盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查

目的：建立盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。方法：根据《中华人民共和国药典（二部）》（2005版）细菌内毒素检查方法,用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的样品分别进行干扰试验,建立盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。结果：盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液稀释至质量浓度为0.5mg·mL-1时对细菌内毒素检查无干扰。结论：可用细菌内毒素检查法检查盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素。     

盐酸恩丹司琼氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法标准研究

目的:建立盐酸恩丹司琼氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素的检查方法.方法:按中国药典2000年版二部附录XIE、XIXF进行实验和结果判断.结果:用标示量灵敏度为0.25EU/ml的鲎试剂,盐酸恩丹司琼氯化钠注射液在最大有效稀释倍数10倍时,使用两个厂家鲎试剂对细菌内毒素检查均无干扰作用.3批盐酸恩丹司琼氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素量均小于2.5EU/ml.结论:本品可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)控制细菌内毒素限值.     

倍他司汀氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检测法

目的:建立盐酸倍他司汀氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法.方法:根据《中华人民共和国药典》(1995年版,二部)收载的细菌内毒素检查法的要求进行实验.结果:将盐酸倍他司汀氯化钠注射液经2倍稀释后可排除干扰因素,用标示灵敏度0.25 EU&;#8226;mL 1的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素是有效的.结论:鲎试剂实验法可代替家兔法作为医院日常检测盐酸倍他司汀氯化钠注射液热原的方法.     

氢溴酸高乌甲素氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素的鲎试验研究

目的:探讨氢溴酸高乌甲素氯化钠注射液进行细菌内毒素检查的可行性.方法:采用凝胶法鲎试验对样品中的细菌内毒素进行检测.结果:6批氢溴酸高乌甲素氯化钠注射液及其2倍稀释液对细菌内毒素检查均无干扰作用;所测样品的细菌内毒素含量均<0.5EU·mL-1 .结论:可建立氢溴酸高乌甲素氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法,日常细菌内毒素检查时可将样品稀释2倍以排除其干扰作用.     

己酮可可碱氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素的检查法

目的: 建立己酮可可碱氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法.方法: 对己酮可可碱氯化钠注射液的1: 2(0.5 mg·ml-1)进行了干扰试验.结果: 己酮可可碱氯化钠注射液经1: 2(0.5 mg·ml-1)稀释后对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用.结论: 己酮可可碱氯化钠注射液建立细菌内毒素检查法是可行的     

动态比浊法测定磷酸川芎嗪氯化钠注射液中细菌内毒素含量

目的:建立磷酸川芎嗪氯化钠注射液中细菌内毒素含量测定方法.方法:将磷酸川芎嗪氯化钠注射液稀释16倍,采用动态比浊法,通过干扰试验和验证试验,测定磷酸川芎嗪氯化钠注射液中细菌内毒素含量.结果:样品稀释16倍可以有效地消除其对鲎试验的干扰,检测平均回收率92.80%～109.92%.结论:动态比浊法鲎试验可以高效地测定磷酸川芎嗪氯化钠注射液中的细菌内毒素含量.     

盐酸克林霉素氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立及方法学研究

目的建立盐酸克林霉素氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法。方法参照中国药典2005年版二部附录ⅪE细菌内毒素检查法进行实验〔1〕。结果当供试品为原液时进行细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用。结论盐酸克林霉素氯化钠注射液采用细菌内毒素检查法是可行的。     

亮菌甲素氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素的鲎试验研究

目的:探讨亮菌甲素氯化钠注射液进行细菌内毒素检查的可行性.方法:采用凝胶法鲎试验对样品中的细菌内毒素进行检测.结果:6批亮菌甲素氯化钠注射液及其2倍稀释液对细菌内毒素检查均没有干扰作用;所测样品的细菌内毒素含量均小于0.5 EU·ml-1.结论:可建立亮菌甲素氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法,日常细菌内毒素检查时可将样品稀释2倍以排除其干扰作用.     

盐酸多巴胺氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查方法的研究

目的用细菌内毒素法(BET)代替家兔法检查盐酸多巴胺氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素。方法按中国药典方法操作。结果盐酸多巴胺氯化钠注射液稀释2倍后对BET法无干扰。结论盐酸多巴胺氯化钠注射液可以采用BET法检查细菌内毒素,且灵敏、准确。     

利巴韦林和氟罗沙星葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:建立3％氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。方法:确定3％氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素限值,并进行干扰实验,考察确立3％氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法。结果:3％氯化钠注射液原液不干扰鲎试剂与细菌内毒素的凝胶反应。结论:可用细菌内毒素检查法替代家兔法对3％氯化钠注射液的热原检查。     

对临床试验中显著性检验、区间检验及置信区间检验之间关系一致性的认识

显著性检验是最基本的统计假设检验,它的基本思想是小概率原理;区间检验是传统显著性检验的延伸,它用来检验两个总体的差异是否在某范围之内;置信区间检验是先找到药物疗效差值的置信区间,通过置信区间下限或(和)上限与界值的关系来判断两种药物非劣效、等效、优效的关系。通过公式推导发现,区间检验与显著性检验的主要区别是前者的假设中包含了有临床意义的界值△,而区间检验和置信区间检验是一致的,可以用置信区间检验实现区间检验的目的。     

谈谈两总体比较的非参数检验方法

针对不同的数据类型,探讨选用不同的非参数检验方法,并通过实例说明这些非参数检验方法的应用。     

Testing equality of proportions for correlated binary data in ophthalmologic studies

In ophthalmologic studies, bilateral correlated data often arise when information involving paired organs (e.g., eyes) are measured from each subject. Adjusted chi-square approach for testing the equality of proportions has been proposed in the literature. In this article, we investigate and derive three alter- native testing procedures for the problem. Our simulation results show the score testing procedure usually produces satisfactory type I error control with higher power, and therefore is recommended. Examples from ophthalmologic studies are used to illustrate our proposed methods.     

A Comparison of Two-Sample Tests of Significance When Used With Variable Treatment Effects

This article compares the performance of many two-sample tests of significance that might be used to test the equality of means when the effect of the treatment is variable. Of the 19 tests that were compared, the normal scores test is recommended for general use in testing the null hypothesis of no treatment effect against the alternative that the distributions are stochastically ordered when the ratio of the larger standard deviation to the smaller standard deviation does not exceed 1.3. The Baumgartner-Weiß-Schindler tests and an adaptive test also have higher power than the pooled t-test, the unequal variance t-test, and the rank-sum test for many distributions. In the simulation studies, data in the first sample are generated from nine distributions, including long-tailed and skewed distributions. Data in the second sample are generated by adding a random treatment effect to a random variable that was generated from the same distribution that was used in the first sample. Because we restricted our power studies to treatment effects that are positive or zero, the population distributions will be stochastically ordered. The results of these studies demonstrate that the normal scores test is often more powerful than the t-tests and the rank-sum test. If the ratio of the standard deviations does exceed 1.3, then one of the t-tests is recommended.     

中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题

目的在综合分析中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题的基础上,提出药品上市后抽验的建议。方法通过文献研究的方法,发现中国药品上市后抽验模式中存在的问题,并提出相关建议。结果与结论在药品抽验中引入以风险为基础的抽验模式,将药品上市后抽验结果与药品监管相衔接。     

Mutagenicity testing of quinine with submammalian and mammalian systems

Quinine hydrochloride was assayed for genotoxic activity by using 4 different test systems with distinct genetic endpoints. No indications for point mutations were observed in the Ames system. In 3 cytogenetic tests performed on small rodents, Chinese hamsters showed no genotoxic activity, while inbred strains of mice revealed a dose dependent increase of SCEs, enhanced incidence of micronuclei and elevated chromatid breaks.     

Simultaneous Test for Superiority and Noninferiority Hypotheses in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials∗

The primary objective of the dose-escalation trial for NGX267 was to estimate the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and to gather detailed clinical and pharmacokinetic observations near the MTD. The MTD was defined based on the weighted average of moderate and severe adverse events. An adaptive design was employed to concentrate dosage assignments at or near the MTD. Favoring the acquisition of data near the MTD, at the expense of information at lower dosage levels, resulted in a shorter trial and no loss of the type of information required to inform subsequent studies where larger normal volunteer or patient samples are evaluated.     

刹毒草口服液的药理作用研究

目的:研究刹毒草口服液对小鼠的药理作用。方法:用小鼠分别进行爬杆实验、炭粒廓清实验、耳肿胀实验和墨汁推进实验,观察刹毒草口服液对小鼠的抗疲劳作用、非特异性免疫功能的影响、抗炎作用和抗腹泻作用。结果:刹毒草口服液能显著延长小鼠爬杆时间,有较好的抗疲劳作用;高剂量刹毒草口服液能显著提高小鼠对惰性炭粒的吞噬指数及吞噬活性,可提高小鼠免疫功能;刹毒草口服液3个剂量组均对二甲苯致小鼠耳炎症有较好的抑制作用,且能显著降低墨汁推进的速率,有较好的抗腹泻作用。结论:刹毒草口服液具有一定抗疲劳、抗炎、提高非特异性免疫功能和抗腹泻作用。     

Bootstrap inference in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables

Summary We study several tests for the coefficient of the single right‐hand‐side endogenous variable in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables. We show that writing all the test statistics—Student's t, Anderson–Rubin, the LM statistic of Kleibergen and Moreira (K), and likelihood ratio (LR)—as functions of six random quantities leads to a number of interesting results about the properties of the tests under weak‐instrument asymptotics. We then propose several new procedures for bootstrapping the three non‐exact test statistics and also a new conditional bootstrap version of the LR test. These use more efficient estimates of the parameters of the reduced‐form equation than existing procedures. When the best of these new procedures is used, both the K and conditional bootstrap LR tests have excellent performance under the null. However, power considerations suggest that the latter is probably the method of choice.     

氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:建立氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:按《中国药典》2010年版(二部)附录相关方法确定本品细菌内毒素限值,分别进行细菌内毒素检查凝胶法和动态浊度法的干扰试验。结果:凝胶法结果表明,样品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时对试验无干扰作用;动态浊度法结果表明,本品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时外加内毒素的回收率在50%²00%之间。每1 mg氢溴酸山莨菪碱中含内毒素应小于0.35 EU。结论 :本文初步建立的氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查方法,可为《中国药典》增订该制剂的细菌内毒素检查项提供参考。