内镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路至鞍上区的解剖及临床应用

目的 探讨神经内镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路手术切除鞍上区肿瘤的可行性和安全性.方法 选用10具灌注固定的正查尸头,模拟经鼻扩大蝶窦入路,内镜下观察鞍上区解剖结构,应用神经导航获取并分析解剖数据.采用神经内镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路切除鞍上区肿瘤12例,并以人工硬脑膜、明胶海绵和生物胶"三明治"式A结构重建颅底.结果 视神经一颈内动脉隐窝是丙镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路中恒定且关键的解剖标志.剪开硬脑膜后,可显露视交叉下间隙和上间隙,其中视交叉下间隙可见两侧颈内动脉、两侧垂体上动脉、垂体上部、垂体柄、视神经和视交叉,视交叉上间隙内可见大脑前动脉A1和A2段、前交通动脉以及直回.12例鞍上区肿瘤全切除10例,次全切除2例;随访12例,时间6～62个月,术后出现脑脊液鼻漏1例,再次行内镜下修补术后恢复.结论 神经内镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路切除鞍上区肿瘤是可行和安全的,熟练的内镜技术和可靠的颅底重建是手术成功的关键.     

内镜下扩大经鼻蝶鞍区解剖学研究进展

鞍区位于中颅底中心部位,其解剖结构复杂、功能重要,是垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤、脑膜瘤等肿瘤的好发部位.对于手术治疗此区病变,经鼻蝶入路利用鼻腔、蝶窦等自然腔隙,能缩短手术入路,较常规开颅创伤小,现对内镜下扩大经鼻蝶窦鞍区手术所涉及的解剖结构进行综述.     

锁孔手术切除颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨锁孔入路切除颅咽管瘤的显微手术技术,以最大限度减少手术创伤,并达到完美的治疗效果。方法 采用眉部切口,在眶上额骨作直径2cm左右开颅,应用内镜辅助的显微手术技术切除病变。结果 连续8例颅咽管瘤患者采用眶上锁孔入路技术获治愈。结论 眶上锁孔入路可明显减少手术创伤,提供鞍上区足够的手术空间,并有效地切除病变。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路鞍区肿瘤的手术治疗

目的报道神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除59例鞍区肿瘤的方法和效果,探讨其优缺点和手术适应证。方法全部病人采用神经内镜下经鼻内-蝶窦标准入路和改良入路切除肿瘤。其中常规的神经内镜下经单侧鼻内-蝶窦入路36例,简化的神经内镜下经蝶窦入路16例,扩大的神经内镜下经蝶窦入路7例。4例手术中利用了神经导航技术。结果全切除肿瘤42例,次全切(>80%)7例,大部切除5例,引流3例,活检2例;本组病例术后1例死亡,7例有一过性脑脊液鼻漏;19例术后出现一过性多尿,术后3d-1周恢复正常,5例术后出现较长时间的多尿,4例经治疗术后3-6个月恢复正常,1例目前维持用药。随访3个月-3.5年,视力不同程度改善20例,异常增高的激素水平降至正常22例;4例手术后再接受了伽玛刀治疗,21例手术后3个月行普通放疗,1例垂体瘤1年后复发,再次接受导航辅助下内镜手术。结论神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路(包括标准入路和改良入路)适用于大多数鞍区肿瘤的切除,如垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤、鞍结节脑膜瘤等,可以获得满意的手术效果。     

经鼻蝶窦入路显微手术切除鞍膈内型颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨经鼻蝶窦入路切除鞍膈内型颅因管瘤的手术适应证和疗效.方法 收集自2005年10月至2010年12月经手术治疗且病理证实的鞍膈内型颅咽管瘤10例,通过随访进行回顾性分析.结果 男∶女=3∶7,发病年龄在15～48岁之间,多以视力减退、闭经泌乳和头痛作为首发症状,女性尤以闭经泌乳常见.病变呈囊性或囊实性.2例全切除,8例近全切除.1例发生术后脑脊液鼻漏.10例均得到随访,闭经泌乳、视力下降、尿崩症状改善明显,2例复发.结论 经鼻蝶窦入路显微手术治疗鞍膈内型颅咽管瘤以力争全切肿瘤为原则,掌握手术适应证和合理运用显微外科技术可显著改善此类肿瘤患者的预后.     

经蝶窦入路手术治疗颅咽管瘤

颅咽管瘤是鞍区常见的胚胎残余性良性肿瘤,一直是神经外科治疗难点之一。经蝶窦入路切除颅咽管瘤是最早被采用的手术方式之一,但由于手术视野小,脑脊液漏发生率高,对鞍上肿瘤部分切除困难等原因,经蝶窦入路一直被视为一种颅咽管瘤手术切除的补充入路。近年来,随着手术器械的进步,神经内镜、神经导航等新技术的应用,以及扩大经蝶手术方式的发展,经蝶窦手术入路逐渐成为治疗颅咽管瘤的理想手术方式之一。本文就目前采用经蝶窦手术治疗颅咽管瘤的情况做一综述。     

经蝶窦入路手术切除颅咽管瘤

颅咽管瘤是起源于垂体胚胎发育过程中残存鳞状上皮细胞的先天性良性肿瘤,其主要发生部位为鞍上区,少数位于鞍内。由于其生长方式及特点,开颅手术一直是颅咽管瘤的主要治疗方式。但近年来,随着各种新技术的应用,尤其是对颅咽管瘤分型认识的不断深入,经蝶窦入路逐渐被越来越多的神经外科医生采用,并且体现出开颅手术所不具有的各种优点。本文就经蝶窦入路手术切除颅咽管瘤的情况做一综述。     

神经导航辅助下经鼻蝶入路切除鞍内型颅咽管瘤的围手术期护理

目的总结神经导航辅助下经鼻蝶入路切除鞍内型颅咽管瘤的护理经验。方法回顾性分析2012年12月至2016年12月在神经导航辅助下经鼻蝶入路切除的21例鞍内型颅咽管瘤的临床资料,总结护理经验。结果 21例手术顺利,肿瘤均全切。术后无明显并发症,无手术死亡。术后随访半年效果良好。结论神经导航辅助下经鼻蝶入路切除鞍内型颅咽管瘤定位精准、创伤小、手术时间短、效果良好,高质量的手术配合是手术成功的重要保证。     

扩大经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术切除鞍上颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨扩大经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术切除鞍上颅咽管瘤的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2018年3月至2022年7扩大经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗的20例鞍上颅咽管瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除17例，次全切除2例，部分切除1例。术后8例新发甲状腺功能减退，10例新发肾上腺素功能减退，5例新发尿崩症。无新发高泌乳素血症。术后1例发生脑膜炎，无脑脊液漏。术后随访6～22个月，平均（12.16±3.40）个月，无肿瘤复发或病人死亡。结论 扩大经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术是一种治疗鞍上颅咽管瘤的有效方法。     

鞍区病变微创入路研究进展

蝶鞍区位于颅底中央,位置深在,其周围和重要的神经、血管结构毗邻,手术显露较为困难。原发于蝶鞍和邻近部位侵犯鞍区的病变比较常见,主要包括:垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤、脑膜瘤等。其中垂体腺瘤最为常见。目前鞍区的手术入路大体可以分为经颅和经蝶入路两大类,经颅入路中包括传统的经筋膜间翼点入路和经额下入路,由此衍生的各种改良经颅入路包括经眶上锁孔入路、经翼点锁孔入路、扩大额下入路等。经蝶窦入路包括经唇下-蝶窦入路、经鼻中隔-蝶窦入路、经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路、神经内镜经鼻-蝶窦入路,扩大经鼻入路等多种。本文就目前常用的几种鞍区手术…     

经胼胝体-穹隆间入路切除突入第三脑室内颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨切除鞍上突入第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的显微手术人路及疗效.方法 经胼胝体-穹隆间入路显微手术切除46例突入第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤.结果 肿瘤全切33例,近全切10例,部分切除3例;随访46例,随访时间3个月-15年,其中39例术后恢复正常工作和生活,8例术后复发.结论 经胼胝体-穹隆间入路切除第三脑室颅咽管瘤疗效显著.此入路能最大限度地保护正常脑组织,并在明显提高肿瘤全切率的同时做到较少的术后并发症.     

大型颅咽管瘤的显微手术治疗

目的:结合颅底手术入路提高鞍上、三脑室、脚间池大型颅咽管瘤的手术全切除率,提高疗效。方法:采用不同颅底手术入路显微手术切除37例鞍上、三脑室、脚间池大型颅咽管瘤。结果:肿瘤全切除35例,次全切除2例。术中解剖保留垂体柄31例,所有患者术后伴有不同程度一过性尿崩、动眼神经麻痹10例。全部病例平均随访3年,复发1例。结论:对位于鞍上、三脑室和脚间池的大型颅咽管瘤应根据肿瘤的不同生长方向采用相应的手术入路,充分暴露鞍区各脑池、视神经、前循环及其穿通支和三脑室底部等结构,对脑组织和脑神经牵拉小,术后并发症少且易控制,可取得较好的手术治疗效果。     

Premio Sixto Obrador 2013. Modelo topográfico de 3 ejes para el tratamiento quirúrgico de los craneofaringiomas. Parte II: Evidencias anatómicas y neurorradiológicas que definen el modelo de clasificación de 3 ejes y su utilidad para predecir el riesgo quirúrgico individual

Introduction and objectivesThis study evaluates the pathological and magnetic resonance imaging evidence to define the precise topographical relationships of craniopharyngiomas and to classify these lesions according to the risks of hypothalamic injury associated with their removal.Material and methodsAn extensive, systematic analysis of the topographical classification models used in the surgical series of craniopharyngiomas reported in the literature (n = 145 series, 4,588 craniopharyngiomas) was performed. Topographical relationships of well-described operated craniopharyngiomas (n = 224 cases) and of non-operated cases reported in autopsies (n = 201 cases) were also analysed. Finally, preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging studies displayed in craniopharyngiomas reports (n = 130) were compared to develop a triple-axis model for the topographical classification of these lesions with qualitative information regarding the associated risk of hypothalamic injury.ResultsThe 2 major variables with prognostic value to define the topography of a craniopharyngioma are its position relative to the sellar diaphragm and its degree of invasion of the third ventricle floor. A multivariate diagnostic model including 5 variables –patient age, presence of hydrocephalus and/or psychiatric symptoms, the relative position of the hypothalamus and the mammillary body angle– makes it possible to differentiate suprasellar craniopharyngiomas displacing the third ventricle upwards (pseudointraventricular craniopharyngiomas) from either strictly intraventricular craniopharyngiomas or lesions developing primarily within the third ventricle floor (infundibulo-tuberal or not strictly intraventricular craniopharyngiomas).ConclusionsA triple-axis topographical model for craniopharyngiomas that includes the degree of hypothalamus invasion is useful in planning the surgical approach and degree of resection. Infundibulo-tuberal craniopharyngiomas represent 42% of all cases. These lesions typically show tight, circumferential adhesion to the third ventricle floor, with their removal being associated with a 50% risk of hypothalamic injury. The endoscopically-assisted extended transsphenoidal approach provides a proper view to assess the degree and extension of craniopharyngioma adherence to the hypothalamus.     

翼点入路切除鞍上大型颅咽管瘤的显微手术技巧

目的 为探讨大型鞍上颅咽管瘤经翼点入路全切除的显微手术技巧。方法 随访分析和回顾总结我科63例颅咽管瘤病人手术治疗和预后情况，介绍充分开放外侧裂、暴露切除肿瘤、合理利用各手术间隙、重要组织结构保护及关键器械使用等方面的技巧。结果 本组全切51例，次全切12例，无手术死亡。经该入路切除鞍区肿瘤路径短、损伤少、暴露充分；在传统四个手术间隙基础上，合理使用颈内动脉上间隙增加了肿瘤的直视范围和角度，更有利于肿瘤的切除。结论 翼点入路是鞍区肿瘤手术的理想入路。熟悉显微解剖，充分利用各手术间隙及娴熟的显微操作技巧是全切肿瘤的基础和关键。     

Trans-lamina terminalis approach for third ventricle and suprasellar tumours

Background

The trans-lamina terminalis (TLT) approach to the suprasellar region and third ventricle is complex, with risks of visual and hormonal deficits. However, the postoperative deficits might not be directly related to opening of the lamina terminalis but to the close relationship of tumours with vital neural and vascular structures. The analysis of results using this approach was the objective of this study.

Material and methods

The TLT approach was used in 29 patients (18 craniopharyngiomas, 5 astrocytomas, 5 germinomas and 1 ganglioglioma). The extent of tumour removal, mortality and morbidity (especially visual or hormonal deficits) were studied.

Results

Complete tumour removal was achieved in 15 patients, subtotal extensive removal (more than 90%) in 9 cases and partial removal in 5 cases. Panhypopituitarism developed in 22 patients. Total tumour removal was associated with the development of endocrinological disturbances. There was worsening or the onset of new visual field defects in 4 cases. Postoperative endocrine and visual deficits were in the range generally described regarding surgery for tumours in this region.

Conclusion

The TLT approach allows for extensive removal of third ventricle and suprasellar tumours, without increased risks of visual and hormonal deficits, compared to those described regarding surgery for lesions in this region.     

经额底纵裂终板入路切除鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部肿瘤

目的总结经额底纵裂终板入路切除鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部肿瘤的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析32例鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部肿瘤病人的临床资料,其中颅咽管瘤28例,生殖细胞瘤1例,垂体瘤3例。均经额底纵裂终板入路切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切除21例,次全切除6例,大部分切除5例;双侧嗅神经均保留29例,垂体柄保留24例。随访30例,时间2个月～2年,仅2例肿瘤大部分切除病人复发再次手术。结论经额底纵裂终板入路适合于切除向鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部生长的肿瘤,术野显露充分,便于保留下丘脑、垂体柄等重要结构,肿瘤全切率高,并发症少,疗效好。     

Fronto-basal interhemispheric approach for craniopharyngiomas extending outside the suprasellar cistern

Objective The aim of the present study was to establish the usefulness of the fronto-basal approach with a relatively small craniotomy window for the removal of tumors protruding from the sellar–suprasellar region to the third and basal cistern.Method Forty-two patients who were surgically treated for craniopharyngiomas extending outside the sellar–suprasellar region were evaluated. All the patients were operated on by the fronto-basal interhemispheric approach, and the average follow-up period was 5 years.Results Gross total resection of the lesion was achieved in 30 cases. Eight patients underwent subtotal resection and four patients underwent partial removal due to recurrence after previous surgeries with or without radiotherapy. In the immediate postoperative period, major complications, including impairment of the cranial nerves, were observed in two cases. One patient exhibited transient memory disturbance due to infarction of the perforator; after 3 months, this symptom was ameliorated. Three of the patients died during follow-up; however, 6 of the 30 undergoing gross total removal and 10 of the 12 patients undergoing subtotal or partial removal suffered regrowth. Ultimately, a total of 12 patients underwent re-operation with the same approach or combined with the orbito-zygomatic approach.Conclusion In our experience, the fronto-basal interhemispheric approach, even through a small craniotomy window, is a valid choice for the removal of craniopharyngiomas extending outside the sellar–suprasellar region. Using this approach, tumors can be removed without significant sequelae related to surgical technique due to easy preservation of the pituitary stalk, hypothalamic structures, and perforators. This approach offers a safe and minimally invasive means of treating craniopharyngiomas.     

颅咽管瘤非典型MRI表现

目的探讨颅咽管瘤非典型MRI表现,以提高对此病的认识。方法回顾性分析4例经手术病理证实的颅咽管瘤的MRI资料。结果4例肿瘤均为囊性:例1肿瘤位于鞍上,瘤内可见脂液平面,脑室、脑池及脑沟内可见大小不等的脂肪小滴;例2肿瘤的大部分位于桥小脑角区,仅小部分位于鞍上,T1WI和T2WI均为高信号,脂肪抑制亦为高信号;例3肿瘤位于鞍上,突向鞍内并延伸至胼胝体压部下方,蝶鞍稍增大,垂体未显示,T1WI和T2WI均为高信号;例4肿瘤位于鞍内及鞍上,蝶鞍扩大,垂体未显示,肿瘤前部T1WI和T2WI均为高信号,后部T1WI信号稍高,T2WI与白质信号相同。结论颅咽管瘤存在方式多种多样,有特征性的MRI表现,也可有非典型MRI表现,肿瘤可向邻近部位延伸,亦可破裂播散至蛛网膜下腔内。囊性颅咽管瘤的信号特点与囊液的成分有关。     

经额下—第三脑室联合入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤与颅咽管瘤24例报告

目的 介绍经额下-第三脑室联合入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤及颅咽管瘤的途径、体会及疗效。方法 额部开颅,先经侧脑室-室间孔达第三脑室,切除第三脑室肿瘤,此时因侧脑室及第三脑室已经开放,颅内压明显降低,可以很容易地抬起额叶,显露并切除鞍上及鞍内肿瘤。结果 4例全切除,20例次全切除,无死亡病例。24例术前均有不同程度视觉障碍,其中10例在住院期间视力视野已有改善,8例术后出现尿崩,经治疗1～2周好转。结论 当垂体瘤或颅咽管瘤长入第三脑室时,经额下-第三脑室入路是较理想的手术入路。     

Cyst fenestration and Ommaya reservoir placement in endoscopic transcortical transventricular approach for recurrent suprasellar cystic craniopharyngioma without ventriculomegaly

The efficacy of the endoscopic transcortical transventricular approach (ETTA) for craniopharyngioma in the third ventricle with hydrocephalus has been reported focusing on its reduced invasiveness. On the other hand, suprasellar craniopharyngioma without ventriculomegaly is generally surgically managed by craniotomy or the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). Here, we report an elderly patient who received cyst fenestration and Ommaya reservoir placement in ETTA for recurrent suprasellar cystic craniopharyngioma without ventriculomegaly. The ETTA as a less invasive procedure is feasible in patients not only with intraventricular craniopharyngioma but also with suprasellar craniopharyngioma without hydrocephalus provided a navigational system is applied and the surgeon has ample experience with transcranial endoscopic procedures.