高频超声在小儿肘关节外伤(DR示脂肪垄阳性征骨折示阴性)中的价值研究

目的:探讨高频高声在小儿肘关节外伤中DR评片显示阳性脂肪垄征骨折显示阴性中的价值研究。方法:对临床遇到的小儿主诉肘关节外伤患儿860例,在0.5h-2d内DR拍片后均及时进行了高频超声检查,共挑选出98例DR显示脂肪垄阳性征而骨折显示阴性征的患儿,均经小夹板固定后在20-30d进行了DR平片复查。结果:DR平片示:前脂肪垄推出28例,后脂肪垄推岀33例,前后脂肪垄均推出37例,推出的脂肪垄增大形态有:弧形、三角形、形态不规整、航帆状等形状,98例均未见明确骨折。高频超声表现:脂肪垄呈(团状、椭圆状、宽带状,不均匀状)强回声;28例前脂肪垄抬高,骨皮质连续性中断10例,局部骨组织不光滑7例;33例后脂肪垫抬高,骨皮质连续性中断12例,局部骨组织不光滑5例,不连续小斑片状强回声7例;37例前后脂肪垫抬高,骨皮质连续性中断13例,局部骨组织不光滑7例,不连续小斑片状强回声3例,缝隙样低回声区5例。29例高频超声未提示骨折患儿均见骨膜线状连续性中断;高频超声提示为69例骨折患儿20-30d DR平片复查均见骨痂形成。骨折部位:外上髁38例,髁上20例,内上髁11例。结论:脂肪垫阳性征与骨折高度相关,高频超声诊断小儿肘部外伤(特别是微小骨折的直接征象)明显优于DR平片,并可动态观察,是诊断小儿肘部外伤的重要检查手段,有利于临床医师对小儿肘部外伤的及时诊治,具有较高推广价值。     

儿童肘关节隐匿性骨折X线诊断及征象分析

目的:探究儿童肘关节隐匿性骨折X线诊断及征象分析。方法:选取我院2017年6月-2018年11月我院收治的60例肘外伤患者作为研究对象进行回顾性分析,此60例患者均通过首次X线平片检查,均未发现骨折情况。根据患者的骨质情况,将患者分为研究组与对照组各30例,研究组患者均经确诊为肘关节隐匿性骨折,对照组患者均经确诊为正常患者。对比两组患者的X线中的诊断情况以及征象。结果:在两组患者X线的征象比较中,研究组患者的骨皮质丘状突起率、皮质凹陷征象率、脂肪垫征阳性率、肱骨前线阳性率、骨小梁中断率均明显高于对照组患者数据,差异有统计学意义,组间有可比性(P<0.05)。结论:针对于儿童肘关节隐匿性骨折患者而言,通过X线诊断能够判定出较为明显的征象,有利于临床的判断与检出,从而对于患者进行及时的治疗,值得临床推广与应用。     

高频彩色多普勒超声与MRI在肩关节类风湿滑膜病变诊断中对比研究

目的比较高频彩色多普勒超声(high-frequency Doppler ultrasonography,HFUS)与MRI在肩关节类风湿滑膜病变诊断中的价值。方法 24例(48肩)肩关节类风湿滑膜病变患者,于同一天行双侧肩关节HFUS检查及MRI检查,比较HFUS与MRI对骨质改变、滑膜增生、关节积液、肩袖损伤、软骨损伤显示率的差异。结果 HFUS对骨质改变、滑膜增生、关节积液的显示率(37.5%、66.7%、70.8%)与MRI(54.2%、68.8%、75.0%)比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),对软骨损伤、肩袖损伤的显示率(25.0%、27.1%)低于MRI(45.8%、50.0%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);以MRI检查为标准,HFUS检查对关节积液、肩袖损伤、软骨损伤的符合率为100%,骨质改变中HFUS漏诊11肩、误诊3肩,滑膜增生中HFUS漏诊4肩、误诊3肩。结论 HFUS对肩关节类风湿滑膜病变诊断有一定价值,可用于肩关节类风湿滑膜病变的筛查。     

漂浮肘患者合并伤及并发症的临床观察及护理

漂浮肘损伤(floating eubow)全称浮动肘关节损伤,指同侧肱骨和尺桡骨同时发生骨折,使肘关节与肱骨和尺桡骨的连续性中断,肘关节两端骨的杠杆力线遭破坏,而失去其稳定性,处于浮动状态的一种病理改变,等于4-5个"关节"同时在活动(肩、肘、腕及2个骨折断端),尤其是近肘部的骨折肘关节浮动更为明显.     

儿童肘部创伤性病变DR的影像学表现及诊断价值

目的:探讨儿童肘部创伤性病变DR的影像学表现及诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析40例儿童肘部创伤病变DR的影像学表现。结果:在40例儿童肘部创伤性病变中:21例肱骨髁上骨折(52.5%),7例肱骨外髁骨折(17.5%),6例肱骨内上髁骨折(15%),4例尺骨上端骨折伴桡骨近端向外移位,1例肱骨内髁骨折,1例肱骨远端全骨骺分离。结论:肱骨髁上骨折是儿童最常见的肘部骨折。肱骨前线是发现这类骨折的最好方法。脂肪垫征阳性与骨折及骨骺分离、骨质损伤高度相关。桡骨肱骨小头线用于判断桡骨头骨折、肘脱位,以及外髁移位性骨折。肱骨远端泪滴影的改变可有助于诊断儿童肱骨隐匿型或无移位性髁上骨折。目前DR检查仍是儿童肘关节损伤最重要的影像诊断方法之一。MSCT和MRI对诊断隐匿性骨折,骨骺、骺板及软组织损伤比DR具有更高的敏感性和准确性,是对DR成像不足的重要补充。     

MRI在隐性骨折临床诊断中的应用评价

目的：评价MRI在隐性骨折临床诊断中的应用价值.材料与方法：对我院2013年6月～ 2014年4月间诊断的44例隐性骨折患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者均行X线检查及MRI检查,比较两种方法的检查结果.结果：本组44例患者中,X线检查结果均为阴性,MRI扫描结果显示全部为阳性,患者均有不同程度骨挫伤,23例患者有关节囊积液和关节腔积液、21例患者关节周围软组织不同程度挫伤、韧带损伤30例、髌下脂肪垫损伤2例、合并半月板损伤18例.结论：MRI在骨关节外伤中隐匿性骨折诊断应用效果好,可发现隐匿的骨折合并损伤,值得大力推广应用.     

MRI在儿童肘关节不典型损伤中的诊断价值

目的：探讨儿童肘关节不典型损伤的MR信号特征及其诊断价值。方法：分析41例临床怀疑肘关节不典型损伤在我院行MR检查的患儿的MR表现。均有伤后肘关节正侧位X线平片,其中加做CT检查3例。结果：41例中,31例（75.6%）经MR检查确诊为儿童肘关节不典型损伤。其中X线平片或CT检查未见骨折病例中,骨骺骨折7例,关节软骨骨折但X线未显示骨折片3例,骨挫伤18例;肌腱损伤0例。6例X线或CT检查虽可诊断骨折但不能显示损伤是否累及关节面,MR检查证实平片所见,并进一步确诊骨折并伴不典型损伤者3例。单纯骨折不伴不典型损伤者3例,仅有单纯软组织损伤或关节积液5例。结论：MRI能清晰显示儿童肘关节不典型损伤的部位、性质和程度,应作为儿童肘关节不典型损伤的首选检查方法。在儿童肘关节不典型损伤的诊断中具有重要诊断价值。     

螺旋CT对眼眶骨折的诊断价值

74例眼眶骨折患者行CT扫描,部分做后处理。结果CT所见直接征象为眼眶壁骨质连续性中断、骨质凹陷,而眶内积气、眼内肌肿胀、筛窦积液等为间接征象,"泪滴征"是诊断下壁骨折的特异性间接征象。CT扫描能准确显示眼眶壁骨折的征象,具有极高的临床诊断价值。     

肘关节骨折的三维影像重建

背景:肘关节的结构和功能复杂,对调节上肢的活动具有重要的作用.目的:评价不同影像学方法评价肘关节骨折的诊断作用. 方法:分析肱骨内外髁骨折、肱骨髁上和髁间骨折、桡骨小头骨折和尺骨冠突骨折以及周围韧带、肌腱等软组织损伤的 X 射线影像评价、CT 影像评价以及 MRI 影像评价的诊断作用,重点分析肘关节创伤常见的“恐怖三联征”的影像学评价. 结果与结论:X 射线可以清晰显示肘关节骨折的骨折线以及骨折断端移位情况,还能够显示肘后三角的位置关系.CT 扫描对骨折的检测效果优于 X 射线,不仅能够显示无移位骨折、微小移位骨折以及关节腔内的微小骨折碎片,还能显示骨折的部位、范围、数目、大小、移位情况、粉碎情况等.MRI 主要用于评价肘关节骨折时周围软组织的损伤.     

急性膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂的MRI直接征象初探

目的 初步探讨急性膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)撕裂MRI直接征象及其价值.方法 对46例急性膝关节损伤患者的MRI图像进行回顾性研究,对比关节镜所见,分析ACL撕裂的MRI直接征象及各征象的灵敏度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比.结果 46例中,MRI诊断ACL撕裂18例、正常28例,其灵敏度为94.12％、特异度为93.10％、阳性似然比为13.65、阴性似然比为0.063,其中ACL信号异常及连续性中断征象灵敏度、特异度分别为70.59％、93.10％及76.47％、96.55％.结论 ACL信号异常及连续性中断为ACL撕裂的主要MRI直接征象,具有重要诊断价值.     

Ultrasound evaluation of elbow fractures in children

Purpose

Elbow fractures are a common pathology in any pediatric emergency unit. X-ray of the elbow is the standard diagnostic procedure. Previous studies have shown that fractures can also be visualized by ultrasound (US). The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of US in comparison to X-rays in diagnosing pediatric elbow fractures.

Methods

Sixty-seven patients aged 1–13 years with clinically suspected elbow fracture were first examined by US followed by standard two-plane radiographs. US examination was done with a 12-MHz linear probe from seven longitudinal positions across the distal humerus and additionally from longitudinal positions across the radial head and olecranon. The sonographic and radiological findings were compared in a contingency table, and sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the US diagnostic procedure were calculated.

Results

With X-ray, we found 48 patients with an elbow fracture and 19 patients with no fracture. With US, we found 46 patients with an elbow fracture and 21 patients with no fracture. In comparison to X-ray diagnosis, we calculated for US diagnosis a sensitivity of 97.9 %, a specificity of 95 %, a negative predictive value of 95 %, and a positive predictive value of 97.9 %.

Conclusion

Typical elbow fractures in children could also be visualized by US. A positive fat pad sign, in particular, serves as a strong indicator for elbow joint fractures and can be identified very sensitively by US. We confirm US as a valuable primary screening tool for elbow injuries in children. In the absence of US signs of fracture and in sonographically confirmed non-displaced fractures, standard X-rays are dispensable, thereby minimizing the X-ray burden in children without loss of diagnostic safety.     

Fat plane radiological signs in wrist and elbow trauma

With most elbow or wrist injuries, if fractures are not evident, they are probably nonexistent. But in a small percentage of cases, these signs serve to lower diagnostic thresholds. Of the four fat plane signs reviewed, the posterior fat pad sign and the navicular fat stripe seem to be more valuable than the supinator and pronator quadratus signs. However, each is useful in its own way. Although the clinical appearance of the extremity may dictate the same initial treatment whether or not a fracture is found, early identification of more subtle fractures will avoid delay of definitive treatment and provide a better estimation of healing time. None of these signs alone is completely reliable; they should be used as adjuncts in fracture diagnosis. Finally, no sign is specific to one type of fracture, although one or two types of occult fractures are most commonly identified on supplementary views when such signs are positive.     

Accuracy of the sonographic fat pad sign for primary screening of pediatric elbow fractures: a preliminary study

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the sonographic fat pad sign (FPS) as a predictor for pediatric elbow fractures.

Patients and methods

This is a prospective study of children under 14 years with suspected elbow fractures. All participants underwent at first ultrasonography focused on a FPS followed by standard elbow radiographs. US findings were compared to final fracture diagnosis.

Results

38 out of 79 children had an elbow fracture. A sonographic FPS predicted an elbow fracture with a sensitivity/specificity of 97.3/90.5 %, positive/negative likelihood ratios (LR) were 10.2/0.03 and correct/false classification rates were 93.7/6.3 %. Primary US findings were later reviewed by a blinded physician giving a congruity of 96.2 %. These secondary US findings predicted an elbow fracture with a sensitivity/specificity of 92.1/92.7 %, positive/negative LRs were 12.6/0.09 and correct/false classification rates were 92.4/7.5 %.

Conclusion

The sonographic FPS could serve as a useful screening tool in primary evaluation of pediatric elbow injuries. If a fracture is unlikely after clinical and US evaluation, additional radiographs are dispensable, thereby potentially minimizing the radiation burden in childhood and reducing the length of stay in the Emergency Department.     

高频超声对类风湿关节炎指关节滑膜病变的研究

目的 探讨高频超声诊断类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者指关节滑膜病变的价值.方法 对临床诊断为RA的42例患者及30例健康志愿者双手指关节进行高频超声检查,观察RA患者指关节有无关节积液、滑膜的厚度、滑膜血管过度增生声像图表现及血流特点.结果 RA组共检出256个关节积液,检出率42.38%;检出223个关节滑膜增厚,检出率26.55%;检出51个关节内血管过度增生,检出率6.07%.结论 高频超声能显示RA患者手指关节病变的各种表现,可为临床诊断提供依据.

Abstract：

Objective To study the synovial lesions of finger joint of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with high frequency ultrasound ( HFUS). Methods HFUS examination of finger joints of both hands were performed in 42 patients with RA and 30 healthy volunteers. The ultrasound findings of the finger joints in RA patients included intra-articular fluid,the thickness of synovial membrane,vascular proliferation. and the blood flow characteristics. Results The intra-articular fluid was found in 256 joints and the detection rate was 42. 38% (256/840). Synovial membrane hyperplasia was found in 223 joints with the detection rate of 26.55% (223/840). The detection rate of HFUS for vascular proliferation was 6.07% (51/840). Conclusions HFUS is an easy, safe and effective method for the diagnosis of RA thus providing useful evidences for clinical diagnosis.     

Diagnostic Utility of Ultrasound Versus Physical Examination in Assessing Knee Effusions

Knee effusion can be detected by physical examination, ultrasound and MRI, but the utility of each test is unclear. This study aimed to analyze the diagnostic value of physical examination and ultrasound for knee effusion. A systematic literature search of electronic databases was completed. Bivariate mixed-effects regression modelling was used to estimate sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio of physical examination and ultrasound diagnosis of knee effusion. Sensitivity of ultrasound diagnosis of knee effusion was higher than the bulge sign and patellar tap, leading to improved positive and negative predictive values.     

高频超声与MRI检查对膝关节滑膜病变诊断的比较分析

目的初步探讨膝关节滑膜病变高频超声图像的特征,评价其与MRI在诊断滑膜病变中的应用价值。方法 72例患者,144个膝关节进行高频超声及MRI检查。所有病变均经病理证实,分别分析高频超声和MRI对膝关节滑膜病变的诊断能力。结果不同疾病类型具有一定特征性的声像图表现。关节囊积液的声像图特征为无回声、云雾状、混合状和暴风雪状。高频超声及MRI与病理对照：诊断完全符合率分别为81.1%和87.4%。高频超声诊断能力：敏感性为90.2%、特异性为81.9%、准确性为87.2%、阳性预测值为97.2%、阴性预测值72.3%,MRI诊断能力评价表：敏感性为96.2%、特异性为85.9%、准确性为89.2%、阳性预测值为97.6%、阴性预测值80.1%。结论高频超声和MRI在诊断膝关节滑膜病变方面均有一定的优势,可为临床提供客观信息。     

超声与MRI诊断髋关节积液的对比研究

目的比较超声与MRI诊断髋关节积液的差异,为临床合理选择影像学检查方法提供依据。 方法选择2018年11月至2020年1月在北京大学第三医院拟行髋关节腔内药物注射治疗的临床确诊为髋关节滑膜炎的患者132例。回顾性分析所有患者的临床及髋关节影像学资料,分别采用Pearson χ²检验和Student t检验比较超声与MRI诊断髋关节积液的数量和程度的差异,并与临床最终诊断进行比较。 结果超声检查提示59例患者（44.70%,59/132）存在关节囊肿胀、关节隐窝积液或周围软组织肿胀;MRI检查则报告92例患者（69.70%,92/132）出现关节滑膜增厚、关节积液、骨髓水肿及周围软组织肿胀。MRI检查发现髋关节积液的阳性率高于超声,差异具有统计学意义（χ²=6.294,P=0.015）;但超声阳性患者的关节积液液体深度大于MRI［（7.60±1.81）mm vs（5.32±0.94）mm］,差异具有统计学意义（t=3.155,P=0.003）。 结论MRI对髋关节少量积液的诊断效能佳;超声检查对髋关节大量积液的诊断效能好,可作为补充检查方式。     

超声对类风湿性肩关节炎的早期诊断价值

目的探讨超声在类风湿性关节炎(RA)肩关节病变中的早期诊断价值。方法应用高频超声(HFUS)对40例RA患者(RA组)的60侧病变肩关节进行扫查,观察肩关节腔腋囊侧及后隐窝侧、肩峰下滑囊、肱二头肌长头肌腱鞘4个区域内滑膜厚度、积液深度;观察肱骨头(大结节、前内侧及后外侧)骨表面侵蚀及肩袖损伤;利用能量多普勒超声(PDUS)观察病变区域滑膜血流情况,并与20名健康志愿者(对照组)40侧肩关节扫查结果进行对比。结果超声检出RA组5种病变类型:关节积液、滑膜增生、血管过度形成、肩袖撕裂以及骨质侵蚀,检出率分别为42.50%(102/240)、39.58%(95/240)、20.83%(50/240)、31.67%(19/60)和36.11%(65/180);对照组肩关节腔内未见积液,滑膜未见增生,未见血流信号。与对照组比较,RA组滑膜明显增厚(P<0.01)。结论 HFUS和PDUS可检出类风湿性肩关节炎引起的多种病变,有助于早期诊断。     

磁共振成像技术在腕关节类风湿关节炎诊断中的应用研究

目的 探讨MRI不同序列成像在腕关节类风湿关节炎诊断中的应用价值.方法 采用不同序列对45例类风湿性关节炎行腕关节MRI检查,观察滑膜增厚、软组织肿胀、关节积液、骨髓水肿、骨质破坏、肌腱炎和腱鞘炎显示情况.结果 T1fl3D water和T2me-3D序列显示异常征象阳性率最高,PDWI脂肪抑制、T2WI脂肪抑制序列、...     

高频结合彩色多普勒超声对小儿肠套叠的诊断意义

目的探讨高频超声结合彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)对小儿肠套叠的诊断及临床意义。方法回顾性分析高频彩超的显像诊断,并经X-线下空气灌肠复位和手术证实的小儿肠套203例。结果203例小儿肠套叠,超声检出200例,超声检出率为98.5%,漏诊1例,占0.5%,误诊2例。5例B超提示肠坏死可能,手术后均证实。结论高频超声结合CDFI诊断小儿肠套叠具有检出率高的特点,同时能间接提示肠坏死可能,为复位方式的选择提供依据。应是目前早期诊断小儿肠套叠的首选检查方法。