背阔肌肌皮瓣重建断臂再植肢体屈肘屈指功能

[目的]探讨上臂离断肢体再植术后患者应用改良的背阔肌肌皮瓣移位术,重建屈肘、屈指功能的临床疗效。[方法]2008～2012年,作者对上臂离断再植成活、运动功能无法恢复的患者4例,应用带血管神经蒂的背阔肌肌皮瓣移位重建屈肘、屈指功能同时,取阔筋膜重建肘部滑车结构,二期手术腕关节、拇指掌指关节融合,术后评定重建手术的疗效。[结果]随访8～25个月,术后皮瓣全部成活,4例患者主、被动伸肘均为0°,主动屈肘最大达115°～125°,屈肘时肘部移位的背阔肌无明显弓弦样改变,移植背阔肌肌力达IV级,屈指时2～5指指尖距远侧掌横纹0～3 cm,患侧肩背部功能未见明显异常。[结论]应用改良的背阔肌肌皮瓣移位术是重建上臂离断肢体再植术后屈肘、屈指功能的有效方法。     

掌侧入路保留旋前方肌内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折

目的探讨掌侧入路保留旋前方肌内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折的疗效。方法采用掌侧入路保留旋前方肌切开复位内固定治疗47例桡骨远端骨折患者。结果患者均获得随访,时间9～23个月。术后3～6个月骨折均获得愈合。术后3个月时,桡骨远端掌倾角8°～21°,尺偏角19°～28°,桡骨短缩长度0～2 mm;腕关节及前臂活动:腕关节背伸40°～65°,腕关节掌屈45°～70°,前臂旋前55°～90°,前臂旋后55°～85°。末次随访时,腕关节功能按Gartland-Werley评分评定疗效:优29例,良13例,可5例,优良率为89. 4%。结论采用掌侧入路切开复位内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折时,保留旋前方肌符合微创治疗的理念,有利于患者术后早期康复锻炼及功能恢复。     

前臂中段离断伤再植保留手功能及加强肌力的方法

目的探讨前臂中段离断伤再植保留手功能及加强肌力的方法。方法断肢再植时将离断肢体以远失神经支配的肌肉组织切除,切取髂胫束条桥接远端肌腱和近端肌肉组织,并桥接肱二头肌加强屈腕屈指,桥接肱三头肌加强伸腕伸指功能,同时完好地接神经,以恢复手的感觉和手内在肌肌力。结果共治疗4例,术后随访19个月～28个月,平均24个月。平均肌力屈腕屈指M4;伸腕伸指M4。腕平均活动度屈腕60°,伸腕48°,桡偏20°,尺偏40°,手指总活动度（TAM）2例属优,2例属良,TAM＞80%。手部感觉恢复至S     

上肢高位离断再植的随访报告

目的　探讨上肢肩关节周围或上臂近端离断再植的适应证。方法　对 4例上肢高位离断患者的病史、术后功能的恢复进行了回顾性分析。其中 1例肩胛带离断者再植获得成功 ,在国内外尚属首次。结果　肩胛带离断再植者术后肩关节外展 4 5°,另 3例可达 90°。 4例肘关节、腕关节的伸屈运动基本达到正常范围 ;拇、手指屈伸活动恢复比较满意。术后 1年半 ,行手部功能重建术后 ,手的抓握及对指功能恢复。结论　上肢高位离断再植的适应证是肢体完整、缺血时间短 ,神经非根性撕脱伤 ,且患者年轻、全身状况好者 ,应尽量予以再植     

小腿中段离断再植保留足的活动功能方法的探讨

目的：小腿中段离断再植保留足活动功能研究。方法：常规断肢再植的同时将离断肢体远段失刘经支配的肌组织切除,只保留肌腱,切取髂胫束条桥接远端肌腱和近端肌组织,术后即行足被动伸屈活动,同时做相应肌组织的主动收缩锻炼。结果：治疗3例,平均随访2年5个月。足背伸跖屈肌力达Ⅲ-Ⅳ,踝关节活动度接近正常,肢体短缩垫高鞋底后步态基本政治家。结论：本手术方法对小腱中段断肢再植保留足的伸屈活动是一较理想的治疗措施。     

全长膈神经移位恢复伸腕指功能的解剖学研究和临床应用

目的 在应用显微解剖学方法对上臂段桡神经深支部位进行研究的基础上,探讨将全长膈神经移位到上臂段桡神经深支部分以恢复伸腕、指功能的手术疗效.方法 对16具32侧尸体标本应用显微解剖学的方法,研究桡神经深、浅支在上臂段的特点及背阔肌的肌腱止点处桡神经深支在主干中的部位;在临床上开展2例经胸将全长膈神经移位到背阏肌止点处桡神经深支部分的手术,并评价其疗效.结果 通过显微解剖学研究发现上臂段桡神经前臂支内均可看见2个大的神经束组,在背阔肌的肌腱止点处桡神经深支主要位于前臂支的内侧神经束组中.1例术后1年10个月随访,肩外展80°,屈肘90°,伸肘0°,伸腕、指到位,屈腕10°,屈指尚不能;伸腕肌力达到M4,伸指肌力达到M3.另1例术后2年随访,肩外展40°,屈肘30°,伸肘0°,伸腕到位,伸指轻限,屈腕、指尚不能;伸腕肌力M,,伸指肌力达到M3-.结论 将全长膈神经移位到背阔肌的肌腱止点处桡神经前臂支的内侧神经束组可能是恢复全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者伸腕、指功能的有效方法.     

复杂断肢再植临床分析(附5例报告)

目的探讨断肢再植术的处理方法,提高断肢再植成活率及患肢功能。方法5例断肢患者,包括断上臂中段、腕、大腿中下段、小腿中上段及断掌并多个断指各1例,断端污染严重,均予再植。离断至吻合时间约4~7 h。所有病例均以8-0显微丝线吻合主要动静脉及神经。结果随访12~36月,断掌功能良好;再植上臂、大腿均成活;断上臂术后8月,肘关节活动范围约5°,其他关节无功能,感觉无恢复;断大腿者能行走,小腿中段以上感觉恢复;腕、小腿再植者失活。结论复杂断肢再植应妥善行术前处理,彻底清创,行断肢再灌注和血管吻合,重视围术期处理和功能重建,以提高断肢再植成活率和功能恢复。     

拇指旋转撕脱离断伤改良再植

目的 探讨拇指旋转撕脱离断伤改良再植的手术疗效.方法 对18例(18指)拇指旋转撕脱离断患者进行术前再植成功率评估,术中采用示指尺侧指动脉、桡神经浅支移位修复神经血管,采用环指指浅屈肌腱和桡侧腕短伸肌腱移位修复屈、伸肌腱,并利用断指残留的拇短屈肌、拇短伸肌一期重建拇对掌功能.结果 术后16指完全存活,2指坏死.随访时间为6个月至1年,再植拇指外观良好,拇对掌功能恢复,感觉恢复至S3～S3+.结论 拇指撕脱离断伤通过改良再植,尽可能降低肌腱、神经移位对正常指指功能的损害,并通过重建拇对掌功能让断指获得良好的功能,提高了手术疗效.     

闭合复位外固定架固定结合掌侧锁定板固定治疗桡骨远端C3型骨折

目的探讨闭合复位外固定架固定结合掌侧锁定板固定治疗桡骨远端C3型骨折临床效果。方法对16例桡骨远端C3型骨折患者先采用闭合复位外固定架固定恢复桡骨的长度及可接受的尺偏角、掌倾角,再进行掌侧入路锁定钢板内固定治疗。结果患者均获得随访,时间10~17个月。所有骨折在14周内愈合。1例术后3周桡骨端外固定架针孔处出现红肿渗出,予以伤口换药冲洗,术后4周去除外固定架后针孔伤口愈合。患者均未出现腕管综合征、肌腱磨损等并发症。术后X线片测量显示:掌倾角9°~15°,尺偏角19°~25°。腕关节活动度:背伸30°~80°,掌屈45°~79°,尺偏17°~30°,桡偏15°~28°,旋前60°~85°,旋后45°~75°。术后按照Gartland-Werley评分评估腕关节功能:优15例,良1例。结论采用闭合复位外固定架固定结合掌侧锁定板固定治疗桡骨远端C3骨折具有操作简单、固定牢固可靠、有利于早期功能锻炼、腕关节功能恢复满意的优点。     

手与前臂纵行劈裂修复成形一例

患者男,50岁,左手及前臂因柴刀砍伤入院。查体:自左手虎口经腕关节达前臂1/2呈矢状面纵行劈开分成两瓣。受损伤的组织有:①掌浅(深)弓血管及桡动脉断裂;②桡神经及正中神经多节段离断;③桡侧屈腕肌腱、屈拇长(短)肌腱、掌长肌键、尺侧屈腕肌腱、屈食、中、环指肌腱及伸食指肌腱断裂;④手掌及前臂部分肌群离断;⑤食指掌指关节、腕关节及尺桡关节脱位;⑥尺桡骨远端、月骨、舟骨、三角骨、钩状骨、头状骨、食指近节指骨基底,第2掌骨头及第3掌骨基底劈裂骨折。急诊在臂丛麻醉下,将手及前臂组织瓣合拢,多块骨折复位,用克氏针分别作尺桡骨、腕骨及指骨内固定,修复关节囊及韧带,缝合手及前臂离断肌群,逐一吻合血管、神经及肌腱。术后随访8个月,左手感觉及运动功能恢复。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.