打磨除锈对舰艇舱室粉尘及微生物污染的影响

为检测打磨除锈前后舰艇舱室空气呼吸性粉尘及微生物污染状况,对舰艇舱室打磨除锈现场采用FCC-25型防爆粉尘采样器采样,并测定呼吸性粉尘浓度,以LWC-1型空气微生物采样器采样,并进行微生物检测。结果显示,打磨除锈后,舰艇舱室呼吸性粉尘浓度高于卫生标准,打磨除锈前舱室内菌落总数符合适居标准,但打磨除锈后舱室内空气微生物含量上升(P0.05),有致病风险。提示打磨除锈易造成舰艇舱室内空气呼吸性粉尘及微生物污染,需采取适宜的防护措施。     

“2016-环太军演”远航舰艇空气质量监测分析

目的了解远航执行任务某编队某种类型舰艇微环境和空气有害物质情况,为建立舰艇空气有害物质监测技术规范提供科学依据。方法使用多参数空气质量监测仪进行温湿度、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、空气颗粒物(PM10)、甲醛和挥发性有机化合物VOC浓度检测,使用平皿沉降法进行空气细菌浓度检测。结果该舰艇空气温度19.8~25.8℃,湿度49.7%~74.2%,二氧化碳0.0400%~0.0777%,PM10浓度0~0.084 mg/m~3,甲醛0.01~0.31 mg/m~3,挥发性有机化合物0~44 mg/m~3和空气细菌浓度0~9 cfu/皿。结论对舰艇舱室进行空气质量监测分析,利于发现存在的安全隐患,对了解舰艇舱室微环境和有害物质可能存在的潜在危害有益。     

潜艇大气组分的研究

目的：掌握我国潜艇舱室空气污染物的成分及变化规律，为开展控制潜艇大气污染的研究工作和探索新的分析，监测技术提供科学依据。方法：采用多种采样和分析技术进行定性定量分析，结果：定性检出368种组分，定量检测出67例组分，有27例组分如一氧化碳、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯化氢，甲烷等超过国家军用标准，有41种组分是首次检出，结论：采用的分析方法科学合理，取样检出的数据可靠，为潜艇舱室空气净化和制定卫生标准提供科学依据，对保护艇员身心健康有重要意义。     

潜艇舱室空气组分定量分析

由于舱室空气污染而使潜艇发生事故,或影响潜艇战术技术性能的发挥,导致潜艇在战斗中惨遭失败的例子屡有报道。因此,对空气组分进行监测,则是控制舱室空气污染,提高舱室空气质量的重要步骤。美国从30年代中期以来,就一直监测密闭环境空气痕量污染物的组分,并对潜艇舱室空气污染组分中的250多种完成了定性分析,其中33种有定量分析结果。我国开展此研究时间虽然不长,但已定性出的空气污染物达205种;虽进行过一些定量分析,但组分、次数还比较少。为了进一步了解我国潜艇舱室空气的污染状况,我们开展了潜艇舱室空气组分定量分析方法的研究,并对舱室空气组分进行了更全面的定量分析。     

水面舰艇磁场对人体作用安全限值

目的 :为了保障舰艇磁场作业人员的健康 ,为水面舰艇设计、建造与验收及安全性评价提供依据。方法 :在大量的扫雷舰艇磁场卫生学调查和模拟舰艇磁场环境的动物效应实验基础上 ,参考国内外有关资料 ,研究制定了本标准。结果 :标准规定了水面舰艇舱室中电磁扫雷具和其它强磁场设备产生的恒定磁场或频率在 0 .2Hz以下的极低频交变磁场对舰艇人员全身作用的安全限值。生活舱与一般工作舱的最大允许磁感应强度分别为 5mT和 7mT ,允许暴露时间均为 8h·d- 1,每周 5d ,连续不超过 4周。强磁场设备舱及各舱室或部位均有规定。结论 :本标准适用于扫雷舰艇和其它水面舰艇舱室磁场环境的卫生学评价与监督以及人员安全设计     

潜艇舱室空气毒性指数分析

本文采用的毒性指数(TI)概念是指潜艇舱室空气组分现场定量检测的浓度,同潜艇舱室空气组分溶许浓度之间的比值,它有可能对每种化合物的相对毒性和相对重要性作出快速的评价,也是现场定量检测结果毒理学解释的依据,对于正确估价艇内状态有一定实用价值。根据我国潜艇舱室空气组分定量检测浓度,对16种舱室空气组分进行了Tl分析。结果发现,潜艇内4～5个艇室Tl_(30)>1的化合物主要是丙烯醛和二氯甲烷,而化合物TI_(30)>1的舱室主要为二、四、五和六舱。因此,对上述二种气体应予以足够的重视,并要注意监测     

校园内空气微生物分布特征与影响因素

为了解校园内空气微生物的分布特征及其影响因素,于2016年3月—2017年3月采用自然沉降法采集校园内空气中微生物,比较不同地点、季节的微生物浓度,参照GB 9669—1996《图书馆、博物馆、美术馆、展览馆卫生标准》、GB16153—1996《饭馆(餐厅)卫生标准》和中国科学院生态研究中心制定的空气微生物评价标准分别对室内和室外空气质量进行评价。结果显示,室内空气微生物总浓度均值为1 442 CFU/m~3,总体合格;室外空气微生物总浓度均值为2 199CFU/m3,总体为清洁状态;体育场的空气微生物浓度最高,食堂和学习区的微生物浓度最低;室内空气微生物各季节间变化不明显,室外微生物浓度为秋季春季冬季夏季;气温、相对湿度、PM2.5浓度与微生物浓度均无明显相关性(P0.05)。提示本次调查的校园空气质量总体良好,不同功能区空气微生物浓度有差异。     

新型空调卧铺列车车厢内微小气候及空气离子状况调查

对全封闭型新型空调直达卧铺列车车厢内微小气候的空气离子浓度、可吸入颗粒物浓度和二氧化碳(CO2)浓度进行了检测,可吸入颗粒物浓度0.18~0.30mg/m3,CO2浓度0.06~0.25%,空气负离子浓度150~310个/cm3,单极系数1.14~2.07。监测结果表明,按照《公共交通工具卫生标准》(GB9673-1996)评价,车厢内空气质量尚可;按照以空气离子为依据的《空气质量分级标准》评价,则车厢内空气质量有待提高。作为人员高度密集的封闭空间,列车车厢内空气质量仍有待采取有效措施进一步改善。     

常规动力潜艇舱室空气组分容许浓度

潜艇潜航时舱室大气是一个综合性的密闭环境，其舱室空气中污染物多达数百种。消除或降低其浓度以达到安全水平是关系到艇员健康和潜艇战斗力的重要问题。本文介绍了本标准的意义，适用范围，主要技术参数及其确定依据，并与国外同类标准进行了比较。     

某舰舱室空气中微生物种类及其耐药性分析

目的了解某舰艇空间环境中空气细菌种类及其耐药性,探索舰艇环境空气中可能性危害因素,为舱室空气细菌监测和艇员抗生素合理使用提供科学依据。方法采用平皿沉降法对舱室内空气细菌进行采样,进行细菌培养和菌落计数,革兰氏染色后镜检,使用VITEK 2 Compact微生物检测系统进行细菌种类和耐药性鉴定。MALDI-TOF质谱技术进行补充鉴定。结果舰艇舱室空气中分离出细菌41株(革兰氏阳性菌40株,共5属11种;革兰氏阴性菌1株,1属1种)和真菌8株(2属2种)。优势菌种为藤黄微球菌、头状葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和杂色曲霉菌。耐药性检测表明舱室空气中存在耐药性菌株。结论初步了解了该类型舰艇部分舱室空气中微生物的数量、分布及药敏情况,这对感染性疾病的预防、诊断和治疗有一定参考价值。     

水面舰艇和核潜艇长航对艇员焦虑、抑郁情绪及睡眠质量的影响

目的 :了解长航对水面舰艇和核潜艇艇员焦虑、抑郁情绪和睡眠质量的影响 ,为改善长航艇员的心理健康状况提供依据。方法 :(1)研究对象分水面舰艇组和核潜艇组 ,并以岸勤组为对照 ;(2 )用焦虑自评量表 (SAS)、抑郁自评量表 (SDS)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数 (PSQI)进行评定。结果 :(1)SAS评分 ,两长航组艇员航后较航前和岸勤组均增高 (P <0 .0 1) ;SDS评分 ,水面舰艇组航后仅较航前增高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,核潜艇组航后较航前和岸勤组均增高 (P <0 .0 1)。 (2 )焦虑发生率 ,水面舰艇组航前为 8.77% ,航后增至 2 8.0 7% (P <0 .0 1) ,核潜艇组航前为 6 .0 6 % ,航后4 3.4 3% (P <0 .0 1) ;抑郁发生率 ,水面舰艇组航前 4 .39% ,航后 2 1.0 5 % (P <0 .0 1) ,核潜艇组航前 7.0 7% ,航后 4 4.4 4% (P <0 .0 1)。 (3)PSQI总分与水面舰艇组SAS、SDS均分间相关系数 (r)分别为 0 .4 792和 0 .4 6 75 ,与核潜艇组SAS、SDS均分间r分别为 0 .4 498和 0 .4 983,(P <0 .0 5 )。两长航组的SAS与日间功能之间 ,核潜艇组SDS与睡眠质量、睡眠障碍、日间功能之间也呈正相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :水面舰艇和核潜艇长航均可致艇员焦虑、抑郁情绪发生率增高和睡眠质量变差 ,且程度以核潜艇长航为著。睡眠质量变差与焦虑和抑郁的严重程度     

Occupational accidents aboard merchant ships

Objectives: To investigate the frequency, circumstances, and causes of occupational accidents aboard merchant ships in international trade, and to identify risk factors for the occurrence of occupational accidents as well as dangerous working situations where possible preventive measures may be initiated.

Methods: The study is a historical follow up on occupational accidents among crew aboard Danish merchant ships in the period 1993–7. Data were extracted from the Danish Maritime Authority and insurance data. Exact data on time at risk were available.

Results: A total of 1993 accidents were identified during a total of 31 140 years at sea. Among these, 209 accidents resulted in permanent disability of 5% or more, and 27 were fatal. The mean risk of having an occupational accident was 6.4/100 years at sea and the risk of an accident causing a permanent disability of 5% or more was 0.67/100 years aboard. Relative risks for notified accidents and accidents causing permanent disability of 5% or more were calculated in a multivariate analysis including ship type, occupation, age, time on board, change of ship since last employment period, and nationality. Foreigners had a considerably lower recorded rate of accidents than Danish citizens. Age was a major risk factor for accidents causing permanent disability. Change of ship and the first period aboard a particular ship were identified as risk factors. Walking from one place to another aboard the ship caused serious accidents. The most serious accidents happened on deck.

Conclusions: It was possible to clearly identify work situations and specific risk factors for accidents aboard merchant ships. Most accidents happened while performing daily routine duties. Preventive measures should focus on workplace instructions for all important functions aboard and also on the prevention of accidents caused by walking around aboard the ship.

     

水面舰艇及核潜艇长航对艇员心理健康水平的影响

目的 :比较研究长时间水面和水下航行对艇员心身健康水平的影响及其特点 ,为提高长航艇员的心理健康水平提供科学依据。方法 :(1)研究对象分水面舰艇组、核潜艇组 ,对照组包括岸勤组和中国军人常模。 (2 )采用艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)、症状自评量表 (SCL - 90 )及团体用心理社会应激调查表 (PSSG)在长航前后对艇员进行测评和结果比较。结果 :(1)个性特征 :水面舰艇组航后内 -外向得分较航前增高 4 1.0 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ;核潜艇组航后内 -外向得分较航前增高 5 7.3% (P <0 .0 1) ,并有精神质得分降低和掩饰倾向得分增高 (P <0 .0 5 )。 (2 )心身健康评分 :与军人常模比较 ,水面舰艇组航后忧郁、焦虑因子分非常显著增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,核潜艇组航后躯体化、强迫、人际关系、忧郁、焦虑因子分非常显著增高 (P <0 .0 1)。 (3)心理应激评分 :水面舰艇组航后心理应激总分、负性情绪分、正性应对分增高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,核潜艇组航后负性应对分增高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而心理应激总分、负性情绪分则非常显著增高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :水面舰艇及核潜艇长航两种特殊生活和作业环境均对艇员的心理卫生状态造成了明显影响 ,但两者导致的心理行为障碍特点和造成的心理健康水平下降的程度有所不同     

An assistant ship surgeon's account of cholera at sea

The diary of Thomas Graham, a naval ship surgeon, brings the voyage of HMS troopship Apollo in 1849 to life. A year after England's second great cholera outbreak, the pervasive fear of the disease became a reality onboard when cholera broke out. The intended voyage from England to China was diverted to South America where the ship was put into quarantine. So bad were the conditions onboard that the Times correspondent wrote: 'I have never seen a convict-ship in which the convicts were not more comfortably lodged'. Graham's writing provides an insightful record of life at sea in the mid-nineteenth century and the circumstances that led to this cholera outbreak, namely the overcrowding and poor hygiene. He wrote about the current beliefs and assumptions surrounding the disease; that the foul air was to blame. He also noted the varied methods taken to confine patients and treat the disease. The diary is supported by evidence from naval records and newspaper articles. Graham's writing gives us a glimpse into the life of a man who saw the world from a perspective inaccessible to us and the experience of observing newly discovered continents, cultures and wildlife, which he meticulously recorded. This was Graham's last piece of writing as he died unexpectedly of malaria shortly after the journey's end. The diary encapsulates the struggle to overcome disease and the tragic plight a humble ship surgeon shared with the crew.     

水面舰艇和核潜艇对艇员血液细胞成分和某些流变学指标的影响

目的 :了解水面舰艇和核潜艇长期航行对艇员血液细胞成分和某些流变学指标的影响特点 ,探讨这些影响对艇员健康的意义。方法 :设水面舰艇组、核潜艇组 ,并以岸勤组为对照组 ,观察两长航组艇员血液细胞成分和血液流变学指标的变化。结果 :(1)红细胞系 :与航前比较 ,水面舰艇组航后HGB升高 11.6 3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,HCT升高 4 0 .5 5 % (P <0 .0 1) ;核潜艇组航后RBC升高 2 4 .6 9% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,HGB升高 19.96 % (P <0 .0 1) ,MCV升高 17.4 1% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,同时HCT升高 33.4 4% (P <0 .0 5 )。 (2 )粒细胞系 :与航前比较 ,水面舰艇组航后WBC升高 5 9.6 4% (P<0 .0 5 ) ,GRAN升高 5 9.71% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,LYMF降低 2 1.6 1% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;核潜艇组航后WBC和GRAN分别较航前降低 35 .0 1%和 33,2 4 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,LYMF升高 72 .5 7% (P <0 .0 1)。 (3)巨细胞系 :与航前比较 ,核潜艇组航后PLT降低 4 6 .13% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,PCT降低 30 .30 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,LPCR则升高 4 6 .13% (P <0 .0 5 )。 (4)血液流变学 :与航前比较 ,水面舰艇组航后全血粘度升高4 6 .0 3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,红细胞电泳时间则缩短 31.2 7% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;核潜艇组航后全血粘度升高39.36 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血浆粘度升高 15 .33% ,血小板凝     

舰艇部队军事训练伤分布特点与干预效果研究

目的：查明海军舰艇部队特殊军事训练伤的发生率和分布特征，以及施加干预措施后军事训练伤发生率的变化。方法：以整群抽样方式选取海军某舰艇部队官兵1648人，对全年军事训练伤进行前瞻性流行病学调查；以每个参试支队各抽2艘舰艇为干预试验单位，设同期对照组和历史对照组。结果：全年军事训练伤累积发生率为14．62％，时间分布以7月份为高峰；46．53％的伤者为机电部门人员；损伤部位以下肢为主，占32．64％；受伤类型以急性创伤性损伤为主；干预试验的军事训练伤发生率为8．96％，低于同期对照组(12．21％，P＜0、05)和历史对照组(14．62％，P＜0．01)。结论：舰艇部队军事训练伤发生情况与其它军兵种有较大的区别。施加干预措施可显著降低舰艇部队的军事训练伤。     

Uptake and urinary excretion of aluminum among welders

Summary The urinary excretion of aluminum was measured in 23 welders before and after an exposure-free interval of 16 to 37 days. In addition, the concentration of aluminum in the air was measured at the work site of 16 aluminum welders on the same work-day as the first urine sample was taken. The concentration of aluminum in the urine depended on both the level and duration of exposure. The postshift urinary concentration of aluminum prior to an exposure-free interval was mainly related to the current air concentration, whereas the urinary concentration of aluminum determined after the exposure-free interval was related to total exposure duration (years). Among welders exposed for less than 1 year, the halftime for urinary concentration was about 9 days whereas welders exposed for more than 10 years had half-times calculated to be 6 months or longer. The results indicate that aluminum is retained and stored in at least two functional compartments of the body and is eliminated from these compartments at different rates.     

医院船医疗装备使用管理的现状与对策

介绍了医院船在海上卫勤保障中的重要性,对医院船医疗装备使用管理的特点和规律进行了探索和思考,指出了医疗船医疗装备使用管理中存在的问题,提出了一系列针对性的意见与建议,以发挥其最大效能,确保医疗设备始终处于良好状态,有效地实现人装对接,提高医院船的战斗力。     

Passenger mortalities aboard cruise ships

OBJECTIVES: to study the epidemiology of passenger mortalities on cruise ships. METHODS, MATERIAL AND RESULTS: during six years (April 1995 to April 2001) deaths aboard two similar cruise ships (A & B) were registered and studied. Each ship had an average of approximately 800 passengers with median age about 65 years. Twenty five passengers died: 9 men and 3 women on ship A and 10 men and 3 women on ship B. There was an average of one death every six months per ship. More men than women died, although there were more female passengers on both ships (P<0.05). Eleven passengers were found dead in their cabins. Five deaths outside the medical centers were witnessed; four of them had asystole and one ventricular fibrillation when medical staff arrived. Nine patients died after 1/2 to 52 hours of intensive care in the medical centers aboard.     

回眸20世纪海军卫生装备发展

从20世纪海军和海战的进程出发,分析海军卫生装备迅速发展的根本原因,其突出标志是大型医院船遂行保障、直升机用于海上伤员换乘、计算机的应用和舰用医疗装备的配套。21世纪海军卫生装备发展的方向是顺应现代高技术条件下海战发展的趋势、寓军于民、走大型化与智能化相结合、机械化与智能化结合之路。