海绵窦型硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床特点分析

目的 总结海绵窦型硬脑膜动静脉瘘(Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula,CSDAVF)患者的临床特点。方法 描述13 例CSDAVF患者的一般情况、临床特点、神经影像学资料,通过对以上资料进行统计,分析CSDAVF患者临床流行病学及影像学特点,并初步探讨介入栓塞在治疗CSDAVF的安全性及效果。结果 13例CSDAVF患者中男10例(76.9%),女3例(23.1%),平均发病年龄(42.38±16.62)岁,中老年患者多合并高血压病,而青年患者多合并颅脑外伤; 首发症状多以眼部症状(53.8%)为主,部分患者可表现为头晕(30.7%)、头痛(30.7%),其中1例首发症状为肢体抽搐(7.7%); 13例患者中2例(15.4%)为双侧CSDAVF; 13例患者中CTA/MRA阳性者仅占46.2%; 所有患者均经全脑血管造影术予以确诊,8例患者行介入栓塞治疗,未见术后相关并发症,且术后症状均得以缓解,其中1例双侧CSDAVF患者瘘口自行闭合,随访观察症状改善。结论 CSDAVF临床表现多样且CTA/MRA检出率低,容易漏诊误诊,而全脑血管造影是确诊CSDAVF的金标准; 对未合并高血压病的不明原因头晕、头痛且药物治疗欠佳的中老年人及存在外伤史的青年人应警惕CSDAVF可能。此外,介入栓塞是治疗CSDAVF有效且相对安全的方法     

经面静脉-眼静脉途径栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨经面静脉-眼静脉途径栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（CSDAVFs）的方法和疗效。方法自2001年4月至2005年9月采用经股静脉-面静脉-眼静脉途径插管，以弹簧圈栓塞治疗CSDAVFs病人9例。结果7例病人导管均成功插入海绵窦，其中6例病人栓塞后完全治愈，另1例病人不全栓塞，但病人突眼、球结膜充血等症状完全好转。1例病人由于术中眼静脉痉挛导致插管失败，术后症状加重，但2个月后眼部症状完全恢复正常。1例病人由于插管失败，改行眼静脉切开穿刺插管成功栓塞。随访4～51个月，9例病人均未复发。结论对于岩下窦插管困难、面静脉和眼静脉扩张明显而无明显迂曲的CSDAVFs病人采取经面静脉-眼静脉栓塞治疗,其疗效较满意。     

岩下窦入路Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗双侧海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的 探讨岩下窦入路Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗双侧海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（CSDAVF）的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2013年9月至2018年9月经岩下窦入路Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗的7例双侧CSDAVF的临床资料。结果 7例14侧CSDAVF中,完全栓塞13侧,次全栓塞1侧。术后动眼神经麻痹加重1例,外展神经麻痹加重1例。术后随访6个月,14侧瘘口均未显影,1例动眼神经麻痹基本恢复,1例外展神经麻痹部分恢复。结论 经岩下窦入路Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗双侧CSDAVF疗效确切,并发症较单侧更常见;有效使用弹簧圈及Onyx胶对手术成功及减少并发症至关重要。     

Embolization of Cavernous Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (CSDAVF) via transvenous approaches: Practice,experience summary and literature review

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of embolization via transvenous approaches in patients diagnosed with Cavernous Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (CSDAVF). We also hope to further summarize our preliminary experiences with transvenous approaches.Material and methodsWe retrospectively collected data from patients who were diagnosed with CSDAVF and were treated with embolization via transvenous approaches from June 2014 to November 2020 at Beijing Tiantan Hospital. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of this treatment using radiological results and clinical follow-up.ResultsA total of 83 patients were included in this study. Complete occlusion was obtained in 76 (89.4%) patients. Sub-total occlusion was obtained in eight (9.4%) patients. Partial occlusion was obtained in one (1.2%) patient. There was no recurrence. Seventy-six patients (91.5%) were cured, and seven patients showed symptom improvement (8.5%). There were no cases of worsening symptoms following embolization, and only ten (12.0%) cases had mild complications.ConclusionThere was a high occlusion rate and a low complication rate in our study. Thus, completing embolization of CSDAVF via transvenous approaches may be safe and effective. However, this operation is more difficult than those via transarterial approaches. Transvenous embolization should therefore be performed in an experienced medical center.     

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘5例报告并文献复习

目的探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床表现特点及诊断方法。方法总结5例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者的临床表现及诊断治疗资料并复习文献。5例患者年龄43～76岁,急性起病2例(7d以内),亚急性起病1例(7d～30d),慢性起病2例(30d以上)2例。均以眼部表现或头痛为首发症状,症状包括头痛。眼球突出。复视及视力下降等。结果5例患者患者全部行DSA证实均为海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘,采用经血管内栓塞治疗,均取得满意疗效。6～15个月随访无复发及明显并发症。结论海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘早期容易误诊,对伴有眼部症状的头痛需要引起临床医师的重视。数字减影血管造影可明确诊断,对于进展性海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘应及早治疗,经血管内栓塞治疗疗效满意。     

海绵窦区自发性硬脑膜动静脉瘘血管内治疗研究

目的 探讨自发性海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula，CSDAVF）的 临床特点及血管内介入栓塞治疗的疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2017年9月-2020年1月于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院神经外科收治的经DSA 检查确诊为自发性CSDAVF并行介入栓塞治疗的连续住院患者临床资料。采用经静脉入路或动脉入 路进行动静脉瘘栓塞术，根据情况采用单纯Onyx胶或联合弹簧圈进行栓塞，术后即刻及1年复查 DSA，比较经静脉入路和经动脉入路患者的栓塞程度，根据术后1年随访资料比较两组的1年临床预 后情况。 结果 共纳入25例患者，年龄21～72岁。6例（24.0%）患者采用单纯Onyx胶栓塞，19例（76.0%）患者 采用Onyx胶联合弹簧圈治疗。经静脉入路组17例，经动脉入路组8例。术后即刻DSA显示经静脉入路 组12例（70.6%）完全栓塞，4例（23.5%）次全栓塞，1例（5.9%）部分栓塞；经动脉入路组7例（87.5%） 完全栓塞，1例（12.5%）部分栓塞。1年随访DSA显示，经静脉入路组12例（70.6%）完全栓塞，4例 （23.5%）次全栓塞，1例（5.9%）部分栓塞，经动脉入路组5例（62.5%）完全栓塞，2例（25.0%）次全 栓塞，1例（12.5%）部分栓塞，两组术后即刻和1年栓塞率差异无统计学意义。术后1年经静脉入路组 11例（64.7%）临床治愈，5例（29.4%）好转，1例（5.9%）无效；经动脉入路组6例（75.0%）治愈，2例 （25.0%）好转，两组1年临床预后差异也无统计学意义。 结论 对于CSDAVF患者，血管内治疗安全有效，经静脉入路和经动脉入路术后即刻和1年的栓塞率、 1年临床预后相似。     

经岩下窦入路Onyx联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨经岩下窦入路Onyx联合可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2010年7月~2013年6月经岩下窦入路Onyx结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗的18例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者的临床资料,评价疗效及手术并发症。结果栓塞后即刻血管造影显示瘘口完全闭塞15例,次全闭塞3例。4例术中出现心动过缓,3例术后出现眶部疼痛。随访3~12个月,所有患者术前症状消失,无复发。结论经岩下窦入路Onyx联合弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘疗效确切,安全可靠。     

Transvenous embolization of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula using the direct superior ophthalmic vein approach: a case report

Transvenous coil embolization has been successfully applied for the treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula (CSDAVF). Unfortunately, the technique cannot be applied in cases of poor or absent inferior petrosal sinus or facial venous access route to the fistula. Recently, we experienced a successful embolization using direct superior ophthalmic vein approach in cases of CSDAVF which were no opacification of inferior petrosal sinus or facial vein.     

Embolization of carotid-cavernous fistula via direct percutaneous puncture of the inferior ophthalmic vein

Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are anomalous connections between the carotid circulation and the cavernous sinus, and may cause significant morbidity. Endovascular treatment of these lesions can be challenging if typical transvenous routes are inaccessible. We describe a case of a Barrow type D carotid-cavernous fistula in which transvenous embolization was attempted via the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS). No connection was found to the fistula, and the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) was thrombosed. A novel direct percutaneous puncture of the IOV was performed with ultrasound guidance showing that this is a safe alternative route of CCF access and embolization when the IPS and SOV are inaccessible.     

Onyx和／或弹簧圈栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨经不同入路应用Onyx、弹簧圈或二者联合栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效。方法回顾性分析21例经DSA证实为海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者的临床资料。21例患者中,15例经岩下窦入路栓塞,2例经面静脉或颞浅静脉一眼静脉人路栓塞,4例经动脉入路栓塞;单纯使用Onyx栓塞11例,单纯用弹簧圈栓塞3例,用弹簧圈联合Onyx栓塞7例,其中2例注入Onyx过程中使用封堵球囊保护颈内动脉。结果栓塞术后即刻造影显示瘘口完全闭塞17例,大部分闭塞4例。栓塞术后所有颅内杂音均消失。术后出现同侧眼睑下垂加重2例,动眼神经麻痹1例,外展神经麻痹2例,3月后均改善。16例患者随访3～62个月,平均随访28个月;6例经DSA随访未见复发,10例电话或门诊随访症状改善。结论使用Onyx、弹簧圈或二者联合进行栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘,静脉入路为首选,必要时可使用封堵球囊保护供血动脉,可以取得较为满意的疗效。     

Colour Doppler flow imaging of the superior ophthalmic vein in dural arteriovenous fistulas before and after surgery

The aim of this study was to examine the clinical significance of the colour Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) findings of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) in intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF). The SOV was examined by CDFI in 12 cases of DAVF before and after surgery. Before surgery, the average SOV diameter was 3.57±1.18 mm (mean ± standard deviation, which was significantly wide (P<0.05) compared with the control value. One case showed reversed flow. Four cases showed an abnormal waveform. The cases with the more severe clinical symptoms showed wider SOV diameters and more abnormal waveforms than those with mild clinical symptoms. Postoperatively, the mean SOV diameter and mean resistance index improved significantly (P< 0.05); the flow direction and waveform became normal in each. The SOV CDFI findings were found to be useful as screening and follow-up techniques for the intracranial DAVFs.     

Transvenous embolization of an intraosseous dural arteriovenous fistula of the anterior condylar vein with anomalous venous drainage causing ocular manifestations

We report a patient with a rare dural arteriovenous fistula of the anterior condylar vein, who presented with unusual clinical symptoms due to the anomalous venous drainage. The patient had progressive ocular signs, a dilated venous pouch at the skull base and, on angiography, retrograde venous drainage into the superior ophthalmic vein. Transvenous embolization of the venous pouch produced complete amelioration of the ocular symptoms. Such treatment may be curative for dural arteriovenous fistulas of the anterior condylar vein.     

Paradoxical Exacerbation of Symptoms with Obstruction of the Venous Outflow after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Treatment of a Dural Arteriovenous Fistula of the Cavernous Sinus

A 59-year-old female presented with progressive right proptosis, chemosis and ocular pain. An imaging work-up including conventional catheter angiography showed a right-sided dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus, which drained into the right superior petrosal sinus, right superior ophthalmic vein, and right inferior ophthalmic vein, and cortical venous reflux was seen via the right petrosal vein in the right posterior fossa. After failure of transvenous embolization, the patient underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS). At one month after GKRS, she developed increasing ocular pain and occipital headache. Repeat angiography showed partial obliteration of the fistula and loss of drainage via the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins with severe congestion, resulting in slow flow around the right cerebellar hemisphere. Prompt transarterial embolization relieved the patient''s ocular symptoms and headache. We report on a case of paradoxical exacerbation of symptoms resulting from obstruction of the venous outflow after GKRS for treatment of a dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus.     

Surgical cannulation of a cortical draining vein for endovascular treatment of a dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) of the cavernous sinus most commonly present with ocular symptoms and can be observed or treated with endovascular approaches, surgery, or radiosurgery. Combined surgical-endovascular approaches have been used for fistulas that are not amenable to standard endovascular approaches. A 40-year-old man presented with ocular symptoms from a cavernous sinus DAVF. Multiple previous transarterial and transvenous embolization attempts had failed. The patient underwent craniotomy for surgical exposure and cannulation of an arterialized sylvian vein. Subsequently he underwent coiling and onyx embolization of the DAVF. The intervention resulted in effective obliteration of the fistula. If a cavernous sinus DAVF is refractory to treatment, surgical exposure and cannulation of a cortical draining vein can facilitate transvenous endovascular treatments.     

Absence of orbito-ocular signs in dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula with a prominent anterior venous drainage

A 55-year-old woman developed an intractable right orbitofrontal headache. The symptoms subsided spontaneously 2 months after onset, but diplopia due to right abducens nerve palsy had occurred, and gradually worsened. Orbito-ocular signs were never observed throughout the clinical course. Brain MRI and MR angiography demonstrated abnormal signal changes corresponding to the right cavernous sinus. Angiography confirmed a dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) with three directional drainage routes in the arterial phase. Although the most prominent draining vein was the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV), an outflow with a high flow rate into the angular facial vein prevented prolonged enhancement of the SOV in the venous phase. These findings suggest that the absence of orbito-ocular signs in dural CCF with an anterior venous drainage could be attributed to the relief of venous hypertension of the SOV.     

Transvenous approach to carotid–cavernous fistula via facial vein cut down

Endovascular access to carotid–cavernous sinus fistulae (CCF) can be obtained through a transfemoral approach to the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) or superior ophthalmic vein (SOV). If the transfemoral approach cannot be utilized, direct surgical exposure of the SOV can provide access to the CCF. The authors present an alternate approach to a CCF in a 66-year-old woman in whom the IPS was thrombosed and the facial vein so tortuous at its origin that it could not be passed with a wire. The facial vein was exposed surgically at the angle of the mandible after percutaneous attempts failed. After localization of the anterior facial vein with ultrasound, a 1 cm skin incision was made over the margin of the mandible. The dissected vein was cannulated using a micropuncture technique and a 0.018 inch wire. A four French short access sheath was inserted and sutured to the vein. Subsequent venogram allowed navigation of an SL-10 microcatheter over a Synchro soft microwire (both Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA) via the SOV into the cavernous sinus, and coil embolization was performed with angiographic cure of the fistula. No complications were encountered and the cosmetic result of the small incision of the mandibular region was excellent and less conspicuous than it would have been on the eyelid. This technical note illustrates that facial vein cut down is an attractive and safe alternate approach to endovascular management of CCF via a transvenous route in patients with a focally narrowed and tortuous IPS and common facial vein.     

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床表现及血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床症状及血管内介入治疗的方法和疗效.方法 分析收治的16例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者临床资料,并对其临床症状、血管内介入治疗方法及疗效进行总结分析.结果 16例患者眼部充血表现(或合并突眼)13例,单纯突眼1例,颞部杂音2例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例.6例单纯南动脉途径应用NBCA进行栓塞,术后瘘口即刻闭塞3例;1例有瘘口残留,随访2个月后症状完全消失;另外2例瘘口残留,但症状明显好转.8例进行了单纯静脉入路栓塞,其中2例应用ONYX和弹簧圈进行栓塞,完全闭塞瘘口;2例分别合并有术后动眼神经和外展神经麻痹,前者术后1个月好转;5例单纯进行了ONYX栓塞:1例由动静脉联合入路进行栓塞,瘘口完全闭塞,1例因瘘口细小进行了颈动脉压迫并观察随访,术后2个月瘘口更加细小,术后3例患者出现眼部并发症,1例为动眼神经麻痹,1个月后好转,1例为复视并外展神经麻痹,1例为结膜充血,眼球疼痛不适,后好转.结论 海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘临床表现复杂多变.血管内介入治疗是海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘安全、有效的治疗方法.经动脉入路栓塞,瘘口闭塞率低于静脉入路,但术后眼部并发症发生率亦低,静脉入路瘘口闭塞率高,但应注意防止眼部并发症发生.     

Superficial middle temporal vein as a pivotal route to embolize dural carotid–cavernous fistulas

Dural carotid–cavernous fistulas (DCCF) are located in the cavernous sinus wall involving the arterial feeders from the external and internal carotid arteries. The venous route usually passes through the internal jugular vein and inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) up to the pathologic shunts of the cavernous sinus. In cases of a thrombosed IPS, catheterization is not always possible because of the obstruction. Here, we report eight cases of DCCF treated with endovascular transvenous embolization via the superficial middle temporal vein (SMTV). A retrospective study involving eight patients with DCCF treated with transvenous embolization via SMTV was performed. In six patients, IPS was thrombosed. In one patient, IPS was patent, but we could not catheterize the internal jugular vein. In the other patient, because of the compartmentalization of the cavernous sinus, we could not access the anterior part of the cavernous sinus via IPS. Therefore, we performed the embolization via SMTV to occlude the shunts of the anterior part of the cavernous sinus.In all eight cases, navigating through the tortuous junction of the angular vein and superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) was possible. After transvenous catheterization of the cavernous sinus via SMTV, placement of coils resulted in complete occlusion of DCCF with clinical improvement in all eight patients. In the endovascular treatment of DCCF, the transfemoral approach via SMTV provides a pivotal route alternative to other transvenous routes. In patients with dilated SOV, catheterization of the cavernous sinus via SMTV is usually successful.     

Spontaneous resolution of an idiopathic cervical direct vertebral arteriovenous fistula after partial coil embolization in a patient presenting with myeloradiculopathy

A 53-year old female presented with paresis of the left upper extremity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) disclosed a single high-flow vertebral arteriovenous fistula (AVF) with vertebral artery (VA) transection. The AVF was also fed by steal flow from the contralateral VA. The left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) branched just distal to the fistula. The fistula drained into the neighboring paravertebral veins and refluxed into the intradural venous systems. The dilated drainers compressed the spinal cord. Embolization was attempted at the drainer just behind the fistula orifice using platinum coils. The fistula was still fed slightly by right VA after the embolization, but spontaneous complete obliteration was achieved after one week. The clinical symptoms and signs disappeared. Although, detachable balloon embolization is the quickest and most effective procedure to obliterate a fistula, stepwise embolization using GDC can be considered, and may avoid the normal pressure perfusion break-through phenomenon. Spontaneous obliteration of the fistula after partial embolization in our case may result from intravenous embolization just behind the fistula orifice. It may therefore be a useful approach to the embolization of an AVF to begin the embolization at the venous side of the fistula.     

Congestión venosa en tronco encefálico debido a una fístula carótido-cavernosa directa: a propósito de un caso

A 50-year-old male patient who, after 3 months of cranial brain trauma, presented proptosis, chemosis and exophthalmos in the left eye. Subsequently, dysmetria develops in the left extremities and right hemiparesis. The diagnosis of carotid-cavernous fistula (FCC) associated with hyperintensity of signal in FLAIR and diffuse contrast uptake at the level of the pseudo tumoral protuberance and cerebellar peduncle was established. This finding was compatible with venous congestion. His symptoms were fluctuating, he started with orbital symptoms and then from the posterior fossa with improvement of the orbital symptoms. FCC microcoil embolization produced resolution of ocular symptoms followed by improvement of brainstem symptoms. Magnetic resonance findings significantly reversed one year of follow-up. We describe a case of direct FCC with venous congestion in the brainstem and fluctuating symptoms with a considerable clinical and imaging improvement after treatment.