Role of diabetes mellitus on the natural history of central retinal vein occlusion.

In order to elucidate the role of diabetes mellitus on the natural history of central retinal vein occlusion, we compared two groups of central retinal vein occlusion, one with diabetes mellitus (32 patients) and one without diabetes mellitus (113 patients). The two groups were quite similar with respect to age, sex, systemic hypertension and glaucoma. No fellow eye had proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The diabetic group had angiographically a more ischemic type of central retinal vein occlusion (72%) than the nondiabetic group (39%; p less than 0.002). Diabetics with central retinal vein occlusion should be closely monitored.     

Anatomy of arteriovenous crossings in branch retinal vein occlusion

We studied the photographic records of 292 eyes, including 103 eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion, 90 fellow eyes, and 99 control eyes without branch retinal vein occlusion. All arteriovenous crossings within three disk diameters of the optic disk, including the crossings at the sites of branch retinal vein occlusions, were studied. The relative positions of the crossing artery and vein could be determined at 1,939 crossings in all eyes. Crossings at which a vein crossed over an artery were a common finding (22.3% to 33.0% of crossings), but were rare at the crossings where branch retinal vein occlusions were found (2.4%). A greater proportion of arterial overcrossings was found in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusions (77.7%) compared to fellow eyes (70.6%) or control eyes (67.0%). Our data indicate that arterial overcrossings are at relatively higher risk of branch retinal vein occlusion than venous overcrossings, and that the risk of branch vein occlusion in an eye is proportional to the number of arterial overcrossings in the eye.     

Bilateral branch vein occlusion.

Bilateral branch retinal vein occlusion is a relatively rare occurrence. We report 4 patients who presented with bilateral branch retinal vein occlusion and in each of these cases the fellow eyes were involved within 6 months of the initial episode. The patients were relatively young and all of them had associated essential hypertension. The patients maintained a relatively good visual acuity through a 6-months to 1-year follow-up. This report highlights this rare entity, the associated risk factors and visual prognosis.     

Type of arteriovenous crossing at site of branch retinal vein occlusion.

A retrospective study of 63 patients (64 eyes) with symptomatic branch retinal vein occlusion, 30 men and 33 women, was carried out in this study. The ages of the subjects ranged from 40 to 82 years. Systemic hypertension was present in 41 patients and diabetes mellitus in 19. The occlusion involved the superotemporal vein in 39 eyes, inferotemporal vein in 20, superonasal vein in 2 or macular vein in 3. The site of the occlusion could be examined in detail in 57 eyes, and an arterial overcrossing was involved in 53 of these eyes (93%). This incidence of arterial overcrossing was significantly higher in the branch retinal vein occlusion eyes than in control eyes (P less than 0.05).     

The role of axial length in central and branch retinal vein occlusion

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the axial length is a local risk factor in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The axial lengths of affected and fellow eyes of 19 patients with CRVO and 27 with BRVO and of their controls were measured with A-scan ultrasonography. The control group consisted of 17 individuals for CRVO and 25 for BRVO matched in age, sex and the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in patient groups. The results of measurements in affected, unaffected and control eyes were compared. RESULTS: The mean axial length was different among the affected and unaffected eyes in patients with CRVO and their controls (P < .05). The affected eyes had significantly shorter axial length compared to the fellow and control eyes (P < .01 and P < .01, respectively). In the BRVO group, the mean axial length did not differ among affected, unaffected and control eyes (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a significantly shorter axial length in eyes with CRVO and not significantly shorter axial length in those with BRVO. The shorter axial length could be an additional risk factor in the pathogenesis of CRVO.     

Multifocal electroretinogram in branch retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To describe the response from multifocal electroretinography in branch retinal vein occlusion. DESIGN: Prospective observational case control series. METHODS: Multifocal electroretinography was recorded in 15 patients with temporal branch retinal vein occlusion and 21 control subjects using a visual evoked response imaging system. RESULTS: There were significant differences in mean amplitude (P =.01) and latency (P =.001) between thrombotic and nonthrombotic retina in the same eyes, as well as in patients compared with control subjects. CONCLUSION: Responses from multifocal electroretinography demonstrate retinal dysfunction in branch retinal vein occlusion; additional studies will demonstrate whether multifocal electroretinography has a prognostic value.     

后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德联合格栅样光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞黄斑水肿的临床疗效观察

目的观察后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德（TA）联合格栅样光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞（BRVO）黄斑水肿的临床疗效。方法选择我院门诊2009年5月至2011年10月缺血型BRVO黄斑水肿眼48例,随机分为两组,激光格栅样光凝治疗组和后Tenon囊下注射TA联合激光格栅样光凝治疗组,两组均先行激光格栅样光凝治疗黄斑水肿,实验组随后行TA40mg后Tenon囊下注射。观测两组治疗前和治疗后3天、1周、1月、3个月时视力、眼压、荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）。结果所有患眼视力均有不同程度提高,实验组1周内6例视力提高,1,3月同期两组视力提高比较,有显著差异沪〈0．05）,FFA显示黄斑水肿减轻或消退。2月内暂时性眼压轻度升高6只眼,经局部药物治疗后3个月内均恢复正常。所有患眼未见眼内炎、眼球壁穿孔、眼眶出血等并发症。结论后Tenon囊下注射TA联合黄斑格栅样光凝治疗BRVO黄斑水肿效果明显,恢复快。     

Clinical and angiographic features in nasal branch retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To analyse the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of nasal branch retinal vein occlusion (NBRVO). METHODS: Patients affected by branch retinal vein occlusion observed in the out-patient departments of the Eye Clinic of Trieste between January 1995 and January 1999 were enrolled. RESULTS: Out of 144 patients with branch retinal vein occlusion, 128 (88.9%) were affected by temporal branch retinal vein occlusion (TBRVO), and 16 patients were affected by NBRVO (11.1%). The two groups did not differ as far as systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma and ischaemic heart disease were regarded. NBRVO cases were characterized by better visual acuity and greater figures of capillary non-perfusion, retinal neovascularization and vitreous haemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: NBRVO, even though infrequent, shares the same epidemiological characteristics as TBRVO. The higher prevalence of ischaemic cases in the NBRVO group could depend on a bias during the enrolment of patients, because especially symptomatic patients may have been examined in our out-patient departments. The relatively high percentage of epiretinal membrane formation after laser photocoagulation suggests particular caution, especially in cases presenting with vitreous haemorrhage.     

玻璃体内注射雷珠单抗联合577nm激光治疗视网膜静脉阻塞合并黄斑水肿的疗效观察

目的:探讨玻璃体内注射雷珠单抗联合577 nm激光治疗视网膜静脉阻塞合并黄斑水肿的临床疗效.方法:选取我院于2014-06/2017-03期间收治的视网膜静脉阻塞合并黄斑水肿患者64例64眼,其中视网膜中央静脉阻塞组患者40例40眼,视网膜分支静脉阻塞组患者24例24眼,均于玻璃体内注射0.5 mg的雷珠单抗进行治疗,在注射后的第5~7 d给予577 nm的激光光凝治疗.同时期42例42眼单纯采用577 nm激光光凝治疗的视网膜静脉阻塞合并黄斑水肿患者作为对照组.对比治疗前后各组患者相关指标的变化情况.结果:视网膜分支静脉阻塞组重复注射的平均次数为1.71±0.79次,视网膜中央静脉阻塞组患者重复注射的平均次数为2.11±0.80次,所有需要重复注射的患者注射时间间隔均>30 d.治疗1 mo后随访时,视网膜分支静脉阻塞组患者中无视力下降者,而视网膜中央静脉阻塞组患者中出现视力下降者6例6眼,单纯激光治疗组14例14眼;三组患者的最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)分别为0.87±0.60、0.57±0.48和0.54±0.32,均显著优于治疗前(1.26±0.53、0.86±0.39、0.76±0.26),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗前三组患者的黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(central macular thickness,CMT)分别为683.24±211.83、557.39±128.29、545.82±129.76μm,均显著高于各组治疗1 mo后随访时的CMT(412.09±257.38、356.29±133.02、322.78±109.55μm),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).雷珠单抗联合激光治疗的患者中出现结膜下出血6例6眼,眼压升高至25 mmHg的患者2例2眼,均给予对症治疗后得以恢复.结论:采用玻璃体内注射雷珠单抗联合577 nm激光治疗视网膜阻塞合并黄斑水肿能够有效改善患者的视力,降低黄斑区视网膜厚度.     

视网膜电图对视网膜血管阻塞的功能评估

目的：用视网膜电图评估视网膜血管阻塞的功能改变。方法：３０例视网膜中央静脉阻塞,１５例视网膜分支静脉阻塞,７例视网膜中央动脉阻塞和６例视网膜分支动脉阻塞按照ＩＳＣＥＶ的ＥＲＧ标准进行全视野网膜电图的检测。用Ｉ１蓝光、Ｉ１６红光和Ｉ１６白光估计暗视ＥＲＧ,用Ｉ１６红光和Ｉ８白光估计明视ＥＲＧ。记录ａ波和ｂ波的振幅和潜伏期及震荡电位。结果：视网膜血管阻塞的震荡电位异常率最高,其次为ｂ波;ＥＲＧ的异常率     

Systemic diseases associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To investigate systemic diseases associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: We investigated prospectively in 1090 consecutive patients with retinal vein occlusion, almost all Caucasian (consistent with the racial pattern here), the prevalence of associated systemic disorders before or at the onset of various types of retinal vein occlusion. The patients were categorized into six types of retinal vein occlusion based on defined criteria: nonischemic and ischemic central retinal vein occlusion, nonischemic and ischemic hemi-central retinal vein occlusion, and major and macular branch retinal vein occlusion. The patients had a detailed ophthalmic and systemic evaluation according to our protocol. For data analysis, patients were divided into three age groups: young (younger than 45 years), middle-aged (45 to 64 years), and elderly (65 years or older). The observed prevalence rates of major systemic diseases were compared among central retinal vein occlusion, hemi-central retinal vein occlusion, and branch retinal vein occlusion using a polytomous logistic regression analysis adjusting for gender and age. Logistic regression adjusting for age and gender was also used to compare the observed prevalence of systemic disease between nonischemic and ischemic in central retinal vein occlusion and hemi-central retinal vein occlusion and between major and macular branch retinal vein occlusion. These observed prevalence rates were also compared with those expected in a gender-matched and age-matched control population from estimates from the US National Center for Health Statistics. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher prevalence of arterial hypertension in branch retinal vein occlusion compared with central retinal vein occlusion (P < .0001) and hemi-central retinal vein occlusion (P = .028). Branch retinal vein occlusion also had a significantly higher prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (P = .0002), venous disease (P = .011), peptic ulcer (P = .031), and other gastrointestinal disease (P < .0001) compared with central retinal vein occlusion. The proportion of patients with branch retinal vein occlusion with cerebrovascular disease was also significantly (P = .049) greater than that of the combined group of patients with central retinal vein occlusion and patients with hemi-central retinal vein occlusion. There was no significant difference in prevalence of any systemic disease between central retinal vein occlusion and hemi-central retinal vein occlusion. A significantly greater prevalence of arterial hypertension (P = .025) and diabetes mellitus (P = .011) was present in the ischemic central retinal vein occlusion compared with the nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Similarly, arterial hypertension (P = .0002) and ischemic heart disease (P = .048) were more prevalent in major branch retinal vein occlusion than in macular branch retinal vein occlusion. Relative to the US white control population, the combined group of patients with central retinal vein occlusion and patients with hemi-central retinal vein occlusion had a higher prevalence of arterial hypertension (P < .0001), peptic ulcer (P < .0001), diabetes mellitus (in ischemic type only, P < .0001), and thyroid disorder (P < .0001). The patients with branch retinal vein occlusion showed a greater prevalence of arterial hypertension (P < or = .005), cerebrovascular disease (P = .007), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = .012), peptic ulcer (P < .0001), diabetes (in young only, P = .0005), and thyroid disorder (P = .003) compared with the US white control population. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our study revealed that a variety of systemic disorders may be present in association with different types of retinal vein occlusion and in different age groups, and that their relative prevalence differs significantly, so that the common practice of generalizing about these disorders for the entire group of patients with retinal vein occlusion can be misleading. The presence of a particular associated systemic disease does not necessarily imply a cause-and-effect relationship with that type of retinal vein occlusion; the particular disease may or may not be one of the risk factors in a multifactorial scenario predisposing an eye to develop a particular type of retinal vein occlusion. Based on our study, we think that apart from a routine medical evaluation, an extensive and expensive workup for systemic diseases is unwarranted in the vast majority of patients with retinal vein occlusion.     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离21例手术疗效分析

目的 分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离的手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离21例（21眼）的手术治疗效果,随访6～18个月,观察视力、眼底及视网膜复位情况.结果 视网膜分支静脉阻塞以颞侧分支尤其是颞上支静脉为主;视网膜裂孔为圆形及马蹄形,均位于牵引点附近,沿血管分布.进行玻璃体切除视网膜脱离复位手术及眼内激光光凝.随访6～18个月,所有患者视网膜均复位,19眼（90.5％）视力改善明显,3眼（9.5％）保持不变.无严重并发症发生.结论 及时进行视网膜脱离复位及激光光凝术是治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离的有效方法.     

玻璃体切除治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞引起玻璃体积血的临床效果

目的:探讨玻璃体切除手术治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞引起的玻璃体积血的临床效果。方法:回顾分析28例28眼视网膜分支静脉阻塞引起的玻璃体积血患者进行闭合式玻璃体切除,联合增殖膜剥离、眼内激光光凝及玻璃体腔长效气体、硅油或灌注液填充手术的临床疗效。结果:该28例患者术中均可见视网膜分支静脉阻塞闭锁呈白线状。视网膜静脉阻塞颞上方20例,颞下方8例。合并视盘新生血管2例,18例阻塞区可见视网膜新生血管及交通支。并发视网膜脱离7例,患者术前及术后视力比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:玻璃体切除是视网膜分支阻塞的有效手术方法,术中应谨慎去除阻塞区增殖病灶,光凝视网膜无灌注区,术后注意观察阻塞部位的视网膜复位及增殖情况。     

Retinal and retinocortical times to pattern stimulation in amblyopic children

In order to determine whether in amblyopes retinal conduction delays contribute to the cortical measurable delays in the visual evoked cortical potential (VECP), peak latencies of the pattern electroretinogram (ERG) are measured in amblyopic children. The results are compared with those of the normal fellow eyes and those of a healthy control group. Simultaneously the latencies in the VECP are recorded and the determination of the retinocortical times is performed. Statistically retinal b-wave (Q) and a-wave (P) of the pattern ERG of amblyopic eyes do not show significant delays of peak latency. In retinocortical times, however, there are significant prolongations. During occlusion therapy retinocortical values of normal fellow eyes are also delayed in comparison with the control group. A pathological conduction delay of visual information on the retinal level up to the generators of the pattern ERG can thus be excluded in amblyopia. The total latency delay in the VECP of amblyopes consists solely in a prolongation of retinocortical times.     

The fellow eye in retinal vein occlusive disease

Bilateral occurrence of retinal vein occlusive disease is relatively uncommon. In this retrospective review of 157 patients with retinal vein occlusion, 74 had unilateral major trunk occlusion (MTO), i.e., either central (CRVO) or hemicentral (hemi-CRVO) retinal vein occlusion, 12 had MTO in both eyes, and two had MTO in one eye and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) in the other. In 69 patients there was unilateral BRVO. Thus, 8.9% of the patients had bilateral retinal vein occlusive disease of any type. Of the 88 patients with MTO in at least one eye, 13.6% had MTO disease in the fellow eye as well and only 2.3% had BRVO in the fellow eye. Major trunk occlusion in one eye thus appears to be a greater risk factor than BRVO for the bilateral occurrence of retinal vein occlusive disease. Another factor predisposing to bilateral occurrence in the group of patients with MTO was the coexistence of diabetic retinopathy (P less than 0.05).     

康柏西普联合激光光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿

目的：分析康柏西普联合激光光凝对视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿患者的影响。

方法：根据随机数表法,将2019-01/2021-06在本院治疗的102例102眼视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿患者分为观察组和对照组,每组各51例51眼。对照组采用激光光凝治疗,观察组采用康柏西普联合激光光凝治疗。比较两组患者黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度、最佳矫正视力、并发症发生率有无差异。

结果：治疗3mo后,观察组黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度比对照组低(P<0.05),观察组最佳矫正视力优于对照组(P<0.05); 两组并发症发生率无差异(P>0.05)。

结论：康柏西普联合激光光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发的黄斑水肿,可有效改善黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度,提高患者视力,且并发症与单纯视网膜激光光凝治疗相比并未增加,安全有效。     

黄斑分支静脉阻塞荧光血管造影分析

目的：分析视网膜黄斑分支静脉阻塞(MBRVO)的荧光造影改变和临床特点。方法：收集90例91只眼MBRVO患者的荧光造影照片，分析黄斑分支静脉阻塞的部位及特点。结果：MBRVO旧占同期分支静脉阻塞的14．0％；阻塞部位以黄斑颓上支多见，占71．4％；动静脉交叉呈正交叉者为98．9％；黄斑水肿发生率为93．4％；出现缺血改变占16．5％；对侧眼出现静脉阻塞者为5．5％。结论：MBRVO的发病与MBRVO的病因及受累部位相似，视力预后取决于其并发症的程度及范围。     

Decreased inner retinal activity in branch retinal vein occlusion

The electroretinogram, electro-oculogram and electroretinogram oscillatory potential all reflect the mass activity of the retina. The electroretinogram usually remains normal after branch retinal vein occlusion, whereas the electro-oculogram and oscillatory potential often show abnormalities. These tests thus have a differential sensitivity to branch retinal vein occlusion. However, whether the inner layer of the retina is affected in branch retinal vein occlusion has not been determined. In this study, conventional electroretinographic and oscillatory potential data were compared in 34 patients with branch retinal vein occlusion, while electroretinographic and electro-oculographic data were compared in 30 patients with branch retinal vein occlusion, in an attempt to determine whether the inner retina was affected in this disorder. None of the conventional electroretinographic variables showed any significant difference between the eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion and the fellow eyes. In the oscillatory potential test, however, the sum of the amplitudes of O₁, O₂, O₃ and O₄ showed a significant difference (p < 0.02).=" in=" addition,=" the=" light=" peak-dark=" trough=" ratio=" and=" the=" light=" peak=" showed=" a=" significant=" difference=" in=" the=" electro-oculogram=" (p=">< 0.05=" and=" p=">< 0.05,=" respectively).=" since=" the=" oscillatory=" potential=" and=" the=" electro-oculogram=" light=" rise=" potential=" reflect=" the=" activity=" of=" the=" inner=" retina,=" our=" data=" suggest=" that=" the=" inner=" retina=" was=" affected=" by=" branch=" retinal=" vein=" occlusion=" and=" that=" these=" variables=" are=" more=" sensitive=" indicators=" than=" the=">     

玻璃体腔内注射康柏西普联合532激光治疗视网膜静脉阻塞

目的：评价0.5mg的康柏西普注射联合532激光对视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)的效果及安全性。

方法：2015-05/2016-03住院治疗的RVO病例122例122眼,按照随机数字表法随机分为研究组58例58眼(其中中央静脉阻塞患者24例24眼,分支静脉阻塞患者34例34眼)和对照组64例64眼(其中中央静脉阻塞患者26例26眼,分支静脉阻塞患者38例38眼)。两组患者行康柏西普玻璃体腔内注射术。研究组注射药物前行532激光治疗。治疗前及治疗后1、3、6mo复查行光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检查,比较两组最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA),黄斑中心凹厚度及视网膜色素上皮(RPE)隆起的面积。

结果：治疗后1、3、6mo两组的BCVA均较术前提高,具有统计学意义(P<0.05); 治疗后3、6mo研究组BCVA提高均大于对照组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),1mo两组间差别无统计学意义。黄斑中心凹厚度及直径3mm²圆内RPE隆起的厚度均较术前减小,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对于黄斑中心凹厚度及直径3mm²圆内RPE隆起的厚度,研究组下降水平均大于对照组,治疗后3、6mo均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),但治疗后1mo两组间的差别无统计学意义。所有患者均未出现不良反应。

结论：康柏西普注射可提高患者视力,降低黄斑中心凹厚度及RPE隆起的面积,与532激光合用对RVO效果较单纯药物注射更好。     

复方血栓通胶囊治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞的眼底形态学变化

目的 从眼底形态学角度探讨复方血栓通胶囊治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞的临床疗效.方法 选取视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者72例(72只眼)随机分为复方血栓通治疗组和丹参治疗组.治疗前和治疗后1个月,分别行最佳矫正视力、视网膜分支静脉相对直径(d/D)和眼底出血相对面积(a/A)的测量.结果 两组治疗后1个月,最佳矫正视力均明显提高(P<0.01),d/D值均明显减小(P<0.01),且均无组间差异(均P>0.05).治疗后两组a/A值均明显缩小(P<0.01),但治疗后血栓通组a/A值(4.11±2.46)明显比丹参组a/A值(8.36±2.73)小(P<0.01).结论 复方血栓通胶囊口服能有效提高视网膜分支静脉阻塞后的视力、缩容迂曲静脉、促进出血吸收.