肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石

目的探讨肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析了1991年1月至2004年6月255例肝胆管结石采用肝切除治疗的术式和治疗效果。结果肝切除术式:左外叶切除175例(68.62%),左半38例(14.90%),右肝叶或段切除35例(13.73%),其中右半肝切除5例,双侧多肝段切除22例(8.63%),同时作胆肠内引流73例(28.63%),手术并发症22(8.63%),无术后死亡。结石残留32例(12.55%),其中29例经胆道镜取干净。221例(86.67%)获随访1至13年平均7.5年,优良率达89.59%。结论肝切除是治疗肝内胆管结石安全、有效的方法,其中早期肝胆管结石的肝切除治疗效果最佳,术中B超及纤维胆道镜在处理肝内胆管结石中起重要作用。     

肝胆管结石胆肠吻合“翻修”手术的临床研究

目的探讨胆肠侧侧吻合术后再发肝内外胆管结石的有效治疗方式,以及胆肠内引流"翻修"手术的适应症。方法 7例胆肠内引流术后再发结石病人再手术,术中利用纤维胆道镜尽可能取尽结石,同时发现Oddi括约肌功能良好,复原胆道的原有解剖结构,放置胆总管T管引流,若已有肝叶或段积累大量结石或已发生肝纤维化甚至脓肿、癌变者则同时行相应的肝叶或段的切除。术后6周行T管造影,无结石者拔除T管,若有结石残留,则经T管窦道纤维胆道镜多次取石,直至取尽结石为止。电话结合门诊复查的方式随访,随访时间截至2015年07月31日。结果 7例患者均有胆道感染症状,肝内胆管和/或胆总管存在结石;5例联合肝叶切除,其中4例因肝叶萎缩,而1例因癌变;7例均手术复原胆肠吻合,其中4例术后胆道造影未见结石残留,3例均经一次纤维胆道镜取尽结石。结石最终清除率为100%。术后7例患者均出现不同程度的并发症,经过禁食、抗感染、胸腔穿刺、再手术等处理均好转。随访中位数30个月,均无结石复发与胆道感染的症状。结论胆肠内引流术应严格限制在其适应症内;在Oddi括约肌功能良好的情况下,翻修胆肠内吻合后放置胆总管T管联合纤维胆道镜是胆肠侧侧吻合术后再发肝内外胆管结石的有效治疗方法。     

肝内胆管结石的特点及术式选择体会

目的 探讨肝内胆管结石的临床特点及各种术式治疗肝内胆管结石的效果.方法 对行手术治疗的473例肝内胆管结石资料进行回顾性分析.结果 胆道探查T管引流167例,胆道探查胆肠内引流74例,单纯肝(叶)段切除术36例,肝(叶)段切除+外或内引流196例.术后残石68例(14.3%),手术并发症59例次(12.5%),手术死亡...     

肝部分切除联合胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石40例临床疗效观察

目的观察应用肝部分切除联合胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的临床疗效。方法对40例肝内胆管结石患者实施肝部分切除联合胆道镜治疗,观察手术治效果及并发症发生情况。结果本组40例均顺利完成手术,术后切口感染2例(5.0%),胆漏1例(占3.2%),肺部感染2例(占4.8%),均对症治疗后痊愈。40例患者均随访6~18个月,优良率92.50%。结石复发2例(5.00%)。结论肝部分切除联合胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石,可提高手术效果,减低术后残石及结石复发率,疗效肯定。     

肝左外叶切除联合胆道镜取石术治疗左肝内胆管结石的效果分析

目的分析肝左外叶切除联合胆道镜取石术治疗左肝内胆管结石的效果。方法对30例左肝内胆管结石患者采用肝左外叶切除术联合胆道镜治疗。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间和并发症发生率。结果患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间(185.24±38.20)min,术中出血量(346.67±128.74)m L,住院时间(14.84±6.02)d。术后发生切口感染或愈合不良2例,胆漏2例。无结石残留、肺部或膈下感染及肝功能异常等病例。术后随访1~2 a,未出现结石复发患者。结论肝左外叶切除术联合胆道镜治疗左肝内胆管结石,并发症少,恢复时间短,结石残留率和复发率低,安全有效。     

肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的应用

背景与目的:对于肝胆管结石多次手术后复发患者,如何安全取尽结石,最大限度解除肝门甚至是肝内胆管的狭窄,并建立或修复通畅的胆流通道,一直是胆道外科治疗领域中的难点。本研究探讨肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的治疗效果及应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2015年7月—2019年6月湖南省人民医院收治的36例复杂肝胆管结石患者的临床资料,36例患者既往平均手术2.4次,均存在不同程度的肝门部胆管狭窄,其中肝门胆管汇合部狭窄18例,合并右肝管狭窄8例,合并左肝管狭窄10例。结果:所有患者均行肝方叶切除、肝门胆管高位劈开整形、胆肠内引流手术,术中采用取石钳取石、塑形管冲洗、胆道镜探查等多种方式取尽结石。平均手术时间354.4 min,平均失血量230.5 mL。术后平均结石清除率在90%以上。术后2例患者出现胆汁漏,经积极引流治疗后好转,3例患者出现切口脂肪液化、感染,1例患者不完全性肠梗阻,均保守治疗后好转。术后采用门诊、电话随访12～48个月,4例患者出现反流性胆管炎,无胆肠吻合口再发狭窄病例。结论:肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形能有效解除肝门胆管高位狭窄,达到取尽结石、通畅引流的目的,同时能避免大范围的肝切除,因此具有一定的临床应用价值。     

腹腔镜肝左外叶切除联合胆道镜治疗肝左外叶为主的结石23例

目的探讨腹腔镜肝左外叶切除联合术中应用胆道镜在治疗肝左外叶肝内胆管结石中的可行性及安全性。方法 2014年11月至2016年10月对23例肝左外叶为主的肝内胆管结石病人行腹腔镜肝左外叶切除联合胆道镜检查及取石,其中9例病人合并胆总管结石,合并胆囊结石11例,同时合并胆总管结石及胆囊结石7例,合并肝左内叶结石3例。结果 23例病人均成功行腹腔镜下肝左外叶切除,并通过肝断面胆管经胆道镜对肝内胆管及胆总管检查、取石,9例病人通过胆道镜取出胆总管内结石,11例病人联合胆囊切除,3例病人通过胆道镜取出肝左内叶结石。所有病人手术顺利,手术时间为142~188 min,平均(157±27)min;术中出血量为150~550 ml,平均(240±52)ml;胃肠功能恢复时间为1~3 d,平均(1.7±0.6)d;术后住院时间为7~13 d,平均(9.0±2.2)d。术后1例病人发生肝断面渗血,2例病人发生胆漏,均经保守治疗治愈。术后随访病人3~24个月,均未见结石残留及复发。结论腹腔镜肝左外叶切除联合术中应用胆道镜治疗肝左外叶肝内胆管结石具有疼痛轻、恢复快、残石率低的优势,是一种安全、可行的手术方式,可在临床中广泛应用。     

联合肝叶肝段切除治疗多叶段肝内胆管结石的临床体会

目的探讨联合肝叶肝段切除治疗多叶段肝内胆管结石的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年12月～2007年3月联合肝叶肝段切除治疗多叶段肝内胆管结石12例的临床资料。结果全组无手术死亡,术后并发膈下感染者1例(8%),腹腔脓肿1例(8%),胆漏2例(16%),1例合并乙肝患者术后一过性肝衰(8%),均经抗感染、止血、引流,对症处理和支持疗法而获痊愈。结论联合肝叶肝段切除术是治疗多叶段肝内胆管结石安全有效的手段。     

解剖性肝切除术在肝内胆管结石再次手术中的应用

目的 探讨解剖性肝切除术在肝内胆管结石再次手术中的应用价值.方法 对45例因肝内胆管结石复发或残留需再次手术而行解剖性肝切除术的病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 45例中行解剖性肝左外叶切除24例,左半肝切除10例,Ⅳ段切除5例(左外叶已切除者),右半肝切除2例,Ⅴ+Ⅷ段切除及Ⅵ+Ⅶ段切除各1例,左半肝+Ⅴ段切除1例,左肝外叶+Ⅵ段切除1例;其中11例行肝管空肠Roux-Y端侧吻合术,34例行胆总管置T管引流术.全组病人无手术死亡,并发症发生率为22.22%(10/45);结石残留率为6.7%(3/45).45例中获术后随访40例,随访时间16～63个月,平均(43.4±21.5)个月.随访期间未发现胆道结石复发,2例胆肠内引流术后病人曾有急性胆管炎发作,予抗感染治疗后缓解,未再次手术治疗.结论 肝内胆管结石再次手术时应用解剖性肝切除术能有效减少术后结石残留率,安全可行.     

肝叶切除联合术中B超及胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄43例临床分析

目的总结肝叶切除联合术中B超及胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄的疗效。方法1991年1月至2005年5月对肝胆管结石并狭窄43例患者采用肝左(外)叶切除36例(83.7%),右肝切除5例(11.6%),肝方叶切除2例(4.6%)。结果术后并发症4例(9.3%),包括膈下感染、胆道出血等。无手术死亡。术后随访41例,失访2例,41例随访8个月~12年,37例无结石复发,优良率90.2%。结论肝叶切除联合手术是当前治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄的理想有效术式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.