基于单片机辅助的导管球囊内压力自动调控仪的设计

目的本文旨在介绍一种可自动调控医用导管球囊内压力的新型仪器的设计。方法本文从导管球囊内压力自动调控仪的构成及硬件、软件设计三个方面进行了介绍;本仪器还设计一个液体和气体压力转换装置,从而达到测量充液球囊内压力的目的。结果该仪器具有能实时显示球囊内压力,能自动调节球囊内的压力,维持球囊内压力恒定在设定的范围内并使球囊内压力在设定的条件下维持一定的充盈时间。可以自动在多种设定的工作条件之间切换并自动记录、存储测量到的数据。结论该仪器智能化程度高,提高了临床操作的安全性和科学研究的精确性;减少了医务人员和科研人员工作的劳动强度。     

双2864单片机系统及在经络信息专家系统的应用

随着计算机技术应用的日益普遍，很多医用设备及生化检验仪器，都采用了单片机系统，一些复杂的仪器用有多个单片机，它们有的侧重于控制，有的侧重于计算处理，单片机系统的基本构成大同小异，包括单片机芯片。地址领存器、程序存储器。数据存储器、地址泽码器、晶振电路、复位电路、电源滤波电路等。我们根据需要，制作了采用两片EPROM28C64的单片机系统，一片用作程序存储器，另一片用作数据存储器，除前述基本构成外，还有与PC机通讯的RS232接口电路。一、系统硬件原理和结构电路原理图如图所示：单片机芯片采用60C31，它是韩国大…     

CT增强防漏自动控制器的设计

目的:针对CT增强扫描时易发生对比剂渗漏现象,设计一种防漏自动控制器,减少CT增强扫描时对患者造成医疗伤害.方法:整个仪器由感应发射器和接收控制器2个部分组成.感应发射器部分可感应注射针头周围的压力变化,并将压力传输到压力传感器,传感器将压力进行A/D转换后供单片机分析处理,当发生对比剂泄漏时,注射针头周围压力升高,在压力超过预先设定的临界值时,仪器进行声光报警,并发出指令让注射器停止注射.结果:经试验,当对比剂渗漏1～2 mL时,仪器即可报警并关闭高压注射器,对患者起到较好的保护作用.结论:该仪器结构简单、可靠,经临床实际应用可以较好地防止CT增强扫描时发生大量对比剂渗漏伤害患者的情况发生,值得推广应用.     

新型婴儿保温箱的设计

目的:研制具有强制保护电路的婴儿保温箱,以确保婴儿保温箱的工作安全可靠.方法:建立温度数据库,采用Cygnal F005单片机作为智能部件,通过对比的方法准确判断传感器的工作状态;采用双重温度控制系统,确保仪器工作在正常温度范围.仪器发生电路故障可自动切换到强制保护电路,维持保温箱内温度,确保婴儿健康.结果:新型婴儿保温箱的设计确保了电路温度控制精确,工作状态可靠,能够为新生儿提供一个空气洁净、温湿度适宜的舒适安全的环境.结论:婴儿保温箱的性能稳定,精度高,安全可靠,操作方便.     

单片机控制的韩氏穴位神经刺激仪

介绍了采用单片机控制的韩氏穴位神经刺激仪的主要技术特点和仪器单片机控制系统及外围电路的原理,并简要介绍了仪器临床的应用。     

脑温测试仪的研制

本文介绍了一种测量脑局部温度的仪器，通过光纤温度传感器测量侧颈动脉血流温度，来达到测量脑温的目的，仪器采用单片机进行数据采集、数据处理及数据显示，是临床和科学研究中一种安全、方便的仪器。     

呼吸暂停睡眠分析仪的研制

睡眠时呼吸暂停可引起白日困倦、头痛、高血压和心脏病等。我们使用模拟电路和ＭＣＳ－５１单片机技术研制开发了用于对睡眠时呼吸的压力、流量、声音以及血氧饱和度、脉率进行监测的仪器，它可以及时发现问题以便采取相应措施。该系统采用了典型的滤波、放大等电路，经Ａ／Ｄ转换后送入８０３１处理。软件设计考虑了模拟信号采集、血氧模块数据的测量以及串行口通讯等情况。     

低温冷冻治疗仪的研制

介绍一种由单片机控制的低温冷冻治疗仪。重点阐述了恒流桥式测温电路、压—频转换器与单片机的接口、单片机与LCD的接口电路结构及原理。该仪器使用方便，成本较低，对定量研究低温治疗的最佳治疗温度具有十分重要的临床应用价值。     

一种婴幼儿体温监测装置的研制

目的：研制一种可以连续监测婴幼儿体温并具备高温报警功能的装置。方法：装置基于MSP430F435单片机研制，采用单片机自带的比较器，计数器与少量外围电路完成高精度体温的测量，同时数据存储于单片机自带的Flash。结果：该装置可实时显示温度监测值及异常报警，同时实现30d不间断测量。结论：该记录系统具有低成本、低功耗、小体积等特点．它为婴幼儿动态体温的医学监测研究提供了经济实用和便于推广的解决方案。     

一种简易医用输液器液面监测报警装置的研制

目的:设计一种医用输液器液面监测报警装置.方法:采用红外发射和接收电路监测输液瓶液面,以EM78P458单片机为控制芯片,外接A/D电路、报警显示电路、基准电路等,实时准确监测输液瓶液面.并且,该装置设计有内置电池,充电完毕可独立使用.结果:经过实践测试,该简易医用输液器械液面监测报警装置能够准确地监测输液瓶液面,并及时通过报警信号通知医务人员.结论:该装置结构简单、可靠性高、使用简便、价格低廉、实用性好,适合野战医疗.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.