitted to MC-APBI were as follows: cardiopathy (n = 7), social difficulties (n = 4), and mobility limitations (n = 4). At the median followup period of 86.5 months, ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence was observed in one (0.8%) patient. The 3-year and 5-year relapse-free survival were 100% and 99.1%, respectively. DSS was 100%.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated excellent control rates, DFS, and DSS of MC-APBI, rendering APBI as an excellent treatment for patients with breast cancer, even those who are not necessarily eligible for this treatment approach. The selection criteria for ABPI diverge according to different guidelines and are based on studies with discrepancies, making extremely possible that these recommendations could be changed.     

Accelerated partial breast irradiation in the elderly: 8-year oncological outcomes and prognostic factors

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to evaluate long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) in the elderly using high-dose-rate interstitial multicatheter brachytherapy (HIBT).Methods and MaterialsBetween 2005 and 2018, 109 patients underwent APBI using HIBT (34 Gy/10f/5d or 32 Gy/8f/4d). Based on a prospective database, outcomes were retrospectively analyzed (local relapse-free survival, metastatic-free survival, specific survival (SS), and overall survival (OS)). Prognostic factors were investigated. Late toxicity and cosmetic evaluation were reported.ResultsWith a median followup of 97 months [7–159], median age was 81.7 years [58–89]. In accordance with the GEC-ESTRO APBI classification, 72.5%, 11.9%, and 15.6% were classified as low, intermediate, and high risk, respectively. The histological type was mainly invasive ductal carcinoma (87.1%). The median tumor size was 10 mm [range 1–35]. Eight-year local relapse-free survival, SS, and OS were 96.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) [0.923; 1]), 96.7% [95% CI [0.924; 1], and 72% [95% CI [0.616; 0.837], respectively. In univariate analysis, APBI classification was not considered as prognostic factor, whereas molecular classification was prognostic factor for OS (p < 0.0001), SS (p = 0.007), and metastatic-free survival (p = 0.009) but not for local recurrence (p = 0.586). No Grade ≥3 late toxicity was observed, whereas 61 patients (88.4%) and 8 patients (11.6%) presented Grade 1 and 2 toxicities, respectively. The cosmetic outcome was excellent/good for 96.4%.ConclusionsLong-term followup confirms that HIBT is safe and effective for elderly early breast cancer. Our results suggest that selected elderly women presenting with high-risk breast cancer could be also considered for APBI.     

Five fraction accelerated partial breast irradiation using noninvasive image-guided breast brachytherapy: Feasibility and acute toxicity

PurposeTo improve efficiency, convenience, and cost, a prospective phase II trial was initiated to evaluate accelerated partial breast irradiation delivered with noninvasive image-guided breast brachytherapy (NIBB) via five once-daily fractions.Methods and MaterialsWomen ≥50 years old with early-stage breast cancer undergoing breast conserving surgery were enrolled. Eligibility criteria included invasive carcinoma ≤2.0 cm or ductal carcinoma in situ ≤3.0 cm, ER positive (if invasive), lymph node negative, LVI absent, and margins negative by 2 mm. Patients received a total dose of 28.5 Gy in five daily fractions. NIBB was delivered using two orthogonal axes for each fraction. Applicators were selected to encompass the lumpectomy cavity with a 1.0 cm clinical target volume margin and 0 to 0.5 cm planning target volume margin. Acute and late toxicity was assessed based on CTCAE v3.0.ResultsForty patients with a mean age of 67 years underwent protocol treatment. Mean tumor size was 1.0 cm (0.3–2.0 cm). Eighty percent had invasive carcinoma and the remainder had ductal carcinoma in situ. Mean tumor bed volume was 21 cc (5–79 cc) and mean breast volume was 1319 cc (499–3044 cc). Mean breast separation with compression was 6.7 cm (3.5–8.9 cm). All patients tolerated well. Median discomfort with compression was 1 (range: 0–7) on a 10-point pain scale. Acute skin reaction was Grade 0–1 in 70%, Grade 2 in 28%, and Grade 3 in 3%. Acute skin toxicity was not associated with breast size but was associated with larger breast separation with compression (p < 0.01) and larger applicator size (p < 0.01). No Grade 3+ late toxicity or local recurrences have been observed at a median followup of 14 months.ConclusionsAccelerated partial breast irradiation delivered using NIBB over five daily fractions is a convenient treatment option that is feasible and well tolerated.     

Multi-institutional registry study evaluating the feasibility and toxicity of accelerated partial breast irradiation using noninvasive image-guided breast brachytherapy

PurposeThe noninvasive image-guided breast brachytherapy (NIBB) technique is a novel noninvasive yet targeted method for accelerated partial breast irradiation. We established a multi-institutional registry to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of this technique across various practice settings.Methods and MaterialsInstitutions using the NIBB technique were invited to participate. Data for acute/late toxicity, cosmetic outcome, and tumor recurrence were collected. Toxicity and cosmetic outcome were graded based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 and NRG/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scale, respectively. Treatment variables were analyzed for association with outcomes.ResultsA total of 252 patients from eight institutions were analyzed. The median age was 69 years. The mean tumor size was 1.1 cm (0.1–4.0 cm). Treatment was delivered 10 fractions (34–36 Gy) in 75% and five fractions (28.5 Gy) in 22%. B.i.d. fractionation was used in 9%. Acute radiation dermatitis was Grade 0–1, 2, and 3 in 77%, 19%, and 4%, respectively. One hundred ninety-one patients with a median followup of 18 months (4–72 months) were evaluable for late outcomes. Late toxicity Grades 2 and 3 were observed in 8.8% and 1%, respectively. Cosmetic outcome was excellent, good, and fair/poor in 62%, 36%, and 2%, respectively. B.i.d. fractionation was associated with higher acute and late toxicity. Second-generation applicators were associated with lower late toxicity and better cosmetic outcome. Actuarial freedom from ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and true recurrence were 98.3% and 98.3% at 2 years and 90.9% and 95.4% at 5 years, respectively.ConclusionsAccelerated partial breast irradiation using NIBB was well tolerated with a low rate of acute and late toxicity across various practice settings. Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and cosmetic outcomes were favorable. b.i.d. fractionation was associated with higher toxicity. Longer followup is needed to confirm late endpoints.     

呼吸运动对部分乳腺外照射靶区剂量学的影响

目的 探讨呼吸运动对部分乳腺外照射（EB-PBI）靶区和危及器官（OAR）剂量学的影响。方法 选取保乳术后符合EB-PBI条件的20例患者,在四维CT（4D-CT）10个时相上,由同一勾画者基于术腔边界金属夹结合术腔血清肿勾画靶区（TB）。以0时相为参考时相,制定三维适形放疗计划（3D-CRT）,并将0时相的3D-CRT复制到其余9个时相上。观察呼吸周期中呼吸运动导致的靶区及OAR剂量学变化,其中相关剂量学参数如下：平均剂量（D_mean）、均匀性指数（HI）、适形度指数（CI）以及接受x Gy照射的百分体积（V_x）。结果 自由呼吸状态下TB在左右、前后、头脚方向上的位移中位数分别为0.90、0.75和0.80 mm,三维位移矢量中位数为0.95 mm。在头脚方向上,TB位移与靶区D_mean、HI和CI具有相关性（r=-0.458、-0.451和0.462,P < 0.05）,尤其与靶区D_mean呈负相关,并且TB位移在头脚方向上与患侧正常乳腺的D_mean、V₂₀和V₃₀呈正相关（r=0.527、0.488和0.526,P < 0.05）。在三维运动矢量上,TB位移与患侧肺的D_mean、V₅、V₁₀和V₂₀呈正相关（r=0.416、0.503、0.522和0.498,P < 0.05）。心脏的D_mean、V₅和V₁₀仅与心脏体积变化相关（r=0.727、0.704和0.695,P < 0.05）。 结论 自由呼吸状态下呼吸运动引起EB-PBI靶区小幅度的位移能引起靶区剂量学的变化,从而有可能造成照射过程中靶区剂量脱靶或漏照。肺脏受照剂量体积参数的变化受靶区位移及胸廓扩张的双重影响,但心脏受照剂量受呼吸运动的影响并不显著。     

Radiation recall reaction with docetaxel administration after accelerated partial breast irradiation with electronic brachytherapy

PurposeAccelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) offers several advantages over whole breast irradiation. Electronic brachytherapy may further reduce barriers to breast conserving therapy by making APBI more available. However, its toxicity profile is not well characterized.Methods and MaterialsA 60-year-old woman was treated with APBI using Axxent (Xoft, Sunnyvale, CA) electronic brachytherapy. One month after APBI, a cycle of docetaxel and cyclophosphamide was given. Within 3 weeks, the patient developed an ulcerative radiation recall reaction in the skin overlying the lumpectomy cavity. To investigate this toxicity, the skin dose from electronic brachytherapy was compared with the dose that would have been delivered by an iridium-192 (¹⁹²Ir) source. Additionally, a dose equivalent was estimated by adjusting for the increased relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of low energy photons generated by the electronic source.ResultsUsing electronic brachytherapy, the skin dose was 537 cGy per fraction compared with 470 cGy for an ¹⁹²Ir source. Given an RBE for a 40 kV source of 1.28 compared with ¹⁹²Ir, the equivalent dose at the skin for an electronic source was 687 cGy-equivalents, a 46% increase.ConclusionsWe present a case of an ulcerative radiation recall reaction in a patient receiving APBI with electronic brachytherapy followed by chemotherapy. Our analysis shows that the use of electronic brachytherapy resulted in the deposition of significantly higher equivalent dose at the skin compared with ¹⁹²Ir. These findings suggest that standard guidelines (e.g., surface-to-skin distance) that apply to ¹⁹²Ir-based balloon brachytherapy may not be applicable to electronic brachytherapy.