Screening patients with Diabetes Mellitus for Tuberculosis in China

Objective There is a high burden of both diabetes (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) in China, and as DM increases the risk of TB and adversely affects TB treatment outcomes, there is a need for bidirectional screening of the two diseases. How this is best performed is not well determined. In this pilot project in China, we aimed to assess the feasibility and results of screening DM patients for TB within the routine healthcare setting of five DM clinics. Method Agreement on how to screen, monitor and record was reached in May 2011 at a national stakeholders meeting, and training was carried out for staff in the five clinics in July 2011. Implementation started in September 2011, and we report on 7 months of activities up to 31 March 2012. DM patients were screened for TB at each clinic attendance using a symptom‐based enquiry, and those positive to any symptom were referred for TB investigations. Results In the three quarters, 72% of 3174 patients, 79% of 7196 patients and 68% of 4972 patients were recorded as having been screened for TB, resulting in 7 patients found who were already known to have TB, 92 with a positive TB symptom screen and 48 of these newly diagnosed with TB as a result of referral and investigation. All patients except one were started on anti‐TB treatment. TB case notification rates in screened DM patients were several times higher than those of the general population, were highest for the five sites combined in the final quarter (774/100 000) and were highest in one of the five clinics in the final quarter (804/100 000) where there was intensive in‐house training, special assignment of staff for screening and colocation of services. Conclusion This pilot project shows that it is feasible to carry out screening of DM patients for TB resulting in high detection rates of TB. This has major public health and patient‐related implications.     

Prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes and diabetes among patients with active TB disease attending three RNTCP centres in Odisha

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and tuberculosis (TB) often present together and complicate each other at many levels. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) calls for strengthening collaboration between TB and diabetes control programs for better management of diabetic patients with TB. In this study, we determined the prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes among 220 TB patients registered in selected tuberculosis units (TUs) of RNTCP in hospitals of three different regions of Odisha namely Bhubaneswar, Cuttack and Nayagarh. Various socio-demographic factors like age, gender, marital status, literacy status, locality, habits, etc. and clinical profile were assessed. Out of 220 TB patients, 24 % patients were having pre-diabetes and 14 % patients were having diabetes. Both the conditions, pre-diabetes or diabetes, were more common among males, married patients, advancing age, having less education, no specific job, sedentary lifestyle, smoking/drinking, living in crowded areas, poor living conditions and unhygienic environment. Majority of pre-diabetic and diabetic patients were having pulmonary TB with 1+ sputum positivity and category (Cat)-I type of treatment. The variations in random blood glucose (RBG) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels among people with pre-diabetes are very less whereas those among people with diabetes were very high, thereby indicating that the blood glucose levels show more fluctuations before and after intake of food. Further, our results show that 57 % were not knowing that they were pre-diabetic and 43 % were not aware that they were having diabetes. It is feasible to screen TB patients for diabetes resulting in high rates of T2DM detection. Screening for diabetes mellitus (DM) in TB patients could improve DM case detection and early treatment, indirectly leading to better TB-specific treatment outcomes and prevention of DM complications.     

Determining the optimal fasting glucose target for patients with type 2 diabetes: Results of the multicentre,open-label,randomized-controlled FPG GOAL trial

The optimal fasting blood glucose (FBG) target of achieving HbA1c less than 7.0% in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients remains controversial. This open-label trial randomized (1:3:3) 947 adults with uncontrolled T2D (HbA1c >7% to ≤10.5%) who were using one to three oral antidiabetic drugs to achieve an FBG target of 3.9 < FBG ≤5.6 mmol/L (Group 1), 3.9 < FBG ≤6.1 mmol/L (Group 2) or of 3.9 < FBG ≤7.0 mmol/L (Group 3). Targets were achieved using a pre-defined insulin glargine 100 U/mL titration scheme. The primary endpoint was proportion of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% at 24 weeks. At 24 weeks, 44.4%, 46.1% and 37.7% of patients achieved HbA1c <7.0% in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (P = 0.017; Group 2 vs Group 3). Alert hypoglycaemia (glucose ≤3.9 mmol/L) was significantly more frequent in Group 1 than in Group 3 (38.9 vs 23.3%; P < 0.001) but was not in Group 2 vs Group 3 (27.5% vs 23.3%; P = 0.177). Clinically important hypoglycaemia (glucose ≤3.0 mmol/L) was reported in 4.8%, 2.0% and 3.8% of patients in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal FBG target for most Chinese patients with T2D appears to be 3.9-6.1 mmol/L.     

妊娠糖尿病患者产后糖代谢异常的高危因素分析

目的探讨妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者产后6—8周糖代谢异常情况,寻找导致产后糖代谢异常的高危因素。方法前瞻性分析183例确诊为妊娠糖尿病患者,于产后6～8周行75g葡萄糖耐量试验,按WHO标准进行再分类,分为糖尿病、糖耐量低减（IGT）和正常糖耐量（NGT）,并对其相关因素进行分析。结果（1）183例妊娠糖尿病患者中产后有63例（34．4％）血糖正常（NGT组）,87例（47．5％）IGT（IGT组）,33例（18．0％）糖尿病（DM组）。（2）DM组的确诊孕周早于其他两组（P〈0．01）,空腹血糖明显高于其他两组（P〈0．01）。（3）DM组中有糖尿病家族史、在孕期需胰岛素治疗者所占比例均高于其他两组（P〈0．05）。结论妊娠糖尿病患者产后糖代谢异常发生率高,其高危因素有孕期发病早、糖尿病家族史、空腹血糖高、需胰岛素治疗者。     

Bi-directional screening for tuberculosis and diabetes: a systematic review

Objective To assess the yield of finding additional TB or diabetes mellitus (DM) cases through systematic screening and to determine the effectiveness of preventive TB therapy in people with DM. Methods We systematically reviewed studies that had screened for active TB or implemented preventive therapy for TB among people with DM, and those that screened for DM among patients with TB. We searched published literature through PubMed and EMBASE and included studies that reported the number of TB cases identified among people with DM; the number of DM cases identified among patients with TB, or the relative incidence of TB between people with DM who received a TB prophylaxis and those who did not. We assessed the yield of screening by estimating the prevalence of TB or DM in each study, the prevalence ratio and difference where comparison populations were available, and the number of persons to screen to detect an additional case of TB or DM. Results Twelve studies on screening for TB in people with DM and 18 studies on screening for DM in patients with TB met our inclusion criteria. Screening for TB in persons with DM demonstrated that TB prevalence in this population is high, ranging from 1.7% to 36%, and increasing with rising TB prevalence in the underlying population as well as with DM severity. Screening patients with TB for DM also yielded high prevalences of DM ranging from 1.9% to 35%. Two studies examining the role of TB preventive therapy in people with DM did not provide sufficient details for clear evidence of the effectiveness. Conclusion Active screening leads to the detection of more TB and DM with varying yield. This review highlights the need for further research in screening and preventive therapy.     

2型糖尿病胃动力障碍的临床研究

[目的]应用胃电图(EGG)研究2型糖尿病(DM)胃动力的变化.[方法]选取2型DM患者60例,正常对照30例,对两组EGG的主频(FP)、振幅(AP)、胃动过缓百分率(B%)的变化与血糖的关系进行研究.[结果]DM组与正常对照组的空腹和餐后FP无统计学意义.两组餐后AP均显著高于空腹(P＜0.05),但两组比较无统计学意义.两组餐前和餐后B%比较,DM组均明显高于正常对照组(P＜0.05).DM空腹血糖(FBG)与餐前、餐后B%呈正相关,随着FBG的升高,B%呈相关升高(P＜0.01).[结论]DM患者存在明显EGG异常,表现为胃动过缓明显增多的胃电节律紊乱.DM患者FBG与餐前、餐后B%呈正相关.     

肺结核合并糖尿病患者的T细胞亚群与血糖水平的相关分析

目的探讨肺结核合并2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平与T细胞亚群的相关性。方法回顾分析51例2002年1月～2004年12月入院的初治肺结核合并2型糖尿病患者,选择空腹血糖FBG和糖化血红蛋白HbAlc作为血糖水平的观察指标,T淋巴细胞亚群作为细胞免疫功能的指标,分别比较其相关性。结果T淋巴细胞亚群各值与单次的空腹血糖测量水平无明显相关性,P值均〉0．05;而CD3与HbAlc负相关,相关系数r值为-0．286,CD8与HbAlc正相关,r值为0．306,P值均〈0．05。结论肺结核合并2型糖尿病患者的细胞免疫功能与长期血糖控制水平有一定的关联,高HbAlc水平常伴随细胞免疫功能低下。提示长期高血糖状态会加重细胞免疫功能紊乱。     

温州市老年及老年前期空腹血糖增高人群的临床特征分析

目的探讨老年及老年前期人群空腹血糖(FBG)和相关指标的关系。方法以温州市15个居委会≥50岁人群为对象,作随机整群抽样调查,测定FBG、血脂、血压、腰围、臀围、体质量指数(BMI)等,按2003年美国糖尿病协会推荐的诊断空腹血糖受损(IFG)及糖尿病(DM)的标准,将1187例分为正常组、IFG组、DM组,统计分析FBG与各相关指标的关系。结果温州市≥50岁人群IFG患病率为19.8%,DM患病率为13.8%,FBG升高总计检出率高达33.6%,腰围、臀围、年龄、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)等指标与血糖直线相关(P<0.01)。逐步回归法多元线性回归分析显示TG及TC是影响FBG水平的主要因素。IFG组腰围、年龄、TG水平均高于正常组,DM组TG、TC、HDL-C水平高于正常组,年龄、TG、TC、HDL-C水平IFG DM组高于正常组,DM组TG水平高于IFG组(P<0.05)。结论在FBG超出正常范围的初期,已出现中心性肥胖、血脂代谢紊乱和可能的血压升高的趋势。对≥50岁的老年前期及老年人,尤其是中心性肥胖的高危人群定期普查FBG并加以干预非常重要。     

2型糖尿病伴冠心病患者平均血小板体积的影响因素研究

目的:研究血糖和血脂等对合并2型糖尿病(DM)冠心病患者平均血小板体积(MPV)的影响。方法:冠状动脉造影等确诊的无糖代谢异常冠心病患者(非DM组)115例,合并DM的冠心病患者(DM组)183例,测定外周血MPV等血小板参数和其他常规实验室指标,分析合并DM冠心病患者MPV的变化及血糖和血脂等对MPV的影响。结果:MPV于DM组显著高于非DM组[(10.30±0.88)vs.(10.04±1.03)fL,P<0.05];DM组患者各亚组间比较,肥胖亚组显著高于非肥胖亚组[(10.51±0.77)vs.(10.21±0.91)fL,P<0.05],既往DM亚组显著高于新诊断DM亚组[(10.41±0.88)vs.(10.14±0.85)fL,P<0.05],HbA1c高值(HbA1c≥7%)亚组显著高于HbA1c低值(HbA1c<7%)亚组[(10.47±0.76)vs.(10.16±0.94)fL,P<0.05];MPV分别与体质量指数(BMI)(r=0.149,P=0.044)、空腹血糖(FBG)(r=0.191,P=0.009)、HbA1c(r=0.189,P=0.01)、hs-CRP(r=0.146,P=0.048)和白细胞计数(WBC)(r=0.169,P=0.022)显著正相关,与HDL-C显著负相关(r=-0.143,P=0.053);多元回归分析显示,对MPV有独立影响的因素是HDL-C、HbA1c、hs-CRP和FBG(均P<0.05)。结论:DM冠心病患者MPV进一步升高,MPV的升高与HDL-C、HbA1c、hs-CRP和FBG有密切关系。     

来得时联合拜唐苹和诺和锐30治疗口服降糖药疗效不佳的高龄2型糖尿病患者的临床观察

目的探讨来得时联合拜唐苹和诺和锐30治疗高龄（80岁以上）2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）变化,低血糖事件发生率及临床意义。方法将120例口服降糖药物疗效较差的高龄T2DM患者随机分为来得时联合拜唐苹组和诺和锐30组（每组60例）。来得时联合拜唐苹组每日早餐前注射1次来得时加三餐中口服拜唐苹,诺和锐30组早晚餐前各皮下注射1次,共16周,比较两组患者空腹血糖（FBG）及餐后2小时血糖（2hPBG）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、HbA1c的下降情况,低血糖事件发生率。结果两组治疗前后血糖、TG、TC、LDL-C、HbA1c下降明显,其中来得时联合拜唐苹组HbA1c从（8.8%±2.0%）下降至（7.1%±1.2%）;诺和锐30组HbA1c从（8.9%±2.4%）下降到（7.0%±1.2%）;治疗后两组之间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;来得时联合拜唐苹组低血糖事件发生率明显低于诺和锐30组（3.3%vs 13.3%,P＜0.01）。结论来得时联合拜唐苹组和诺和锐30组都具有明显降低FBG、2hPBG、TG、TC、LDL-C、HbA1c的作用,来得时联合拜唐苹组低血糖事件发生率明显低于诺和锐30组。     

First insulinization with basal insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes in a real-world setting in Asia

Background: The First Basal Insulin Evaluation (FINE) Asia study is a multinational, prospective, observational study of insulin‐naïve Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Asia, uncontrolled (A1c ≥ 8%) on oral hypoglycemic agents, designed to evaluate the impact of basal insulin initiation. Methods: Basal insulin was initiated with or without concomitant oral therapy and doses were adjusted individually. All treatment choices, including the decision to initiate insulin, were at the physician’s discretion to reflect real‐life practice. Results: Patients (n = 2679) from 11 Asian countries were enrolled (mean [±SD] duration of diabetes 9.3 ± 6.5 years; weight 68.1 ± 12.7 kg; A1c 9.8 ± 1.6%). After 6 months of basal insulin (NPH insulin, insulin glargine, or insulin detemir), A1c decreased to 7.7 ± 1.4%; 33.7% patients reached A1c <7%. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) decreased from 11.7 ± 3.6 to 7.2 ± 2.5 mmol/L and 36.8% of patients reached FBG <6.1 mmol/L. The mean daily insulin dose prescribed increased marginally from 0.18 to 0.23 U/kg per day at baseline to 0.22–0.24 U/kg per day at Month 6. Mean changes in body weight and reported rates of hypoglycemia were low over the duration of the study. Conclusions: Initiation of insulin therapy is still being delayed by approximately 9 years, resulting in many Asian patients developing severe hyperglycemia. Initiating insulin treatment with basal insulin was effective and safe in Asian T2DM patients in a real‐world setting, but insulin needs may differ from those in Western countries.     

老年高血压病患者中2型糖尿病的诊断

目的：探讨老年高血压病患者中２型糖尿病（ＤＭ２）的发病情况及诊断,方法对１６８例老年高血压病患者进行空腹血糖检查和标准口服葡萄糖耐量试验,比较２型糖尿病筛查方法及相关因素。结果（１）１６８例老年高血压病患者中４６例伴有２型糖尿病,未诊断率为２７．３８％。（２）ＦＰＧ≥７．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时敏感性和特异性分别为６７．３９％和９９．１２％;ＦＰＧ≥７．０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＪＦ ＴＸＤＧ２ＮＴＧ Ｔ ＴＲＦ Ｎ     

Efficacy and safety of basal-first titration order in individuals with type 2 diabetes receiving short-term intensive insulin therapy: An exploratory analysis of BEYOND V

Aims

To present the results of an exploratory analysis of the BEYOND V study in which Chinese individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2D) received short-term intensive insulin therapy (SIIT) during study run-in (prior to randomization) using a basal-first insulin titration method.

Materials and methods

This was exclusively an exploratory analysis of the 7- to 10-day run-in period of BEYOND V. Participants were hospitalized and had oral therapies withdrawn (except metformin). They received SIIT with once-daily insulin glargine and three-times-daily premeal insulin glulisine, titrated daily from a total starting dose of 0.4 to 0.5 units/kg/d, first adjusting insulin glargine to achieve fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L (79 to 119 mg/dL), then insulin glulisine to achieve pre-meal blood glucose of 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L. Key outcomes were the proportions of participants achieving FBG and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (PBG) targets.

Results

Overall, 397 entered the run-in (mean 54.2 years, 235 males [59.2%]). At the end of SIIT, 374/396 participants (94.4%) had both FBG <7.0 mmol/L (<126 mg/dL) and 2-hour PBG <10 mmol/L (<180 mg/dL) and 282/396 (71.2%) had both FBG <6.1 mmol/L (<100 mg/dL) and 2-hour PBG <10 mmol/L. The mean first time taken to achieve FBG <7 mmol/L, 2-hour PBG <10 mmol/L, and both, was 4.35, 3.88, and 5.04 days, respectively. Hypoglycaemia occurred in 99 participants (24.9%). There was no severe hypoglycaemia.

Conclusions

Titrating basal insulin first is an effective and safe method of SIIT in individuals with T2D, rapidly achieving target glucose levels with a relatively low rate of hypoglycaemia.     

稳定性心绞痛患者血糖水平与循环微小RNA-92a表达关系的研究

目的探讨稳定性心绞痛(SAP)患者循环微小RNA-92a(microRNA-92a,miR-92a)表达与血糖的关系。方法将93例SAP患者分为A组:降糖治疗+空腹血糖(FPG)<7.0 mmol/L 18例,B组:降糖治疗+FPG≥7.0 mmol/L8例,C组:非降糖治疗+FPG<7.0 mmol/L 61例,D组:非降糖治疗+FPG≥7.0 mmol/L 6例。比较4组患者血糖水平与循环miR-92a表达的关系。结果 SAP患者合并2型糖尿病发病率为34.4%,降糖治疗后,仍有30.8%FPG≥7.0 mmol/L。A组与B组miR-92a是否>-0.1或>0.5水平的OR值分别为2.67或0.17,C组与D组OR值分别为0.36、0.48。A组miR-92a>-0.1的患者为88.9%,显著高于C组的41.0%(P<0.01)。B组miR-92a>0.5的患者为75.0%,高于A组的33.3%(P>0.05)。结论单纯测定FPG诊断2型糖尿病漏诊率高。循环miR-92a有助于FPG<7.0 mmol/L的SAP合并2型糖尿病的诊断及疗效评价。     

2型糖尿病患者血清淀粉样蛋白A与糖尿病大血管病变的关系

目的探讨分析2型糖尿病(typeⅡdiabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid A,SAA)与糖尿病大血管病变的相关性。方法选择2017年3月至2018年3月北京市中西医结合医院收治的T2DM患者78例,按照患者是否合并大血管并发症分为T2DM大血管并发症组(并发症组)31例以及T2DM无并发症组(无并发症组)47例,再选择健康志愿者40名作为对照组。检测各组受试者血清SAA、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)浓度以及血糖、血脂浓度,比较3组受试者各指标变化情况,并分析糖尿病患者SAA浓度与生化指标的相关性。结果3组患者三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1C,HbAlc)以及胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中无并发症组、并发症组患者TG、TC、FBG、HbAlc以及HOMA-IR均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且并发症组TG、TC、FBG、HbAlc以及HOMA-IR显著高于无并发症组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组受试者SAA、CRP比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中无并发症组患者SAA、CRP显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);而并发症组患者SAA、CRP显著高于无并发症组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。糖尿病患者SAA与TG、TC、FBG、HbAlc、HOMA-IR、CRP均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论炎症因素在T2DM大血管病变患者中具有重要影响,SAA浓度与T2DM大血管病变密切相关,可能是T2DM大血管病变的重要危险因素,对患者临床监测及大血管病变防治方案的拟定具有重要价值。     

Prevalence and characteristics of diabetic patients in a chronic heart failure population

BACKGROUND: Previously, estimates of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have solely been based on history in retrospective studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of DM and glucose abnormalities in patients with CHF in accordance with the modern diagnostic criteria of DM. A second aim was to characterize patients with DM with respect to severity of CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: A prospective study including patients with systolic CHF admitted to a heart failure clinic. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured on two occasions, for classification of DM. Severity of CHF was assessed by NYHA class, echocardiography, 6 min walk test and plasma NT-proBNP levels. A total of 195 consecutive patients were included in the study, of these 188 were eligible for classification of DM. A total of 21% had DM by history, 11% of the patients without known DM had FBG> or =6.1 mmol/l, and a diagnosis of DM was confirmed in half of these patients. There were no differences in severity of heart failure between patients with DM by definition and non-DM patients; however, high body mass index was related to worse CHF symptoms. CONCLUSION: Twenty six percent of the patients had DM by definition, 20% of these were undiagnosed at the time of admission. One single measurement of FBG is not sufficient to establish a diagnosis of DM. Diabetes was not related to CHF symptoms or to a degree of left ventricular dysfunction.     

Diabetes screening after gestational diabetes mellitus: poor performance of fasting plasma glucose

Abstract. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an established risk factor for the development of overt diabetes. Since the change in diagnostic criteria for diabetes in 1997, it is unclear whether there should be any preference for fasting or post-glucose challenge blood glucose in diagnosing diabetes after GDM. The study aimed at assessing the usefulness of both diagnostic methods in women after GDM. The study enrolled 193 women with previous GDM. Women who did not have a current diagnosis of diabetes were screened for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and for glucose intolerance with an oral 75-g glucose tolerance test. A total of 45 (23.3%) subjects declared to be already diabetic. Of the 148 non-diabetic subjects, 141 (95.3%) had normal fasting plasma glucose, whereas four (2.8%) had IFG (i.e. FPG6.1 and <7.0 mmol/l) and 3 (2.5%) had FPG7.0 mmol/l. Upon OGTT, among the 141 subjects with normal FPG, 6 (4.3%) were diagnosed with diabetes and 23 (16.3%) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); the remaining 112 (79.5%) had normal glucose tolerance. Three out of four subjects with IFG had IGT. The sensitivities of fasting criteria for diagnosis of diabetes and IFG/IGT were 14.3% (95% CI, 8.0%–37.2%) and 17.1% (95% CI, 8.6%–19.8%), respectively. The specificities were 98.6% (95% CI, 97.9%–99.7%) and 99.1% (95% CI, 96.5%–100%), respectively. The kappa for diabetes diagnosis was 0.177 (95% CI, 0.018–0.507). For women with previous GDM, the sensitivity of the new criteria based upon fasting plasma glucose is unacceptably low. In addition, the two sets of criteria are not interchangeable. Therefore, we suggest full glucose tolerance diagnostic procedures in women after GDM, including assessment of post-glucose challenge values.     

冠心病患者的糖代谢异常分析

目的探讨冠心病患者血糖代谢异常的发生率以及糖代谢异常对心血管事件发生和影响预后的可能机制。方法选择病情稳定的冠心病(NACS)患者和急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者各110例。抽取静脉血检查空腹血糖(FBG)和餐后2小时血糖(2hPG),若其中任何1项异常,则进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)。根据血糖结果分为糖代谢正常组和糖代谢异常组(包括糖耐量异常组和糖尿病组)。同时行丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)测定。结果糖代谢异常发生率在NACS和ACS患者中分别占44.54%和63.64%。无论NACS患者或ACS患者,糖代谢异常组的MDA升高和SOD降低与糖代谢正常组比较差异均有显著性;合并糖尿病和合并糖耐量异常的患者组间MDA及SOD水平比较,差异无显著性。结论糖代谢异常在冠心病患者中发生率较高,其中新识别糖代谢异常需要行OGTT检查;合并糖代谢异常的冠心病患者脂质过氧化程度高;合并糖耐量异常与合并糖尿病一样,对冠心病患者有相等程度的氧化应激。     

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus – do the new WHO criteria make a difference?

AIMS: To describe the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) according to the 1998 WHO provisional recommendations and compare it to that found with previous 1985 WHO criteria. METHODS: A total of 5564 consecutive women aged 20 years or more without diagnosis of diabetes mellitus outside of pregnancy in general prenatal care clinics of the National Health Service in 6 state capitals of Brazil, between their 20th and 28th gestational weeks were enrolled. RESULTS: Of the 5004 women who completed a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, 379 (7.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.9% to 8.4%) had GDM by the 1998 criteria (fasting glucose > or = 7.0 mmol/l or 2 h glucose > or = 7.8 mmol/l). Of these 379 cases, only 21 (5.5%) had hyperglycaemia in the range considered diabetes mellitus outside pregnancy (fasting glucose > or = 7.0 mmol/l or 2 h glucose > or = 11.1 mmol/l); the remaining 358 (94.5%) had hyperglycaemia in the impaired glucose tolerance range (fasting glucose < 7.0 and 2 h glucose > or = 7.8 mmol/l and < 11.1 mmol/l). Using the 1985 criteria (fasting or 2 h glucose > or = 7.8 mmol/l), 378 cases of GDM were found, 15 in the diabetes range and 363 in the impaired glucose tolerance range. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of GDM is minimally altered by the new WHO definition. Although GDM is a common condition, the vast majority of the cases have hyperglycaemia in the range considered impaired glucose tolerance outside pregnancy.     

Circulating leptin and insulin in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation to ghrelin and oxidative stress

Aim

This case control study aimed to investigate relationship between appetite hormones (ghrelin and leptin) and body mass index (BMI), insulin and oxidative stress in simple obese and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) obese patients.

Methods

Thirty healthy controls; 30 simple obese and 30 T2DM obese patients were enrolled. Demographic and clinical data of all participants were reported. Serum levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PBG), lipid peroxide (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by chemical methods while, insulin, leptin and ghrelin by ELISA kits.

Results

Serum levels of insulin, leptin, LPO were significantly higher while, ghrelin was significantly lower in simple obese and obese patients with diabetes versus controls. Insulin resistance was found in 76.67% simple obese and 93.33% obese patients with diabetes. Ghrelin showed a positive correlation with PBG in controls; but negative correlation with BMI in simple obese and with NO in obese patients with diabetes. Positive correlations were found between LPO and FBG, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and between leptin and FBG in obese patients with diabetes.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia may be most important mechanisms in decreasing ghrelin and inducing oxidative stress in simple obese and T2DM obese patients.