小儿困难气道管理

背景周手术期小儿气道问题可导致严重并发症甚至死亡,熟练的气道管理是小儿麻醉安全实施的关键因素。目的综述小儿困难气道管理新发展。内容小儿气道的影响因素、困难气道的分类管理及常用的气道管理设备。趋向早期诊断和保障通气给氧是管理小儿困难气道的关键所在。     

无症状型会厌囊肿围手术期气道管理

背景 术前对困难气道的准确评估,使麻醉医师对患者气道的管理愈加合理及安全.无症状型会厌囊肿会引起难以预测的紧急困难气道,在全身麻醉快速诱导中易导致通气不畅或插管困难,威胁患者生命安全. 目的 讨论这种突发情况的围手术期气道处理,提高对该病的认识,并为临床提供借鉴. 内容 参考国内外无症状型会厌囊肿病例,收集整理近期困难气道的管理方法,完善无症状型会厌囊肿气道处理流程. 趋向 麻醉医师应迅速对患者的紧急情况进行判断,并选择最佳气道管理方案.     

胸廓内气管狭窄非体外循环下气道重建术气道管理

目的 分析总结5例胸廓内气管狭窄患者非体外循环下气道重建术麻醉的气道管理模式。方法 通过不同的通气方式解决手术麻醉共同占用气道问题，分别采取手持气管导管断端间断通气、气管离断近心端气管插管、气管切开联合Tyco麻醉呼吸回路管、喉罩联合Tyco麻醉呼吸回路管等通气方式完成手术麻醉，达到麻醉气道管理要求。结果 5例患者均在非体外循环下建立各自通气模式，达到氧合要求，顺利完成气道重建术，4例术后送PACU,1例术后送ICU，均拔管顺利，2周出院。结论 5例气道重建术患者手术麻醉通气模式安全有效，值得临床借鉴。     

广东省困难气道管理现状调查及分析

目的对广东省部分二级以上医疗机构气道管理的现状进行调查,为广东省气道管理提供参考。方法采用邮寄调查问卷的方法,对66家医院进行调查。问卷内容包括:麻醉科基本情况,业务开展情况,困难气道相关器械配置情况,常碰到的困难气道情况,常用预测方法,困难气道麻醉,困难气道处理方法等。以三甲、二甲医院为分组变量,采用校正χ2对调查结果进行分析比较。结果手术间与麻醉医师之比为1∶0.99。各医院Macintosh喉镜、口咽通气道、鼻咽通气道和喉罩的配置率为100.0%;纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)12.0%,视频喉镜18.0%,急救环甲膜穿刺套件18.2%。困难气道以肥胖多见(三甲57.5%,二甲53.0%),其次是张口困难(三甲48.1%,二甲44.0%)。困难气道中以喉头暴露困难为多见(三甲47.2%,二甲49.5%)。预测困难气道的主要方法是张口度(三甲53.6%,二甲50.0%)。困难气道时选择清醒气管插管的比例为30.0%(三甲)和17.5%(二甲)。对于环甲膜穿刺或气管切开50.0%(三甲)、30.0%(二甲)的麻醉医师从未做过。结论麻醉科室人力资源依然缺乏,困难气道处理工具配备严重不足,在困难气道处理方面仍需不断改善。     

广西126家公立医院气道管理资源配置现状调查

目的调查分析广西公立医院麻醉科的气道管理现状, 并探讨其改进方法。方法以微信的方式发放腾讯问卷给广西公立医院麻醉医师填写。问卷内容包括:麻醉医师一般信息;麻醉科人员、设备配置, 气道工具配置, 气道管理培训及掌握情况, 气道管理需要改进的方面等。结果收到广西126家公立医院(三级医院57家, 二级医院69家)的有效问卷共637份, 其中三级医院508份(79.7%), 二级医院129份(20.3%)。每个手术间可配置麻醉医师1.4名, 麻醉机1.1台, 呼气末二氧化碳分压监护仪0.8台。喉罩配置率为80.2%, 参加过困难气道培训班的麻醉医师为48.0%, 22.8%～55.7%麻醉医师对不同版本的困难气道处理流程有了解, 35.5%的麻醉医师掌握使用纤维支气管镜/电子软镜。结论广西公立医院麻醉医师短缺情况仍然存在, 气道管理资源配置仍需进一步提高。     

新生儿巨大先天性肺气道畸形行肺叶切除术的麻醉处理1例

先天性肺气道畸形(congenital pulmonary airway malformation, CPAM)是先天性肺发育畸形的一种, 其中巨大气囊腔畸形较为罕见, 常表现为出生后呼吸窘迫、反复感染和气胸等, 给新生儿的生存带来极大威胁。文章报道了1例新生儿巨大CPAM行开胸肺叶切除术的麻醉处理方法, 此类患儿行手术治疗时, 需要肺隔离以保护健侧肺并提供良好的术野暴露。由于新生儿气道的生理特点, 可应用的单肺通气策略有限, 且由于常并发其他器官畸形, 患儿手术耐受力较差, 对麻醉医师提出了更高要求。     

气道狭窄支架置入术的麻醉管理

气管 支气管内支架置入技术为治疗气道狭窄提供了有效的治疗手段。该治疗技术的麻醉管理是麻醉医师面临的具有挑战性的临床工作之一。现就气道狭窄病人的支架置入术及麻醉管理等进展作一综述。     

清醒气管插管气道局部麻醉技术的研究进展

对于术前评估为困难气道的患者应当采用清醒镇静表面麻醉下实施气管插管。实施清醒气管插管的关键技术是完善的气道局部麻醉。清醒气管插管是麻醉科医师必须掌握的技能之一。本文通过回顾近十年的文献,旨为麻醉科医师提供清醒气管插管气道局部麻醉技术相关理论参考。     

气道狭窄支架置入术的麻醉管理

气管-支气管内支架置入技术为治疗气道狭窄提供了有效的治疗手段。该治疗技术的麻醉管理是麻醉医师面临的具有挑战性的临床工作之一。现就气道狭窄病人的支架置入术及麻醉管理等进展作一综述。     

气道处理技术的进展

维持呼吸道通畅 ,保证有效通气是临床麻醉的一项基本操作 ,处理不当可导致局部损伤 ,组织缺氧 ,甚至心跳骤停。因此 ,熟练掌握气道处理技术 ,特别是困难气道的处理是麻醉医师应具备的基本技能 ,也是临床麻醉的重要课题之一。本文仅就气道处理技术的进展方面作如下介绍。概述气道处理是指借助于相关的仪器设备及手段保持病人呼吸道通畅 ,建立有效通气的过程。它不仅是临床麻醉的一项基本操作 ,也是心肺复苏的主要和关键操作。由于技术熟练程度、气管插管条件以及病人情况常常出现插管困难 ,甚至通气困难 ,导致病人缺氧、死亡。因此 ,麻醉医生…     

Proposal for the management of the unexpected difficult pediatric airway

The incidence of unanticipated difficult or failed airway in otherwise healthy children is rare, and routine airway management in pediatric patients is easy in experienced hands. However, difficulties with airway management in healthy children are not infrequent in nonpediatric anesthetists and are a main reason for pediatric anesthesia‐related morbidity and mortality. Clear concepts and strategies are, therefore, required to maintain oxygenation and ventilation in children. Several complicated algorithms for the management of the unanticipated difficult adult and pediatric airway have been proposed, but a simple structured algorithm for the pediatric patient with unanticipated difficult airway is missing. This paper proposes a simple step‐wise algorithm for the unexpected difficult pediatric airway based on an adult Difficult Airway Society (DAS) protocol, discusses the role of recently introduced airway devices, and suggests a content of a pediatric airway trolley. It is intended as an easy to memorize and a practical guide for the anesthetist only occasionally involved in pediatric anesthesia care as well as a call to stimulate discussion about the management of the unanticipated difficult pediatric airway.     

SLIPA~(TM)喉罩与普通喉罩用于全麻气道管理的比较

目的 比较SLIPA~(TM)喉罩(slieamlined pharynx airway liner,SLIPA~(TM))与普通喉罩(1aryngeal mask airway,LMA)用于全麻短小手术气道管理的性能.方法 选择60例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级择期全麻下短小手术的成年患者,随机分为2组,分别建立SLIPA~(TM)通气道(SLIPA~(TM)组)或LMA通气道(LMA组).从通气道的操作、咽密封性、正压通气的维持以及剐作用等方面对通气道的性能进行评估.结果 SLIPA~(TM)与LMA插入操作的成功率和难易程度差异无统计学意义.SLIPA~(TM)组最大密封压(22±5)cm H_2O与LMA组(24±6)cm H_2O差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).通气道插入后SLIPA~(TM)组1例患者(3.3%)、LMA组6例患者(20%)需进一步调整位置方可行间歇正压通气;术中lJMA组5例患者(16.7%)需重新调整方可维持间歇正压通气,SLIPA~(TM)组均顺利完成手术全程间歇正压通气(P<0.05).2种喉罩通气道喉损伤的发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 SLIPA~(TM)喉罩的临床性能与LMA相似,是一种可替代LMA的通气道.SLIPA~(TM)喉罩操作简便,对咽喉损伤较小,维持间歇正压通气较LMA更为稳定.     

妇科手术患者Guardian喉罩与Supreme喉罩气道管理效果的比较

目的 比较Guardian喉罩与Supreme喉罩用于妇科手术患者气道管理的效果.方法 择期全麻下行妇科手术患者120例,年龄19～80岁,体重50～70kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组:Supreme喉罩组(S组,n=59)和Guardian喉罩组(G组,n=61).麻醉诱导后置入4号喉罩,行机械通气.术中监测BP、HR、SpO2、PETCO2和Ppeak.记录喉罩置人情况、置入时间、纤维支气管镜检查分级、气道密封压、正常通气时(VT 8 ml/kg)的气道压、大潮气量(VT20 ml/kg)通气试验时的气道压和漏气的发生情况、术中口咽部漏气的发生情况、拔除喉罩时不良反应和术后咽喉部不良反应的发生情况、麻醉时间、手术时间、喉罩拔除时间和苏醒时间.结果 两组喉罩置入成功率、置入时间、正常通气时的气道压、大潮气量通气试验时的气道压、拔除喉罩时罩体带血和术后咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑和吞咽困难的发生率、麻醉时间、手术时间、喉罩拔除时间和苏醒时间差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组患者BP、HR、SpO2、Ppeak和PETCO2均在正常范围内.与S组比较,G组纤维支气管镜检查分级和气道密封压升高,大潮气量通气试验时漏气和术中口咽部漏气的发生率降低(P＜0.01).结论 Guardian喉罩和Supreme喉罩置入简单易行,气道密封效果好,可有效保证通气,对咽喉部的刺激小.Guardian喉罩用于妇科手术患者气道管理的效果更好.     

Application of nasal flexible laryngeal mask airway in anesthesia for oral surgery

The laryngeal mask airway has been used increasingly in clinics but is seldom applied in anesthesia for oral surgery, as the mask occupies the middle of the mouth and tends to obstruct the surgical field. Here, we report the successful placement and usage of a nasal flexible laryngeal mask airway (FLMA) in an oral surgical procedure. Fifteen patients undergoing dental procedures under general anesthesia were studied. We clinically applied a previously reported method for inserting an FLMA with some modifications. There was no significant bleeding from the intubated nostril in any of the patients. None of the patients complained of sore throat, coughing, hoarseness, or any discomfort in the nose. Although we anticipate that further refinements of the technique may be possible and that the safety of this method using a nasal FLMA needs to be assessed in a greater number of patients, in this preliminary study we provide a proof-of-principle demonstration of the efficacy of nasal LMA ventilation as a method of airway management for oral surgery.     

Artificial intelligence,machine learning and the pediatric airway

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are rapidly expanding fields with increasing relevance in anesthesia and, in particular, airway management. The ability of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to recognize patterns from large volumes of complex data makes them attractive for use in pediatric anesthesia airway management. The purpose of this review is to introduce artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning to the pediatric anesthesiologist. Current evidence and developments in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning relevant to pediatric airway management are presented. We critically assess the current evidence on the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the assessment, diagnosis, monitoring, procedure assistance, and predicting outcomes during pediatric airway management. Further, we discuss the limitations of these technologies and offer areas for focused research that may bring pediatric airway management anesthesiology into the era of artificial intelligence and machine learning.     

声门上气道装置口咽部漏气压影响因素的研究进展

自引入喉罩（LMA）以来,声门上气道装置（SAD）便在临床麻醉实践中不断发展,逐渐成为传统气管插管的良好替代方案。SAD最初主要用于手术室麻醉气道管理,目前越来越多地用于多种场合快速、安全、有效地建立气道,或作为困难气道的紧急通气设备。对于不同类型SAD性能的客观比较主要通过口咽部漏气压（OLP）,OLP越高意味着气道的密闭性越好。围术期有多种因素对OLP造成影响,进而影响机械通气的安全性和有效性。本文对OLP影响因素的最新研究进展进行综述,以期为更好的气道管理提供参考依据。     

Pressure support ventilation vs spontaneous ventilation via ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway in pediatric patients undergoing ambulatory surgery: a randomized controlled trial

Aim: To investigate the advantages of using pressure support ventilation (PSV) vs spontaneous ventilation via ProSeal? laryngeal mask airway in children undergoing ambulatory surgery. Background: In our ambulatory surgical unit, the use of unassisted spontaneous breathing via laryngeal mask airway is a common anesthetic technique during general anesthesia. However, this may be associated with inadequate ventilation. PSV is a ventilatory mode that is synchronized with the patient’s respiratory effort and may improve gaseous exchange under general anesthesia. Materials and methods: After the approval from the ethics committee, a randomized controlled trial involving 24 pediatric patients was conducted in our ambulatory surgical unit. They were randomized into two groups, namely Group PSV (receiving PSV) and Group SV (unassisted spontaneous ventilation). Outcome measures included intraoperative respiratory and hemodynamic parameters as well as recovery room data. Results: There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. Patients in Group PSV had lower ETCO₂ (42.8 ± 5.8 vs 50.4 ± 4.0, P = 0.001) and higher expiratory tidal volume per kg bodyweight (8.3 ± 1.8 ml kg^?1 vs 5.8 ± 0.8 ml kg^?1, P = 0.001) compared with patients in Group SV. There were no significant differences in other respiratory and hemodynamic parameters or recovery room data between the two groups. Conclusion: Pressure support ventilation via ProSeal? laryngeal mask airway during general anesthesia improves ventilation in pediatric patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. However, this did not translate to a difference in clinical outcome among our study patients.     

Canadian pediatric anesthesiologists prefer inhalational anesthesia to manage difficult airways: A survey

PURPOSE: To survey Canadian pediatric anesthesiologists to assess practice patterns in managing pediatric patients with difficult airways. METHODS: Canadian pediatric anesthesiologists were invited to complete a web survey. Respondents selected their preferred anesthetic and airway management techniques in six clinical scenarios. The clinical scenarios involved airway management for cases where the difficulty was in visualizing the airway, sharing the airway and accessing a compromised airway. RESULTS: General inhalational anesthesia with spontaneous respiration was the preferred technique for managing difficult intubation especially in infants (90%) and younger children (97%), however, iv anesthesia was chosen for the management of the shared airway in the older child (51%) where there was little concern regarding difficulty of intubation. Most respondents would initially attempt direct laryngoscopy for the two scenarios of anticipated difficult airway (73% and 98%). The laryngeal mask airway is commonly used to guide fibreoptic endoscopy. The potential for complete airway obstruction would encourage respondents to employ a rigid bronchoscope as an alternate technique (17% and 44%). CONCLUSION: Inhalational anesthesia remains the preferred technique for management of the difficult pediatric airway amongst Canadian pediatric anesthesiologists. Intravenous techniques are relatively more commonly chosen in cases where there is a shared airway but little concern regarding difficulty of intubation. In cases of anticipated difficult intubation, direct laryngoscopy remains the technique of choice and fibreoptic laryngoscopy makes a good alternate technique. The use of the laryngeal mask airway was preferred to facilitate fibreoptic intubation.     

严重气道狭窄患者气管内治疗的麻醉管理

目的：探讨严重气道狭窄患者气管内治疗的麻醉管理方法。方法：10例不同原因气道狭窄患者分别进行狭窄气道内支架置入术、支架或异物取出术或气管造口处“T”管置入术,分别于全身麻醉下采用气管插管、喉罩及高频喷射等不同的保障气道及通气的方法。结果：经气管导管或喉罩支气管镜下定位气道内支架成功放置7例;感染气管支架或异物取出失败各1例,但均清除部分坏死组织,解除部分气道梗阻;经气管导管手控呼吸及高频喷射通气下“T”型硅胶管成功放置1例。结论：严重气道狭窄患者气管内治疗的麻醉管理关键在于保障气道内操作时的气道通畅。气管插管、喉罩及高频喷射等可灵活应用于不同的病例,其选择主要取决于气道梗阻的部位、严重程度及治疗方法,医护人员的通力协作也是成功的保障之一,经喉罩通气下行气管内操作为可行的方法之一。     

声门上气道管理器具的进展

声门上气道管理(supraglottic airway management)的关键内涵是上呼吸道管理,新意在于进一步强调麻醉和药物镇静期间采用各种技术,保持上呼吸道通畅,便于实施人工通气,防止气道误吸,以及避免气管内插管。主要采用新型声门上通气器具,包括各种喉罩和喉管。1引起上呼吸道梗阻的机