Model studies of mechanisms of the rhythmic activity of mammalian neurons

A model of electric excitability of mammalian neurons is developed based on described properties of the corresponding ionic currents. It is shown that these neurons may possess two types of rhythmic activity. The first type corresponds to the combination of the fast sodium and delayed potassium currents, the average period of membrane potential oscillations being 74 +/- 27 ms. The second type is determined by calcium and Ca-dependent potassium currents, and its interspike interval is equal to 850 +/- 40 ms. Two mechanisms of adaptation (elongation of the interspike interval) of rhythmic activity are predicted for these neurons. The former is determined by the fast potassium current and the latter is due to accumulation of calcium ions inside the cell and the development of Ca-dependent potassium conductance.     

Recruitment order of motor units in man: significance of pre-existing state of facilitation

It has been shown in previous investigations that the recruitment order of motor units is different in tonic and in phasic voluntary activity. The significance of the pre-existing state of facilitation in the motoneurone pool for the recruitment of units is studied, using the phasic flexion reflex in the anterior tibial muscle as test reflex. It is shown that the recruitment order of units in a series of reflexes (1) is unstable if the subject does not expect the stimulus; (2) is stable and identical with that in tonic activity if the subject subliminally facilitates the motoneurone pool before the reflex activation; (3) is stable and almost identical with that in tonic activity if the subject expects the stimulus and therefore involuntarily influences the motoneurone pool; (4) is stable and similar to that in phasic voluntary activity if the subject inhibits the motoneurone pool before the activation and the stimulus strength thus consequentially is increased; and (5) is influenced by blockade of the proprioceptive afferent impulses from the muscle. It is concluded that normal man can select in advance the recruitment order of motor units most appropriate for the work intended.     

Volumetric analysis of the principal subdivisions of the brain of Gobioidei (Teleosts, Perciformes)

The coral reef Gobioidei have very small olfactory bulbs. Compared to other teleost fishes, Gobioidei are all microsmic. The forebrain shows little variation; its size is the same as that of other perciform fishes, giving a good idea of the phylogenetic level of the Gobioidei. The mesencephalic tectum is very important in Gobioidei but very small in Trypauchen vagina, which is a burrowing species that is almost blind. The cerebellar body is small as in all other benthic fishes. The cerebellar valvula is also always small, especially the reflex lamina. The medulla oblongata is very large; the size of the vagal and facial lobes is correlated with the gustatory sense, an important feature of most Gobioidei.     

度洛西汀与文拉法辛治疗躯体形式障碍的疗效比较

目的比较度洛西汀与文拉法辛治疗躯体形式障碍的疗效和安全性。方法将137例躯体形式障碍患者随机分为文拉法辛组69例和度洛西汀组68例,共治疗6周。采用HAMD和SCL-90评定临床疗效,TESS评定不良反应。结果在治疗第2周末文拉法辛显效率为53.62%,度洛西汀仅为29.41%,前者优于后者,差异具有极显著性（P〈0.01）;但在治疗第4、6周末,文拉法辛组的显效率为78.26%、85.50%,度洛西汀组的显效率为79.14%、86.71%,两组同期比较疗效无显著差异（P〉0.05）。文拉法辛引起血压升高、睡眠增多、哈欠和乏力等不良反应相对突出。结论两药治疗躯体形式障碍均有效,且疗效相当,文拉法辛起效稍快,度洛西汀的不良反应相对较轻。     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Pharmacology of the central control of micturition.

Micturition is the process whereby urine is collected in the bladder until such time as it is convenient to void. The two phases of the cycle are controlled by several reflexes but the act of voiding is usually initiated voluntarily. To date, pharmacological research on the central control of micturition has concentrated on influences of the brain stem and spinal cord, and in particular of the locus coeruleus, the "pontine micturition reflex centre". Studies have shown that spontaneous bladder motility is affected by agents acting upon receptors for acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, opioids, GABA and glutamate. It is now necessary to extend these studies to conscious animals so that reflex activity is not affected by anaesthesia and the effects of drugs on the collecting and emptying phases can be examined.     

51例蛛网膜下腔出血临床特征分析

目的对蛛网膜下腔出血的临床特征进行分析,增强对该病的认识,提高诊断率。方法对我科2007-09~2009-09收住的51例蛛网膜下腔出血患者的人群特征、发病诱因、首发症状及体征、辅助检查、误诊、主要并发症、治疗及预后等方面进行分析讨论。结果女性多于男性,平均年龄54岁;活动为主要诱因,严重头痛为主要症状,绝大多数脑膜刺激征阳性,CT为首选检查手段,CT检查阴性者可选择腰椎穿刺;动脉瘤为主要原因,易误诊为感冒、高血压、脑供血不足等;再出血、脑血管痉挛、脑积水为主要并发症,脑脊液置换可以较快减轻头痛症状,大多预后良好,无明显后遗症;高龄、严重并发症者、Hunt和Hess分级高者、伴血小板减少等血液系统疾病者预后差,病死率高。结论若能认识蛛网膜下腔出血,容易作出正确诊断,使患者有良好预后。     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

Analysis of the rate of convergence of least squares neural network regression estimates in case of measurement errors

Estimation of a regression function from data which consists of an independent and identically distributed sample of the underlying distribution with additional measurement errors in the independent variables is considered. It is allowed that the measurement errors are not independent and have a nonzero mean. It is shown that the rate of convergence of suitably defined least squares neural network estimates applied to this data is similar to the rate of convergence of least squares neural network estimates applied to an independent and identically distributed sample of the underlying distribution as long as the measurement errors are small.     

Localization of gene expression of calreticulin in the brain of adult mouse.

The localization of gene expression of calreticulin, a calcium-binding protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, was examined throughout the entire brain of adult mice by in situ hybridization. Calreticulin mRNA is expressed widely and heterogeneously in discrete neurons throughout the brain, but the white matters expressed it weekly or faintly. In the olfactory bulb, the mRNA is expresses moderately in the mitral cells, but weakly in the periglomerular cells and internal granule cells. In the cerebrum, the gene is expressed intensely in the piriform cortex, but weakly in neocortex, the entorhinal cortex and the amygdaloid nuclei. In the hippocampal formation, calreticulin mRNA is expressed intensely in the CA1-CA3 regions but less intensely in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. The caudate-putamen, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, and mammillary nuclei express the mRNA weakly or faintly. In the mesencephalon, pons and medulla, moderate expression of the mRNA is detected in the pontine nuclei and the locus ceruleus. Weak expression of the mRNA is detected in several discrete nuclei and zones such as the substantia nigra, the superior colliculus and the central gray. Expression signals of calreticulin mRNA are faint in the inferior olive. In the cerebellum, calreticulin mRNA is expressed moderately in the Purkinje cells whereas no significant expression is detected in the granule cells. The plexus choroideus of the lateral, third and fourth ventriculi express calreticulin mRNA intensely although no distinct expression of the mRNA is discerned in the ependyma.     

Contribution of imaging to the diagnosis of Darier-Ferrand's cranio-facial dermatofibrosarcoma. Report of 2 cases

Dermatofibrosarcoma protubans of Darier-Ferrand is observed in about 0.1% of al malignant skin tumors. Head and face localization in uncommon, estimated to account for about 1 to 10% of all lesions. Relapse is frequent and metastasis in uncommon. Diagnosis is often made late. Surgery is the basic treatment. We report two cases of dermatofibrosarcoma of Darier-Ferrand with head and face localizations. In one case, the tumor extended inside the skull and spread to the superior longitudinal sinus. This is the only such reported case found in the literature. CT scan is more useful for studying the bony tables and the cranial content. MRI provides precision for soft tissue tumors and angio-MRI is particularly useful for analysing with accuracy vascular relations of the tumor.     

Stereotactic clipping of arteriovenous malformations of the brain

The authors have developed a new technique for the stereotactic clipping of the feeding vessels of deep-seated arteriovenous malformations (AVM), for use when direct attack may be very dangerous or impossible. A special clipping device and the technique for its application are described. The instrument is introduced through a burr hole using the stereotactic apparatus designed by the authors. The clipping is monitored by intraoperative angiography. The method was used in 32 patients with supratentorial AVMs. It is concluded that in selected cases the method is effective, is less traumatic and gives successful results.     

Stereotactic clipping of arteriovenous malformations of the brain

The authors have developed a new technique for the stereotactic clipping of the feeding vessels of deep-seated arteriovenous malformations (AVM), for use when direct attack may be very dangerous or impossible. A special clipping device and the technique for its application are described. The instrument is introduced through a burr hole using the stereotactic apparatus designed by the authors. The clipping is monitored by intraoperative angiography. The method was used in 32 patients with supratentorial AVMs. It is concluded that in selected cases the method is effective, is less traumatic and gives successful results.     

肥胖对卒中预后的影响

肥胖被认为是卒中的危险因素，但肥胖对卒中预后影响的研究却存在矛盾结果，有研究显示肥胖对卒中患者的预后有不利影响，但也有研究显示肥胖和超重的卒中患者可获得更好的预后，卒中患者的BMI和死亡率之间存在反比关系的“肥胖悖论”。了解肥胖与卒中患者的预后有助于帮助临床医师制订个体化的诊疗方案，以及指导疾病预防。因此，本文综述肥胖与卒中预后的相关研究及进展，旨在探讨肥胖界定标准、卒中类型、卒中病情及病程以及预后指标等因素对研究结论的可能影响，为卒中诊治提供参考，指导未来研究方向。     

Pannexin 1在癫癎发病机制中的作用研究进展

癫癎是神经系统的常见疾病,其发病机制非常复杂,迄今未完全阐明。中枢神经系统内数量最多的星形胶质细胞及胶质细胞与神经元之间的主要连接方式是缝隙连接。Pannexins是最新发现的缝隙连接蛋白家族,在哺乳动物的中枢神经系统中广泛表达。多项研究提示Pannexin 1可能参与了癫癎的发病,本文就Pannexin 1在癫癎发病机制中的作用做一综述,为癫癎发病机制的研究提供参考。     

A model of the interaction of chemical synapses

The simple quasi-static model for convergence of afferent impulse fluxes on the neuron membrane is presented in this paper. Interaction of activation effects in basic types of chemical synapses is considered. It is shown that the character of this interaction differs from the algebraic summation of single effects. This phenomenon is based on the mechanism of the internal negative feedbacks' action.     

22例肌萎缩侧索硬化症的临床分析

目的：探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化（ALS）的临床特征,方法：对22例ALS患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,结果：ALS在临床上隐袭起病居多,但也可呈亚急性起病。ALS的发展速度可能双往认为的更快,并发呼吸肌麻痹是ALS的长漏诊,EMG检查对ALS的确诊有重要意义,MRI检查对ALS的诊断有一定的辅助意义,结论：ALS是临床上呈性经过的慢性变性疾病,最常见的合并症以及最易导致误诊是颈椎病。EMG和MRI检查分别对ALS的诊断有确诊和鉴别诊断意义。     

Quantitative measure of multicomponents of otoacoustic emissions

A method for quantitatively measuring measuring multicomponents of otoacoustic emissions (OAE) was developed in this study. The method is based on the rationale that, if the acoustic emission is a vector sum of multicomponents coming from different locations in the cochlea, each component will show a delay. The proposed method consists of the following steps: (1) the amplitude and phase of the emission is measured when the emission frequency is swept; (2) the real part of the spectrum is obtained based on the amplitude and phase spectra; and (3) the real part of the emission spectrum is then analyzed using a Fourier transform to extract the multiple components. The theoretical basis and practical procedure of this method are described, and in vitro and in vivo tests are used to demonstrate the validity of the method. Preliminary data demonstrate the multicomponents of the extracochlear electrically evoked otoacoustic emission (EEOAE).     

发作性睡病免疫学机制

发作性睡病是一种严重的睡眠障碍,其中猝倒型患者下丘脑大量 Hypoeretin （ Hcrt）/Orexin能神经元缺失可能是自身免疫性因素选择性破坏下丘脑Hcrt能神经元所致。流行病学调查资料显示,发作性睡病发病率升高与甲型H1N1流感病毒感染、疫苗接种、化脓性链球菌感染密切相关;而且遗传闲素（（HLA-DOB1＊0602、P2RY11基囚多态性）和自身免疫性因素（TCR-α基因多态性、肿瘤坏死因子-α）亦参与其中。大剂量静脉滴注免疫球蛋白可暂时改善猝倒发作症状,但针对下丘脑Hcrt能神经元自身抗体或T细胞反应的治疗措施尚无确凿证据。随着对发作性睡病病因学研究的深入,其免疫学研究将是未来的热点领域。     

The place of tranquillisers in the management of stress

There is good evidence that many types of tranquilliser are effective in treating anxiety disorders that result from stress, but this evidence is not sufficient to recommend their use for acute stress disorders. Although there is little doubt that they will relieve the mood disturbance of severe mental and physical trauma, they may aid the process of denial. There is also a danger that short-term use of tranquillisers may progress to long-term dependence despite the initial intention of the prescriber. It is recommended that tranquillisers should be only used if the stress is severe enough to lead to marked changes in behaviour, is unpredicted and is likely to have a clear beginning and end. Benzodiazepines are usually the tranquillisers of choice but other drugs are available in patients prone to dependence.