老年心力衰竭患者血管内皮舒张功能变化及临床意义

目的：通过对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）病人血流介导性肱动脉内皮舒张功能（FMD）的测定,探讨心衰病人FMD的变化及其与心力衰竭的关系和临床意义。方法：随机选择心衰患者50例,健康人20例。采用美国菲利普7500型超声心动图仪检测肱动脉基础状态下、反应性充血时（内皮依赖性舒张）及含服硝酸甘油后（非内皮依赖性舒张）的内径。计算反应性充血时肱动脉内径舒张百分比及含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径舒张百分比。结果：与正常组比较,心衰组FMD均显著降低（P〈0.05）,心功能越差,FMD降低越明显。结论：老年慢性心衰患者存在内皮功能障碍,改善内皮功能对于心力衰竭的防治具有重要临床意义。     

被动吸烟对血管内皮舒张功能和血浆CRP的影响

目的探讨被动吸烟对健康青年人血管内皮舒张功能和血浆C反应蛋白（CRP）的影响。方法采用超声肱动脉内径测量法，观察被动吸烟、主动吸烟及正常对照组各30例血流介导的和硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉内径变化；同时测定血浆CRP含量。结果三组肱动脉内径基础值及硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉舒张均无显著差异（P〉0．05），而血流介导的血管扩张被动吸烟组与正常对照组间存在显著差异（P〈0．01），与吸烟组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。主、被动吸烟组血浆CRP含量均高于正常组（P〈0．05），而两组间个指标含量无显著性差异。结论被动吸烟导致健康青年人群血管内皮舒张功能损伤可能与血浆CRP含量增加有关。     

不同左室构型高血压病患者肱动脉内皮功能的变化

【目的】观察高血压病患者不同左室构型的特点及肱动脉内皮功能的变化。【方法】选取137例高血压病患者和30例健康人群,检测经胸超声心动图检查和肱动脉在基础、充血以及含服硝酸甘油后内径的变化。【结果】高血压病患者血压较对照组明显升高（P〈0．05）,但不同左室构型组之间差异无统计学意义。137例患者中正常构型占44．5％（A组）,向心性重构占13．9％（B组）,向心性肥厚占16．8％（C组）,离心性肥厚占24．8％（D组）。同其他各组比较,D组左室舒张末期内径显著增加（P〈0．05）。不同左室构型组患者肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张功能（FDM）均较对照组显著降低（P〈0．01）。各组硝酸甘油介导的舒张反应（NDM）比较差异无统计学意义。【结论】不同左室构型高血压病患者肱动脉内皮功能受损,且各型受损程度不同。     

不同剂量培哚普利对扩张型心肌病患者血管内皮功能的影响

【目的】探讨不同剂量培哚普利在扩张型心肌病治疗中对肱动脉充血后舒张功能的影响。【方法】对40例扩心病患者予不同剂量培哚普利治疗和20例健康成人应用高分辨超声分别测定治疗前后反应性充血后和舌下含服硝酸甘油后的肱动脉的内径,计算反应性充血和硝酸甘油诱发的肱动脉内径变化百分率。【结果】扩心病组的反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径变化率(2.32±2.10%)显著低于对照组(7.87±4.15)%(P<0.01);舌下含服硝酸甘油后诱发的肱动脉内径变化百分率两组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。经不同剂量培哚普利治疗后,扩心病组的反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径变化百分率和硝酸甘油诱发的肱动脉内径变化百分率较治疗前均有明显的增加(P<0.01,P<0.05)。【结论】扩心病患者肱动脉内皮功能减低。培哚普利能改善扩心病患者的内皮功能,且较大剂量组改善效果更显著。     

益心康泰对稳定型心绞痛冠心病患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的探讨益心康泰胶囊对稳定型心绞痛冠心病患者血管内皮功能的影响。方法稳定型心绞痛冠心病患者40例，正常健康组18例，采用随机、对照、单盲法将稳定型心绞痛冠心病患者分为益心康泰治疗组和常规治疗组各20例。益心康泰治疗组除心绞病常规治疗外，加用益心康泰胶囊1．0g，3次／d口服；常规治疗组仅给予常规治疗。疗程均为30d。治疗前后分别进行肱动脉血流介导性舒张功能（FMD）超声检测。结果治疗前益心康泰治疗组和常规治疗组的肱动脉反应性充血时内径舒张百分比均显著低于正常组（均P〈0．05）；益心康秦治疗组与常规治疗组比较，反应性充血时内径舒张百分比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；疗程结束时益心康泰治疗组肱动脉反应性充血时内径舒张百分比显著高于常规治疗组（P〈0．05）。结论心绞痛冠心病患者血流介导性舒张功能减退；益心康泰胶囊治疗后随着血流介导性舒张功能得到明显改善，心肌缺血显著减轻，说明内皮功能异常在心绞痛冠心病的发病中起重要作用。     

被动吸烟对健康青年人血管内皮舒张功能的影响

目的：探讨被动吸烟对健康青年人血管内皮舒张功能的影响。方法：采用超声肱动脉内径测量法，观察被动吸烟、主动吸烟及正常对照者各30例血流介导的和硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉内径变化。结果：三组肱动脉内径基础值及硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉舒张均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）．而血流介导的血管扩张被动吸烟组与正常对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），与吸烟组相比无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：被动吸烟与健康青年人血管内皮舒张功能损伤有关，预示有早期动脉硬化损害。     

冠心病人外周血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的超声研究

目的：探讨高频超声检测冠心病患者外周血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的临床价值，方法：应用7．5MHz高频探头检测25例稳定型心绞痛。23例急性心肌梗塞恢复期病人和22例健康者的肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能（EDD）和内皮非依赖性舒张功能（EID）。结果：冠心病组反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径舒张百分比明显低于健康组（P＜0．001），舌下含服硝酸甘油后三组间肱动脉内径变化无显著性差异（P＞0．05），结论：冠心病患者的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能失调，且与病情有关，应用高频超声可评价冠心病患者的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能，对其病情及预后判断具有重要价值。     

高频超声评价急性心肌梗死患者肱动脉内皮功能

目的应用高频超声检测急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者反应性充血前后肱动脉内径扩张百分率评价肱动脉内皮功能。 方法对27例病程6周的AMI患者（根据超声心动图分为重构组和非重构组）和20例正常人应用高频超声测量静息状态、反应性充血后及舌下含硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径，计算反应性充血和硝酸甘油诱发的肱动脉内径扩张百分率。 结果重构组和非重构组反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径扩张百分率均低于对照组（P〈0．01）；重构组反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径扩张百分率低于非重构组（P〈0．05）；重构组和非重构组间及两组与对照组间含硝酸甘油后的肱动脉内径扩张百分率均无差异（P〉0．05）。 结论AMI患者肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能减低，AMI后早期左室重构与内皮功能障碍有关。     

超声检测首次脑梗死患者血管内皮功能的价值

目的了解超声检测首次脑梗死患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能中的价值。方法用多普勒超声对97例高血压病合并首次脑梗死患者（高血压病组）及46例无高血压病、糖尿病和心脑血管疾病的患者（对照组）检查血管内皮依赖性舒张功能，测定两组患者肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能并进行对照分析。结果高血压病合并首次脑梗死患者反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径百分变化率明显低于对照组（P〈0．01），硝酸甘油诱发的肱动脉内径百分变化率与对照组无明显差别（P〉0．05）。结论高血压病合并首次脑梗死患者存在血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍，超声检查对评价血管内皮依赖性舒张功能有重要价值。     

原发性高血压及高血压合并高胆固醇血症血管内皮功能的超声研究

目的 探讨原发性高血压及高血压合并高胆固醇血症患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的改变。方法 采用彩色多普勒高频超声的间歇成像和能量多普勒成像，对24例原发性高血压患者（EH组）、24例高血压合并高胆固醇血症患者（EH＋HC组）及24例正常血压、血胆固醇者（NT组）的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能，包括静息时血管内径（BD）、增加流量引起的血管舒张（FMD）、服用硝酸甘油引起的血管舒张（GTN）等，以及对血浆一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素（ET）、血栓素B2（TXB2）和前列腺环素（PGI2）等血管活性物质进行检测并比较分析。结果 EH和EH＋HC组反应性充血引起的FMD值明显减弱，与NT组比较差异有非常显著性（均P〈0．01），EH与EH＋HC组之间比较差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径明显扩张，但各组间GTN值差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；EH＋HC、EH组与NT组比较血浆中NO、PGI2水平明显降低，而ET、TXB2水平明显升高（均P〈0．01），EH＋HC与EH组间比较差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 高血压患者存在血管内皮依赖性舒张功能受损，高血压合并高胆固醇血症时，内皮功能受损进一步加重。彩色多普勒超声是评价血管内皮舒张功能的简单、无创且可靠方法。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

甲状旁腺功能减退性心肌病的系统综述

目的 甲状旁腺功能减退（甲旁减）性心肌病是一种罕见的心脏疾病,为扩张型心肌病中少数可逆转的一种,常被误诊为不明原因或难治性心力衰竭。本文旨在探寻甲旁减性心肌病的规律性特征。方法 检索Pubmed、SinoMed、万方数据库中符合标准的甲旁减性心肌病病例,采用统计分组法对纳入研究的文献进行分析,依据系统综述和meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA声明）进行报告。结果 在我们筛查出的41例患者中,女性居多（68.29%）,平均年龄为45.5岁,各年龄段均有发病。甲旁减性心肌病最常见的病因为特发性甲旁减（78.05%）,颈部手术导致的甲旁减性心肌病次之（17.07%）。患者均以心力衰竭就诊,伴不同程度的低钙血症。51%的患者有神经肌肉兴奋性增加的病史,90%的患者左心室射血分数降低。该病误诊漏诊率较高,仅36%的患者于入院后即明确诊断为甲旁减性心肌病。低血钙的纠正是治疗的关键,90%的患者心脏功能在血钙浓度正常化后恢复至正常。结论 对所有不明原因或难治性心力衰竭患者都应警惕甲旁减性心肌病的可能。     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.