腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的方法探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的手术方法及临床经验.方法:回顾分析32例患者行腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的临床资料.结果:31例患者成功完成腹腔镜胆总管探查术,其中经胆囊管胆道镜取石5例,胆总管切开取石一期缝合16例,胆总管切开取石"T"管引流术10例;1例中转开腹.术后所有患者均治愈,4例并发胆漏,...     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查135例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2005年4月-2007年12月应用腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜对135例胆总管结石进行胆总管探查、纤维胆道镜取石、T管引流或胆总管一期缝合的临床资料。结果135例中手术成功131例，中转开腹4例；113例取石后T管引流，8例取石后一期缝合胆总管，10例经胆囊管行胆总管胆道镜探查取石。术后残留结石1例，通过T管窦道胆道镜取出结石。拔T管后胆漏2例，经再次腹腔镜置管引流治愈。无出血、腹腔感染、手术死亡等并发症。131例随访5—32个月，平均18个月，无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查可行，且有开腹手术相同的治疗效果。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查一期缝合26例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆道探查胆总管一期缝合的可行性.方法 2010年9月-2012年11月,选择性地对26例胆总管结石行腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查取石胆总管一期缝合,随访治疗效果.结果 26例均获成功,无中转开腹.术中疑存在肝内胆管残余结石而改行T管引流1例,术后8周经T管窦道取出结石;其余25例均一期缝合胆总管.手术时间45-110 min,平均65 min.术后胆漏1例,经引流6天自愈.术后住院6-12 d,平均7.5 d.术后随访3-22个月,平均11个月,B超或MRCP无结石复发及胆道狭窄等并发症.结论 只要严格掌握适应证,掌握缝合技巧和技术要领,腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查后一期缝合胆总管是安全可行的.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管探查术后一期缝合45例临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜临床用于胆总管探查取石、一期缝合术的可行性。方法:腹腔镜行胆囊切除后,切开胆总管,联合胆道镜探查、取石,然后行胆总管一期缝合术。结果:手术时间平均110min,平均出血20ml,1例出现胆漏,全组病例均痊愈,随访1~18个月未见胆道狭窄及残余结石等并发症发生。结论:只要严格掌握手术适应证,两镜联合行胆总管一期缝合是安全可行的。     

完全腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石

目的探讨完全腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石的临床应用价值。方法自2004年11月至2009年12月间,影像学检查确诊为胆总管结石的患者109例。经胆囊管胆道镜探查胆总管取石术68例;胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石胆总管一期缝合术26例;胆总管切开胆道镜探查加T管引流术15例。结果 109例均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石胆总管一期缝合术中19例发生短暂胆漏,经3～6d引流后胆漏消失。其余患者术后3～10d出院,随访6～9个月,复查无胆道残留结石发生。结论完全腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石具有微创手术的优点,安全有效,可以替代传统的胆总管切开探查、T管引流术。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗有上腹部手术史的肝外胆管结石63例分析

目的探讨有上腹部手术史病人行腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的可行性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年4月至2017年3月期间对63例有上腹部手术史的胆总管结石病人采用腹腔镜胆总管切开探查、术中胆道镜取石、T管引流术或鼻胆管引流胆总管一期缝合术治疗的临床资料。结果腹腔镜手术成功60例;中转开腹3例。16例取石后T管引流,41例取石后放置鼻胆管引流一期缝合胆总管,6例经胆囊管胆总管探查胆道镜取石一期缝合。术后胆漏2例,无出血、腹腔感染等并发症发生。61例随访4~48个月,2例失访,无结石残留、胆管狭窄发生。结论术前影像学的准确评估,术者娴熟的腹腔镜及胆道镜手术技巧,以及对中转手术时机的严格掌控,术后的通畅引流,能够使有上腹部手术史的肝外胆管结石病人在进行腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗时安全可行。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合术

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合术的价值。方法2010年1月～2012年12月对21例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石行腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合术。术中暂不切除胆囊,先显露胆总管,切开取石、纤维胆道镜探查、一期缝合,最后切除胆囊。结果21例手术均获成功,无一例中转开腹,手术时间80～120min,平均100min;术中出血量3～20ml,平均10ml。术后住院时间7～9d,平均8d。术后胆漏1例,保守治愈。21例随访1～34个月,平均21个月,无结石复发和胆系症状。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合术具有创伤小、康复快等优点,是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查体会

目的总结经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道取石临床经验。方法80例胆囊结石可疑胆总管结石采用经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术。腹腔镜下分离胆囊管至胆总管汇合处,剪开胆囊管前壁,扩张器适当扩张胆囊管,行胆道造影明确胆道结石分布,胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石后再造影确认结石取净,夹闭胆囊管并切除胆囊。术后不常规放T管。结果6例胆道探查阴性。术中证实74例胆道有结石,0.6~1.0cm18例,<0.5cm56例。31例胆道内1枚结石,43例有2枚以上。18例需用等离子碎石器碎石。67例行胆囊管扩张。胆囊管开口变异6例。胆囊管损伤2例,处理后无术后胆漏。5例可疑肝内胆道结石行胆总管切开T管引流,术后行T管造影和胆道镜检查证实2例左肝管结石行胆道镜取石治愈,3例未发现结石。本组手术时间(168±34)min,出血量(50±8)ml,术后腹腔引流量(30±17)ml。62例术后3个月B超检查,未发现胆管残余结石。结论经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜取石是治疗继发性胆道结石的一种有效微创方法。     

腹腔镜和胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石（附523例报道）

目的 探讨腹腔镜和胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石、胆总管切口一期缝合的治疗效果.方法 对我院1998年9月至2008年12月期间采用腹腔镜和胆道镜联合治疗的523例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石或胆总管扩张(直径≥0.8 cm)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组523例患者在腹腔镜下行胆囊切除、胆总管切开、胆道镜探查取石,其中400例取净结石,87例无结石, 均行胆总管一期缝合;手术平均时间90 min,平均出血50 ml,术后第1天患者即可进食,2～3 d下床活动,术后5 d左右治愈出院.术后发生漏胆29例,引流胆汁量平均35 ml/d,持续 1～6 d,均经非手术处理治愈.中转开腹完成取石10例,镜下置T管引流26例.结论 腹腔镜下胆总管切开、胆道镜取石、胆总管一期缝合是安全、有效的手术,该术式具有创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快、并发症少等优点,但胆总管结石取净和肝外胆总管无狭窄是其应用的前提.     

有上腹部手术史者腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查62例分析

目的探讨对有上腹部手术史者行腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查的可行性及临床疗效。方法 2002年3月～2008年11月对62例有上腹部手术史的胆总管结石采用腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石、术中胆道镜取石、T管引流术或胆总管一期缝合术。结果手术成功60例;中转开腹2例:1例为胆总管下段狭窄,胆道镜无法进入十二指肠;另1例为术中胆道镜活检证实为胆总管下段癌伴结石嵌顿。28例取石后T管引流,22例取石后一期缝合胆总管,10例经胆囊管行胆总管胆道镜探查取石。无出血、胆漏、腹腔感染等并发症。60例随访6～34个月,平均21个月,无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论对有上腹部手术史者施行腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查安全、可行,上腹部手术史不是腹腔镜胆总管探查手术的绝对禁忌证。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.